King Ludwig Oak
The König-Ludwig-Eiche (also king oak , thousand-year-old oak , until the middle of the 19th century proud oak ) is a natural monument in the Staatsbad Brückenau , a district of the three kilometers northeast of Bad Brückenau in the Bad Kissingen district in Bavaria . It is a common oak ( Quercus robur ). According to various estimates, it is 360 to 700 years old. The circumference of the trunk is about seven meters. It takes its name from King Ludwig I , whose favorite oak it was during his numerous spa stays in the Staatsbad Brückenau. The oak has been described and illustrated many times since 1780. Numerous domestic aristocrats and monarchs from abroad who stayed in Brückenau for the cure visited the oak. The German Tree Archive counts the oak among the trees of national importance (NBB).
location
The royal oak stands at about 300 meters above sea level in the Sinntal at the foot of the Dreistelzberg . Until the last century it was located in the middle of the spa gardens of Brückenau. Today it is more on the edge of the park near a parking lot on a plateau-like open space on a slope, about ten meters above the Sinn. A hiking trail with information boards leads past the oak. Almost the entire spa area can be seen from the elevated position of the oak. The central spa area with the Kursaal building, the Badhotel and the foyer is about 200 meters southeast of the oak. In between, the state road 3180 runs from the Staatsbad to Züntersbach . The Fürstenhof, which was built as a summer residence in 1775 by order of Prince-Bishop Heinrich von Bibra , is now the Fürstenhof Palace Hotel, where King Ludwig I resided during his spa stays, is located about 150 meters northeast of the oak. To the north, in the old castle nursery, there is a small zoo and to the east is a herb garden. Several villas and the Protestant church were added in the west from around 1900 .
description
The oak has been listed as a natural monument by the Lower Nature Conservation Authority of the Bad Kissingen district since March 2nd, 1987 with the number 672-N / 009 and is known as the royal oak . The royal oak , which was formerly also called proud oak , appears extremely asymmetrical in the lower part of the crown. In the past, the area around it served the spa guests as a place to celebrate, play, dance and rest. More than a hundred years ago, with a crown diameter of 45 meters and the area of 1500 square meters under the tree, more than 100 seats could be set up. In order not to further burden the oak, no more festivals are held there. If the information in the sources is correct, it would have been the largest of all old oaks in Germany with a crown diameter of 45 meters. Currently, the crown diameter is only about 30 at a height of 23 meters, as some branches have been cut.
Five branches that extend horizontally on one side at a height of about four meters and, like other branches of the crown , are heavily mossed on the top , lie on three iron rods and two wooden poles to relieve the tree. The tapering trunk strives straight up to a height of about 20 meters. It is inclined at about 20 degrees in the direction where most of the main horizontal branches branch off. Oaks supported by poles are extremely rare , in contrast to the drawn and supported dance linden trees . The Femeiche in alder (about twelve meters trunk circumference), the Lenzeiche near Sichertshausen (about 6.5 meters trunk circumference) and the royal oak are the only supported oaks of this size in Germany. A hundred years ago it still had more than ten supports and the height of its growth. The trunk was still completely closed, the crown densely branched. Six branches going off at about the same height formed a wreath. It is not known when the supports were first installed. King Ludwig I campaigned for the care of the oak during his spa stays in Brückenau. Presumably this was when the first supports were installed, the oldest description of which dates from 1838.
When the longest horizontal branch at 22 meters broke out in the 1960s, a deep gap formed in the trunk on the north side. The branch was provided with an iron ring that was supposed to hold it together. It had grown into the branch until it finally blasted it. 84 annual rings were counted around the ingrown iron ring.
