Königstein State Agreement

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the state agreement of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany on the financing of scientific research institutions ( Königstein State Agreement ), the West German states , which two months later formed the Federal Republic of Germany , and West Berlin agreed on March 31, 1949 , for larger research institutions of supraregional importance, the need for subsidies exceeds the financial capacity of a single country to collectively raise the funds required to fulfill the research tasks in accordance with the provisions of this agreement.

The history of the Königstein State Agreement

In the period after the Second World War there were different approaches to reorganizing German research institutions and research organizations. While in the Soviet zone of occupation a predominantly centralized path was taken immediately, the countries in the three western zones of occupation placed emphasis on federal structures from the beginning . Only gradually did cooperation develop on a zonal level (the American , British or French zone), which then led to bizonal and finally trizonal cooperation - always accompanied by directives from the respective occupying power .

Due to its four-power status, the city of Berlin at that time played a special role , where decision-making processes were more difficult and the city's magistrate had fewer options than a country in the three western zones.

It was precisely the special situation in Berlin, where 45 institutes or departments of former institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society that remained in the city had financial needs in order to be able to continue their work, led to a first state agreement between the countries of the American Zone.

The blueprints for the Königstein State Agreement were created with the provisions of this State Agreement of June 3, 1947, which never fulfilled its original purpose, namely the creation of a "School of Advanced Studies" based on the American model, which was previously unknown in Germany . In Article 2 of the State Agreement on Research Universities, the formulation appears for the first time, which remained relevant for all subsequent agreements:

"The contracting parties also agree to jointly raise funds for German research institutes that are of paramount scientific importance beyond the scope of a single state."

At the same time, a distribution key for these jointly financed tasks was determined for the first time.

While the state agreement on the German Research University mainly acted as a transitional arrangement to save the institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society based in Berlin-Dahlem until they were incorporated into the Max Planck Society in 1953 , there were other research institutions for which a new regulation of their work and financing had to be found. In the years 1945 to 1947 there were several attempts to find an all-German solution or a solution only affecting the western zones for the successor to the Reich Office for Soil Research . They had all failed, the all-German as well as the bizonal. Above all the southern German states resisted, on the one hand out of fear of an overpowering central office, but on the other hand in concern about the loss of their own responsibilities and influence. They insisted on independent state geological institutes .

In addition, it was foreseeable that there would be “joint tasks in the field of geology” that could not be solved by a single state institute alone. On June 1, 1948 - one year after the signing of the state agreement on the German Research University - this led to an agreement to set up a "German Geological Research Institute of the Geological State Offices of the United Economic Area" ( Bizone ).

In the Höchst agreements (the name is derived from the place of negotiation Frankfurt-Höchst ), the individual interests of the countries involved are much more in the foreground than in the state agreement on the German Research University. But despite the express stipulation of the independence of the geological state offices, this was apparently no reason for the participating states to fill the agreement that had been passed with life. In fact, nothing happened in this direction for a year, possibly not because the negotiations for a new state agreement that were to comprehensively regulate the reorganization of supranational research in Germany had long been underway. In addition to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and the State Geological Offices, there were a number of other institutes whose future had not yet been clarified, and: “In the course of 1947, another main topic in the research organization was the establishment of a new emergency community for German science The establishment of the “Notgemeinschaft” on January 11, 1949 in Cologne, from which the German Research Foundation later emerged, led this - alongside the Kaiser Wilhelm Society , which soon became known as the Max Planck Society , as another financial heavyweight to the agreements to be made.

The Königstein State Agreement

Attempts at a solution between centralism and federalism

The state agreement on the German Research University was always just a vehicle for the southern German states, and especially Bavaria, to assert other interests.

“The aim of the Bavarian representatives was to link the research university planning with the financing of the institutes that had not yet been supplied in the American Zone. […] Fritz Karsen, however, opposed a connection between the scientific organization in the zone and that in Berlin and advocated a strict separation of the two committees in the interests of the American military government. On December 3, 1946, one month after the establishment of the special committee for the establishment of the research university, a state council resolution, based on the proposal of the Bavarian Prime Minister Wilhelm Hoegner , led to the formation of a special committee for the maintenance of research institutes in the US countries -Zone. At first glance, it appeared that Karsen's request for the two committees to be separated had been granted. However, if you take a closer look at the committees, it was noticeable that both committees had identical staff. [...] Thus the American military government's demand for two separate committees was undermined. Since it was clear that this could not be in their favor, the parties involved apparently also waived an official notification of the American military government about the establishment of the special committee for the research institutes in the American zone. Karsen only found out about this in an informal conversation in March 1947. "

Against the background, it is not surprising that although work continued on creating the formal framework for the German Research University and the corresponding state agreement was passed on June 3, 1947, the actual goal of the countries involved continued to enjoy top priority: a research organization, Establish science as the exclusive area of ​​cultural sovereignty of the states and raise the financial resources for it. At this point in time, this claim was countered by the fact that the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, which the Americans actually wanted to dissolve, had been reconstructed as a centralized organization with the tolerance of the British military administration and transformed into the Max Planck Society. A bill introduced by the Americans in the Allied Control Council in the summer of 1946 to dissolve the Kaiser Wilhelm Society met with the approval of the Americans, Soviets and French, but was never effectively implemented.