The trunk is completely hollow and has a four-meter-high and 0.6-meter-wide crack that emerged after the large branch broke out and is closed with a close-knit wire mesh. Some of the supported old branches are also hollow and the upper wall is partly missing, so that they only consist of a half-shell made of bark material . In addition to the supports, the oak is provided with a crown protection made of around 20 steel cables that radiate from the main axis to the horizontal side branches. It is a static crown protection in which the branches are braced to the trunk by the steel cables. The ropes are attached to threaded rods that have been drilled through the branches and lead to the partially ingrown retaining eyes that are screwed into the trunk. Since the hot summer of 2003, the previously small amount of dead wood, which is regularly cut out, has increased; a declining vitality of the oak is noticeable. One of the lower main branches has several strong foul herds.
Inscription board
A wooden plaque with the following inscription is attached to the oak:
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King Oak In the shadow of this oak spent King Ludwig I of Bavaria many happy hours |
The inscription on the previous tablet read:
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Royal oak (the adornment of the bath), favorite place for once SM King Ludwig I 1818–1862 |
Trunk diameter
The completely hollow trunk had a circumference of 6.81 meters at the point of its smallest diameter and a height of 7.11 meters at one meter. In 2000, the German Tree Archives gave a circumference of 6.68 at the point of the smallest diameter and in 2001 a height of 7.00 meters. In 2016, the trunk has a circumference of 1.3 meters, the height of the so-called breast height diameter (BHD), a circumference of 7.00 and a height of 1.5 meters of 6.90 meters. In 1912 it was 5.70 meters at the same height. According to tradition, the circumference has increased by around 1.2 meters over the past 100 years, an average of 1.2 centimeters a year. This roughly coincides with measurements at the point of smallest diameter in 1991 with 6.60 and in 2016 with 6.79 meters. An increase in circumference of 19 centimeters in 26 years corresponds to a little less than 1 centimeter per year. Because of the nutrient-poor soil substrate and the supported crown, the oak grows somewhat more slowly than most of its species of comparable size, where the annual increase in circumference is around 1.8 to 2 centimeters. Between 1804 and 1996, the largest oak in the zoo near Ivenack , the strongest oak in Germany and with 140 solid meters, the most massive in Europe, grew similarly slowly between 1804 and 1996 with an annual increase in circumference of 1.16 centimeters .
Age
Different information is given about the age of the oak. The Lower Nature Conservation Authority estimated it at 400 to 600 years , the forest scientist Hans Joachim Fröhlich in 2000 at 700 and the German Tree Archives in 2009 at 360 to 420 years. Sometimes 1000 or even 1500 years are given. However, this is likely to be set too high. Since the oldest wood is missing in the center of the trunk, neither annual ring counting , for example with the help of a drill core or by drilling resistance measurement using a resistograph , nor radiocarbon dating is possible. The actual age can therefore only be roughly estimated based on the size of the trunk and the traditions. Due to the increase in circumference of around 1.2 centimeters per year over the past hundred years, the age of the oak should be set at a maximum of 500 years, provided that the oak has not grown more slowly in younger years than in the last hundred years due to unfavorable growth conditions. The count on a branch trimmed in the outer crown area in 2007, which was full of wood up to the middle, showed around 300 annual rings. However, it is not known when the oak formed this branch. About 120 years ago there was an abrupt change in the annual ring width. Since then, the annual rings are only about half as far apart as before. This could be due to the relief of the branch by the support.
history
Oldest traditions
In 1747 the first healing water spring was taken under the Fulda abbot Amand von Buseck . This was the beginning of the spa business in the Fulda spa . When designing the gardens in the spa gardens, a free space was left around the oak tree, to which one of the main paths leads. In the second half of the 18th century there was a first heyday in the spa business, as is evident from numerous descriptions. The oak is mentioned and depicted in many of these reports. On a copper engraving by the artist Egid Verhelst from the year 1780, the oak is depicted with a pointed, high-reaching crown. This is the oldest known pictorial representation of the tree. The oldest description in which it is called a proud oak comes from the year 1780. The bath doctor Melchior Adam Weikard wrote in a font at that time:
“There are beautiful corridors here, laths painted green, various niches, everything covered with flowers. The first main course leads to the proud oak that stands in the middle of the garden and really cuts a splendid figure. Around them run lawn benches, at some distance star-shaped slats with canapes , so that more than a hundred people can sit here at the same time under the shade of the beautiful oak. When I sit here alone or in company under this proud tree and have something important, indifferent, or nothing to think about, in the end my attention generally falls on the advantages of the oak, and I would always like something beautiful to add to it Say praise. "
A sketch of the state bath from 1781 shows the spa complex with the oak tree and the coat of arms of Heinrich von Bibra , Prince-Bishop of Fulda .
Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk , a publicist, wrote in 1782 in the Deutsches Museum , a magazine for literature, art and public life:
“The gardens that the prince had laid out in front of his house on the hill are also pleasant walks, because here you have another view. I particularly notice two places, beautiful by two aged oaks that shade them. One stands in the middle of the garden; Around them run lawn benches, at some distance star-shaped slats with canapes, so that more than a hundred people can sit here at the same time in the shade of the beautiful tree. The other oak stands about 100 steps from the other, a little higher, because from there you can overlook the health resort, the village of Wernarz and the area of Brückenau. The area around is quiet, for it is the outermost tip of what is cultivated, the forest is close by, and a passage in a narrow green valley, which also serves as a disc stand, leads to it alone. Under these oaks, especially under the first, breakfasts (déjeunés) were sometimes given by one or the other of the spa guests, in which all foreigners took part. "
Two years later, in 1784, he wrote in the monthly journal Journal von und für Deutschland : “Also a proud oak deserves to be admired, under its shade more than a hundred people on the lawn benches and canapés around it Find."
The oak can be recognized on further copper engravings from the state bath from the end of the 18th and the following centuries. A revised engraving by Verhelst from 1790 shows it with a large, hemispherical crown. Christian von Eggers wrote in 1810 in Journey through Franconia, Bavaria, Austria, Prussia and Saxony about his journey to Brückenau in 1804: “In the garden, which is used for general walks, there are beautiful avenues. I noticed a very large oak, eight cubits in circumference, with an extremely broad top. It amply shadows the seats in the round. "
Ludwig era
After several changes of rule, Brückenau was awarded to the Kingdom of Bavaria by the Congress of Vienna in 1816 . One of the first views of the Bavarian spa from 1817/1818 was made by the architectural painter Domenico Quaglio , who depicted the oak with a large crown on a watercolor . In 1818, Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria visited the state bath for the first time. He was a patron of the arts and sciences and in the same year placed the deciduous forests and especially the old oaks in the Staatsbad Brückenau under his special protection. During his total of 26 spa stays, often lasting for months, between 1818 and 1862 in Brückenau, from 1825 as King of Bavaria , he regularly visited the royal oak and rested under it. In 1822 the doctor Johann Evangelist Wetzler wrote in Gesundbrunnen and Heilbäder :
“Between these buildings and those on the plain, the mentioned gardens with shady arches and arbors spread out, the fruit trees are pyramidal in shape, all the slats are painted green and the like. s. w. The ornament of these gardens, however, is a giant oak with tremendously horizontal branches, in the shade of which there is space for more than 100 people. Here is the favorite spot of the spa guests; great festivals were often held here; people danced and raved about here. s. w. From there you can get into the forest, where pleasant walks are possible "
In 1823, the Royal Bavarian Forest Master Stephan Behlen wrote in Der Spessart :
“In the garden in front of the so-called prince's building, otherwise from the regents of this area, the prince-abbots of Fulda, now from Baiern's heir to the throne, inhabited during his stays in Brückenau, two old oaks attract the observer's gaze; one, a colossal, long-dead barkless trunk from Germany's prehistoric times, under whose branches the oldest promoters of Christianity in Buchonia may already have found protection, the other, through the artificial distribution of its branches, forms a green roof for the bathing society, which the crown prince not infrequently united here. "
Two years later, in 1825, the Brückenau spa guest H. von Martin wrote in letters from the Bad Brückenau :