The development in the run-up to the German Research Foundation , founded in 1951, followed a similar course, both of which were (re) established forerunner organizations in 1949, the Emergency Community of German Science and the “German Research Council”, organized centrally with British tolerance.

Compromises on the way to the Königstein State Agreement

During the ratification process for the state agreement on the German Research University , a new commission was founded in March 1948 to take on the task of developing a model for the future financing of the scientific research institutes, including the Max Planck Society. “This commission spoke out against bizonal funding of the Max Planck Society and instead proposed that the State Treaty concluded in the American Zone in 1947 [on the funding of the German Research University] be expanded and that the countries in the other two western zones should join . "It should be ensured, above all," that in the future federal state the maintenance of culture and science will fundamentally be the task of the federal states ".

The commission's recommendation was the subject of advice to the education and finance ministers of the eleven West German states and, after many further rounds of negotiations, ultimately led to the state agreement on the financing of scientific research institutions (Königstein State Agreement) coming into force in April 1949 . It was a compromise that only became possible after the positions of the states of Bavaria and Lower Saxony had converged and the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education with a permanent secretariat had been created to avoid fragmentation of the field of culture and science . The fact that personal conflicts also had to be overcome is evident from the controversies surrounding and between Friedrich Glum and Ernst Telschow . Telschow replaced Glum on July 15, 1937 as General Secretary of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and continued to exercise this function after the Second World War (until 1960). From February 26, 1948, as a managing member of the Board of Directors, he was also General Director of the General Administration of the Max Planck Society and, in this function, the negotiating partner for the state representatives. The Bavarian representative Glum sat opposite him as the main negotiator. He was refused to return to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society after the war by Max Planck, from which Maria Osietzki concludes that his “following federalist course towards the MPG [...] probably resulted from a personal resentment against society”. Telschow, on the other hand, had to justify himself on the part of the federal states because of his political past in the Third Reich, but remained in office “despite the massive accusations [...]. The collaboration with Otto Hahn and his services to the preservation of society secured his position in the MPG. The culture ministers had not succeeded in getting a man they trusted into the MPG administration, nor had they been able to eliminate the policy of the MPG that they did not want with the person of Telschow. ”Glum was finally replaced by Hans Rupp , who henceforth represented the culture ministers of the US zone acted in the commission to fund research institutes. Rupp "was now responsible for directing research funding in the western zone in the direction of a state treaty that had been shaped by Glum in the American zone."

The question of the states' control rights over the Max Planck Society remained unanswered, and the Society successfully managed to defend its centralized organization. Only a formula compromise was found: "Specifically for the treatment of the MPG, it was stated in the implementing provisions of the state agreement that the states had to be adequately represented in the Society's Senate and that the Society's institutes would only be considered if they were worthy of funding." : The Max Planck Society as the central research institution remained untouched, the states were not given a say in the institutes in their field, they were only given indirect influence through their representation in the Senate of the Max Planck Society. As a research institution of supra-regional importance, this was included in the joint financing. As in the case of the institutes not belonging to the MPG, “two thirds of the amounts to be raised would be based on tax revenue and one third on the population of the individual country. Furthermore, the country in which the institute to be supported was located had to cover a certain part of the needs from its own resources. The Königstein State Agreement was to come into force after the approval of the individual state parliaments and apply retrospectively from April 1, 1949, replacing the 1947 state treaty of the states of the US zone (with Berlin) [on the financing of the German Research University]. The research university was included in the Königstein State Agreement with a budget of 1.4 million DM. ”The financing model outlined here is the raw form of what is known to this day as the Königstein Key and is practiced between the federal states on cross-border financing issues.

Just three months after the Königstein State Agreement was passed, there was again a dispute between the states and at the state level, not least because of the funding of the Max Planck Society. In this conflict, the finance ministers of the federal states arbitrarily disregarded the competencies of their colleagues from the cultural departments and granted the MPG the right to a global budget, although the allocation of funds to the individual institutes was still stipulated in the implementation provisions of the Königstein State Agreement. The original goal of subordinating the MPG to the cultural departments "and separating economic interests from scientific interests in a suitable manner" had finally failed.