“Even in the scope of these gardens we see the beautiful oak, a giant tree with a wide foliage vault, which gives space for beautiful celebrations and can accommodate more than a hundred people. One is reminded of the holy oak near Goslar , which the flaming apostle zeal of Bonifacius once cut down in the face of a amazed people. Another real sprout of the jungle, like that one, this oak is perhaps still a contemporary of Charlemagne , has seen the bloody battles for religion and fatherland. "
Around 1835 another oak died, which was about 150 meters west of the royal oak a little higher than this. It was similar in size, was about the same height and is also described and illustrated in the older descriptions of the spa. In 1838, the writer Gustav Kühne first mentioned supports to relieve the great crown in the newspaper for the elegant world : “The king maintains the bathroom at his own expense, but it still does not clog annually. In the vicinity of his apartment is a famous oak, the branches of which are supported by iron bars, and whose age is estimated to be fifteen hundred years. "
On July 29, 1840, Ludwig I, who was later accompanied by his grandson, the later King of Bavaria and art lover Ludwig II , wrote the poem Under the oak tree in the Bad Brückenau :
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1st verse 3rd stanza 5th stanza |
In a topography of Bad Brückenau, the spa doctor Franz Kilian Josef Schipper wrote about the oak in 1847:
“On the west side, one comes from the middle of the garden over the driveway to the rear courtyard garden, 350 paces long and 92 paces wide, under a foliage vault formed by 16 linden trees growing into one another to the royal oak, which is long and horizontal The branches running out of the trunk cover an area over 100 feet in diameter, which can accommodate more than 100 people. This strange oak, which is probably over a thousand years old, not only attracts every stranger, but is also a favorite stay of the spa guests and often gives rise to parties, social games and even to dance under its shade. "
During the first area-wide survey in what was then the Kingdom of Bavaria between 1808 and 1853, the oak was entered on the Bad Brückenau - NW CIV 56 original sheet from November 1848 with the field number 284 and the name Königseiche .
The spa in Brückenau had a second heyday from the middle to the end of the 19th century, when numerous monarchs from abroad came to the cure and visited the tree. King Maximilian II stayed under the oak in 1856 and Queen Amalie of Greece in 1873 during their longer spa stays in Brückenau. Other visitors to the spa and the oak in 1857 were the widow of the Tsarina Alexandra Fjodorovna , the Tsarina Marija Alexandrovna and the Queen of Bavaria, Marie Friederike .
The gardener and garden writer Hermann Jäger wrote in the newspaper in 1861 to spread scientific knowledge and view of nature for readers of all levels : “I know an oak near Brückenau at the southern foot of the Rhön Mountains, which has a trunk diameter of 4 feet and no dry branch, so is still relatively young (about 200 years old), which with its 35 leafy branches forms a crown 125 feet in diameter, even more than the strong oak in France. "
Luitpold time
Prince Regent Luitpold unveiled a monument erected in Brückenau in 1897 in honor of his father Ludwig I. At the Königseiche he drank a glass of wine on a successful future for Brückenau. Empress Elisabeth of Austria-Hungary also stayed there for four weeks in 1898. The first detailed description of the oak dates from 1900. The tree photographer Friedrich Stützer, inspector of the royal Bavarian state railway in Munich , wrote in his tree book The largest, oldest or otherwise strange trees in Bavaria in words and pictures :
"[...] the royal oak at Brückenau, in its full, unbroken strength and beauty, an excellent tree ornament of the much-visited health resort, has that consecration no less because of the fact that the king often and gladly stayed under its shady canopy of leaves received, which the ax will keep away from her forever. In the present, she already lives up to this name by her appearance, because her stature is majestic! Her crown spreads out like a wide green canopy. The trunk with a circumference of 5 ⅓ meters sends out from a height of 4 meters from giant branches of almost half the thickness of the trunk, in partly horizontal, partly slightly