The beneficiaries of the Königstein State Agreement

Integral components of the state treaty were "Implementing provisions for the state agreement of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany on the financing of scientific research institutions" and two "Overview [s] of the scientific research institutions that are to be jointly financed by the states under the agreement". One overview lists the institutes and the subsidies provided for them for the financial year 1949, the other the institutes and their subsidy requirements for the financial year 1950. These two tables are summarized in the following table.

List of research institutes funded under the Königstein State Agreement
in the budget years 1949 & 1950
to bathe
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
German Brain Research Institute
Neustadt in the Black Forest 		16,000 16,000
Ornithological station in Radolfzell
Möggingen on Lake Constance 		29,000 29,000
Total grant Baden 45,000 45,000
Bavaria
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
Deutsches Museum, Munich 920,000 991,000
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg 390,000 417.200
German Research University
Berlin-Dahlem (seat in Munich) 		1,400,000 1,082,100
MPI for Silicate Research
Königshofen-Ostheim (Rhön) 		260,000 175,000
Research center for leather and
protein, Regensburg 		62,000 85,000
German Research Institute for
Psychiatry, Munich 		150,000 168,000
Institute for Economic Research V.
Munich 		120,000 200,000
Total subsidy from Bavaria 3,302,000 3,118,300
Hamburg
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
Hamburg World Economic Archive 161,000 530,000
Total grant from Hamburg 161,000 530,000
Hesse
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
West German Library, Marburg
(collections of the former Prussian
State Library) 		300,000 443,700
MPI for Biophysics, Frankfurt 261,500 453,000
MPI for Brain Research, Giessen 170,000 170,000
MPI for Brain Research,
Department for Clinical Psychiatry
and Constitutional Research , Marburg 		40,000 50,000
Kerkhoff Institute, Bad-Nauheim 70,000 79,000
Paul Ehrlich Institute, State
Institute for Experimental Therapy
and Georg Speyer House, Frankfurt 		434.100
Total grant Hessen 841,500 1,629,800
Lower Saxony
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
MPI for Comparative Public
Law and International Law
Global grant to the central administration of
the Max Planck Society, Göttingen 		1,890,500
General administration of the MPG 260,000
Joint management and construction tasks
on the Göttingen site, Dundenstr. 10 		536,000
Common facilities, common personnel
and material expenses for all institutes 		550,000
Institute for instrumental science in the
administration of the MPG, Göttingen 		120,000 101,000
MPI for Physics, Göttingen 258,000 400,000
MPI for Physics, Astrophysics Department, Göttingen 54,000 60,000
Institute for ionospheric research
in the administration of the MPG,
Lindau, Northeim district 		96,000 100,000
MPI for Flow Research, Göttingen 320,000 340,000
Gmelin Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
and Frontier Areas in the MPG
Clausthal-Zellerfeld 		270,000 282,000
MPI for Physical Chemistry, Göttingen 241,000 366,000
MPI for Physics, Göttingen 258,000 400,000
Academy for Spatial Research and
Regional Planning, Hanover 		245,000
Reich Office for Soil Research,
Petroleum Research Dept. , Celle 		678,000
Office for Soil Research, Hanover 678,000
MPI for Marine Biology, Wilhelmshaven 480,000 440,000
Medical research institute of the MPG,
Göttingen 		245,000 345,000
MPI for Brain Research,
Physiological Dept., Göttingen 		100,000 90,000
MPI for Breeding Research, Voldagsen 535,000 600,000
MPI for Animal Breeding and Nutrition
Gut Mariensee, Neustadt district 		696,000 406,000
Central Research Institute for
Small Animal Breeding, Celle 		346,000
Sengbusch's research center in the MPG
Göttingen 		45,000 45,000
Institute for agricultural work
science and agricultural technology
in the MPG, Imbshausen, Northeim district 		174,000 120,000
Overall grant from Lower Saxony 6,793,500 5,719,000
North Rhine-Westphalia
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
MPI for Coal Research, Mülheim / Ruhr 250,000 325,000
MPI for Iron Research, Düsseldorf 233,000 310,000
MPI for Bast Fiber Research, Bielefeld 210,000 187,000
MPI for Brain Research,
Tumor Research Department, Bochum 		57,000 70,000
MPI for Occupational Physiology, Dortmund 468,000 308,600
Total grant from North Rhine-Westphalia 1,218,000 1,206,600
Rhineland-Palatinate
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Tailfingen in
future: MPI for Chemistry, Mainz 		993,000 893,000
Research Institute for Vine Breeding,
Geilweilerhof 		230,000
Total grant Rhineland-Palatinate 1,223,000 893,600
Schleswig-Holstein
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
Hydrological Institute of the Max Planck
Society, Plön / Holstein 		82,000 132,000
TB Research Institute, Borstel 420,000 444,600
Institute for the World Economy, Kiel 420,000 650,000
Total grant Schleswig-Holstein 922,000 1,226,600
Württemberg-Baden
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
MPI for Metal Research, Stuttgart 250,000 250,000
Astronomisches Recheninstitut, Heidelberg 171,000 171,600
MPI for Medical Research, Heidelberg 605,000 750,000
MPI for Breeding Research,
Rosenhof branch near Ladenburg 		138,000 143,000
Total grant Württemberg-Baden 1,164,000 1,514,600
Württemberg-Hohenzollern
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Comparative
and International Private Law,
Tübingen, from 1950: MPI 		96,000 200,000
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics,
Hechingen 		302,000
Research center for physics of the stratosphere
in the MPG, Weisenau 		190,000 200,000
Research center for spectroscopy in the MPG,
Hechingen 		175,000
Gmelin Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
and Frontier Companies, Tübingen 		55,000 55,000
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry
Tübingen, from 1950: MPI 		938,000 370,000
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology,
Tübingen, from 1950: MPI 		1,019,000 984,000
Total grant Württemberg-Hohenzollern 2,600,000 1,984,000
Research institutions without national ties
Institute Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
Emergency community of German science 2,000,000 4,000,000
Hertziana Library, Italy 88,000
Total grant to research institutions without national ties 2,000,000 4,088,000
Research funding according to the Königstein State Agreement
Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
total 20,269,000 21,948,900
of which account for
Grant 1949 DM Grant 1950 DM
the institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
or the Max Planck Society 		12,452,000 11,802,000
percentage 61.43% 53.77%
the emergency community of German science 2,000,000 4,000,000
percentage 9.87% 18.22%
the research institutions of the countries with supra-regional importance 5,817,000 6,146,300
percentage 28.70% 28.00%