upward growth up to 22 meters in length! On these branches, as the leafless image of the oak shows, formal tree trunks grow upwards again; This can be seen particularly clearly on a branch on the left of the picture [see view by Josef Bott from 1899] reaching almost to the summit. To prevent the risk of breaking the lower branches, they are often supported by columns. One will find this care doubly comprehensible when one learns that the total weight of the tree, with its summer abundance of leaves and fruit, is not less than 1000 cents . The wood mass including branches and roots would result in approximately 50 ster . When the sun is at its highest, the almost circular treetop with an average diameter of 45 meters shades an area of 1500 square meters . Hardly any other bathing resort will have such an airy green convertible tent that protects against sun and rain! "
The oak was shown on postcards from around 1900 . At the turn of the century and in the years after, the number of supports fluctuated. In 1912 there were 13, at times up to 16, so significantly more than today with 5. In the announcements of the German Dendrological Society of 1912, a yearbook of the association founded in 1892, the Royal Economic Council August Siebert wrote:
“The place where the oak stands doesn't have a special name. The oak itself is said to have been given the name "Royal Oak" because King Ludwig liked to linger under it. With a trunk circumference of 5.70 m - measured 150 cm above the earth - the most recent measurement showed a height of 32 m, the longest horizontally grown branch, i.e. the radius of the crown, showed 22 m. Thirteen support pillars were necessary to support the heavy lower branches. [...] Mr. Königl. Forstrat Unselt , one of the oldest foresters in the area, estimates the age of the oak at 1200–1300 years, even taking into account the unfavorable growth conditions in earlier years; but he is convinced that the tree can get 120-150 years older if it is cared for. It is also of interest that the oak is hung with fruit almost every year, this year it is even very rich. "
Modern times
In Schneider's Rhönführer from 1928: “A foliage vault formed by the interweaving of 16 linden trees leads to the royal oak, which may be over 1000 years old and through long, horizontally stretched branches a distance of approx. 30 m in the west Diameter covered. "
In the last 50 years tree care measures have been carried out several times on the oak . The rotten and fungus-infested wood was removed from the hollow trunk, then it was dexelled , the rest smoothed and the surface treated with fungicidal agents. In order to stabilize the trunk, several crossing threaded rods with overpipes were attached in the cavity. The crown was provided with a crown lock, branches were shortened and trimmed, and wound closure agents were applied to cut surfaces. Three of the wooden supports were replaced by iron rods, with which the branches are connected by threaded rods with open arches. A bench around the trunk from the 19th century was removed to prevent further soil compaction in the root area.
In 1996 the tree was renovated and a decrease in vitality and a high proportion of dead wood were found. A specialist company carried out a crown maintenance, renewed the supports and installed a new support. Old wounds and rotten areas were checked and the anchorages of the holding ropes checked. At the same time, the soil type was determined and a nutrient analysis was carried out. A residual wall thickness measurement was carried out on a hollow thick branch. The oak suffered a lot from the hot (the warmest in at least 250 years ) and partly dry summer of 2003. Their vitality, which was still good up to then, has continued to decline. Several branches died in the outer crown area. This is probably due to the lowering of the groundwater level and the resulting water shortage. A start has been made to counteract decay by fertilizing the tree disc annually with a soil activator in order to create more favorable conditions for the roots via the soil structure. In dry phases, the oak is watered as much as possible if necessary. The dead branches were removed in winter 2005/2006; the crown was trimmed and the crown security checked.
In the spring of 2006, the nursery of the state bath introduced special medicinal mushrooms ( mycorrhiza ) into the root area. Since 2008, the soil in the crown area has been covered with a layer of leaves in autumn, which remains there all year round in order to prevent the upper soil layers from drying out. Due to the continued decline in vitality, further maintenance measures were carried out by a specialist company in spring 2009. Dead branches were again removed and the steel cable connections checked. In addition, a crown was secured using the BOA system. With this newer form of branch securing, the branches protruding to the side were tied to one or more main branches using rope connections that end in loops, so that the load is distributed within the tree. In September 2012 ten new steel supports were installed. Two remained of the previous wooden supports. Of the ten new supports made of around eight centimeters thick round tubes, seven are designed as A-supports that can also absorb lateral forces. The branches are attached to the supports with tension belts, the contact surface of which is coated with rubber. Gaps in the rubber allow the water to drain off better. Some of the supports have a threaded part and can be readjusted. The pillars are embedded in concrete foundations 20 centimeters deep.
See also
- List of natural monuments in the Bad Kissingen district
- List of the thickest trees in the Rhön
- Striking and old tree specimens
literature
- Rainer Gerber: 175 years of tree care: The King Ludwig Oak . In: TASPO BaumZeitung , 03/2014, pages 31–34.
- Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archives . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0376-5 , p. 264 .
- Stefan Kühn, Bernd Ullrich, Uwe Kühn: Germany's old trees . 5th expanded edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-8354-0183-9 .
- Gabriele Zieschank: Bad Brückenau and its Altlandkreis . In: The archive pictures series . Sutton Verlag GmbH, Erfurt 2004, ISBN 3-89702-687-2 .
- Hans Joachim Fröhlich : Old lovable trees in Germany . Cornelia Ahlering Verlag, Buchholz 2000, ISBN 3-926600-05-5 .
- Ewald Wegner and Helmut Wehner: Bad Brückenau through the centuries . Ed .: Bad Brückenau. 2nd revised edition. 1994.
- Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Bavaria . In: Paths to old trees . tape 2 . WDV-Wirtschaftsdienst, Frankfurt 1990, ISBN 3-926181-09-5 .
- Aloys Bernatzky : Tree and Man . With articles on tree surgery by Michael Maurer. 2nd Edition. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1976, ISBN 3-7829-1045-1 .
- Michael Renner: Journal for Bavarian State History . CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1964, Leopold Friedrich Goeckingks Bad Brückenauer Impressions 1781: A poet on a bathing trip ( http://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/zblg/kapitel/zblg27_kap23 at Zeitschrift für Bayerische Landesgeschichte (ZBLG)).
- Halbfas-Ney, Fritz Dunkel: Brückenau - spa town of the southwestern Rhön - guide through the public baths in Brückenau and the spa town of Brückenau . 3rd improved and enlarged edition. Printed by Schneider & Co, Neuwildflecken 1959.
- Gustav Schneider: Schneider Rhönführer . 15th improved edition. Printing and publishing of the university printing house H. Stürtz AG, Würzburg 1928.
- German Dendrological Society (Hrsg.): Communications of the German Dendrological Society . No. 21 . Hermann Beyer & Sons (Beyer and Mann), Langensalza 1912 ( Internet Archive (PDF; 100 MB)).
- Friedrich Stützer: The largest, oldest or otherwise strange trees in Bavaria in words and pictures . tape 2 . Piloty & Loehle, Munich 1901, The royal oak in the spa garden at Brückenau, p. 37–39 with collotype board ( mdz-nbn-resolving.de ).
- Hermann Jäger: Newspaper for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and view of nature for readers of all levels . In: Nature . G. Schwetschke, Halle 1861 ( Google Books ).
- Franz Kilian Schipper: Topographical and historical description of Bad Brückenau to commemorate the 100th anniversary celebration in July 1847 . JL Uth, Fulda 1847 ( Google Books ).
- Ferdinand Gustav Kühne: Newspaper for the elegant world . Published by Leopold Boß, Leipzig 1838 ( Google Books ).
- H. von Martin: Letters from the Bad Brückenau . Heller and Rohm, Frankfurt am Main 1825 ( Google Books ).
- Stephan Behlen: The Spessart: An attempt at a topography of this forest area, with special consideration for mountains, forestry, geography and folklore . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1823 ( Google Books ).
- Johann Evangelist Wetzler : About health fountains and therapeutic baths in general, or about their use, establishment and use . Florian Kupferberg, Mainz 1822 ( digitized version of the Göttingen Digitization Center (GDZ)).
- Christian Ulrich Detlev Eggers (Freiherr): Journey through Franconia, Bavaria, Austria, Prussia and Saxony . First part. Leipzig 1810 ( Google Books ).
- Melchior Adam Weikard: The latest news from the mineral waters near Brückenau in Fuldischen . 2nd improved edition. Johann Christian Dieterich, Göttingen 1790 ( Google Books ).
- Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk: Journal from and for Germany 1784 - January to June . Ed .: Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk. Frankfurt am Main 1784, Kurbrunnen bey Brückenau ( online at Bielefeld University).
- Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk: German Museum . Weysandschen Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1782, Von dem Kurbrunnen bei Brückenau im Fuldischen ( online at Bielefeld University).
- Melchior Adam Weikard: The latest news from the mineral waters near Brückenau in Fuldischen . Fulda 1780 ( digitized version of the Göttingen Digitization Center (GDZ) - printed with Stable fonts).
Web links
- König-Ludwig-Eiche in the directory of monumental oaks . Retrieved January 10, 2017
- German tree archive
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Stefan Kühn, Bernd Ullrich, Uwe Kühn: Germany's old trees . 5th expanded edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-8354-0183-9 , p. 153 .
- ↑ a b c d Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archive . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0376-5 , p. 264 .
- ↑ Bavarian Rhön Nature Park . In: State Office for Surveying and Geoinformation Bavaria (Hrsg.): The official area map 1: 50,000 . Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-89933-287-2 .
- ↑ a b c Bad Kissingen district - royal oak . In: Lower nature conservation authority (ed.): List of natural monuments in Bavaria . Bad Kissingen April 11, 1987 (continuously updated).
- ↑ a b Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Old lovable trees in Germany . Cornelia Ahlering Verlag, Buchholz 2000, ISBN 3-926600-05-5 , p. 270 .
- ↑ a b c Friedrich Stützer: The largest, oldest or otherwise strange trees in Bavaria in words and pictures . tape 2 . Piloty & Loehle, Munich 1901, The royal oak in the spa garden at Brückenau, p. 37–39, here p. 38 ( mdz-nbn-resolving.de ).
- ↑ Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archives . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0376-5 , p. 174 .
- ↑ Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archives . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0376-5 , p. 234 .
- ^ A b c August Siebert: Communications of the German Dendrological Society . Ed .: German Dendrological Society. No. 21 . Hermann Beyer & Sons (Beyer and Mann), Langensalza 1912, The King's Oak in Bad Brückenau, p. 345 ( Internet Archive ).
- ^ Gabriele Zieschank: Bad Brückenau and its Altlandkreis . In: The archive pictures series . Sutton Verlag GmbH, Erfurt 2004, ISBN 3-89702-687-2 , p. 50 .
- ^ A b Ferdinand Gustav Kühne: Newspaper for the elegant world . Publisher by Leopold Boß, Leipzig 1838, p. 751 ( Google Books ).
- ↑ a b c Aloys Bernatzky: Tree and man . With contributions by Michael Maurer. 2nd Edition. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1976, ISBN 3-7829-1045-1 , p. 180 .
- ↑ a b Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Old lovable trees in Germany . Cornelia Ahlering Verlag, Buchholz 2000, ISBN 3-926600-05-5 , p. 270-271 .
- ↑ Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archives . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0376-5 , p. 105 .
- ↑ Uwe Kühn, Stefan Kühn, Bernd Ullrich: Trees that tell stories . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-405-16767-1 , p. 7 .
- ↑ Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archives . BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8354-0376-5 , p. 14 .
- ↑ Jeroen Pater: Europe's Old Trees: Their Stories, Their Secrets . Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 3-440-10930-5 , p. 72 (Translated from the Dutch by Susanne Bonn).
- ↑ Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Old lovable trees in Germany . Buchholz, Ahlering 2000, ISBN 3-926600-05-5 , pp. 22 .
- ↑ a b c History of the city of Bad Brückenau. (No longer available online.) Tourist Information Bad Brückenau, formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 3, 2010 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Melchior Adam Weikard: Latest news from the mineral waters near Brückenau in the Fuldischen . Fulda 1780, About the spa, its location, furnishings, p. 16-17 ( digitized version of the Göttingen Digitization Center (GDZ) - printed with Stable fonts).
- ^ Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk: German Museum . Weysandschen Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1782, Von dem Kurbrunnen bei Brückenau im Fuldischen, p. 334–335 ( online at Bielefeld University ).
- ^ Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk: Journal from and for Germany 1784 - January to June . Ed .: Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk. Frankfurt am Main 1784, Kurbrunnen bey Brückenau, p. 591 ( online at Bielefeld University ).
- ^ Christian Ulrich Detlev Eggers (Freiherr): Journey through Franconia, Bavaria, Austria, Prussia and Saxony . First part. Gerhard Fleischer the Younger, Leipzig 1810, VIII. - Brückenau, July 8, 1804, p. 159 ( Google Books ).
- ↑ Johann Evangelist Wetzler: About health fountains and therapeutic baths in general, or about their use, establishment and use . Florian Kupferberg, Mainz 1822, p. 514 ( digitized version of the Göttingen Digitization Center (GDZ) ).
- ↑ Stephan Behlen: The Spessart: attempt of a topography of this forest area, with special consideration for mountains, forestry, geography and folklore . Second volume. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1823, Das Sinnthal, p. 17 ( Google Books ).
- ↑ H. von Martin: Letters from the Bad Brückenau . Heller and Rohm, Frankfurt am Main 1825, eighth letter - Brückenau, July 23, 1825, p. 30 ( Google Books ).
- ↑ a b Franz Kilian Schipper: Topographical and historical description of Bad Brückenau to commemorate the 100th anniversary celebration in July 1847 . JL Uth, Fulda 1847, description of the area, the location and the surroundings of Bad Brückenau, p. 16 ( Google Books ).
- ↑ Ludwig I (King of Bavaria): Poems of Ludwig the First, King of Bavaria . JG Cotta, Munich 1847, p. 97-98 ( Google Books ).
- ^ Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Volume 2, Bavaria . In: Paths to old trees . WDV-Wirtschaftsdienst, Frankfurt 1990, ISBN 3-926181-09-5 , p. 18 .
- ↑ a b Friedrich Stützer: The largest, oldest or otherwise strange trees in Bavaria in words and pictures . tape 2 . Piloty & Loehle, Munich 1901, The royal oak in the spa garden at Brückenau, p. 37–39, here p. 39 ( mdz-nbn-resolving.de ).
- ^ Leonhard Kugel: Bad Brückenau - town history in key words . Self-published by Leonhard Rugel, Zeitlofs 1979, p. 15 .
- ^ Hermann Jäger: Newspaper for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and view of nature for readers of all levels . In: Nature . G. Schwetschke, Halle 1861, German Trees - 3. The Oak, p. 181 ( Google Books ).
- ^ Friedrich Stützer: The largest, oldest or otherwise strange trees in Bavaria in words and pictures . tape 2 . Piloty & Loehle, Munich 1901, The royal oak in the spa garden at Brückenau, p. 37–39, here p. 37 ( mdz-nbn-resolving.de ).
- ↑ Gustav Schneider: Schneider Rhon leader . 15th improved edition. Printing and publishing of the university printing house H. Stürtz, Würzburg 1928, p. 144 .
- ↑ a b Benedikt Borst: New supports for an imposing tree . In: Saale newspaper . Mediengruppe Oberfranken - Newspaper publishers, Bad Kissingen September 22, 2012, p. 19 .
Coordinates: 50 ° 18 ′ 14.3 " N , 9 ° 44 ′ 43.1" E