The table once again makes it clear which dominant role the Max Planck Society played in the financing structure of the Königstein State Agreement - and that against the background of the global budget that was subsequently granted, which made the internal use of the promised funds exclusively a matter for the MPG itself . Just as the Stiftung Deutsche Forschungshochschule subsequently turned out to be a transitional company to finance the Dahlem institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society until they were incorporated into the Max Planck Society in 1953, one can also see the primary purpose of the Königstein State Agreement in it primarily to ensure the financial security of the Max Planck Society. "The MPG undermined the content of its [the federal states] scientific competence, which mainly consisted of the allocation of funds, when it not only attracted most of the research funds, but also requested them globally."

Research in the humanities and social sciences was clearly not one of the beneficiaries of the Königstein State Agreement . At most, the German Museum in Munich, the Germanic Museum in Nuremberg and the West German Library in Marburg, which emerged from the Prussian State Library, can be mentioned here, although they too cannot be considered as research institutes in the humanities and social sciences in the narrower sense. This was determined in the run-up to the State Agreement even by such a proven conservative as the then Bavarian State Minister for Education and Culture, Alois Hundhammer , who at least had in mind "to supplement the scientific potential of the MPG with a 'German Society for the Promotion of the Humanities'" " , whereby he could also refer to the State Treaty on the German Research University, which included a stronger consideration of such research institutes. He did not win through with this, but what Maria Osietzki outlined as the “North German research tradition”: “The concentration on scientific research in North Germany resulted from the Prussian funding practice, which had adapted to the economic conditions due to the earlier industrialization. It continued in the science policy of the bizonal administrative offices ”and became the foundation of the Königstein State Agreement .

From the Königstein State Agreement to the Blue List

Obsolete model of the Königstein State Agreement

The Königstein State Agreement , which came into force on April 1, 1949, was initially concluded for five years. It was extended three times by five years each: with effect from April 1, 1954, April 1, 1959 and April 1, 1964. At the same time, however, it had been shown that research funding was the sole responsibility of the states and their sole responsibility was no longer a sustainable concept.

“Since the federal states were unable to bear the increased expenditure on state research funding alone, the promotion of science, and specifically the promotion of scientific universities, gradually became the main task of the Federal Ministry of Science. The way there is in some respects a feature of the deeply changed situation in the relationship between the state and modern research. For the beginnings of a Federal Ministry endeavoring to promote scientific research, it is significant that despite Art. 74 no. 13 of the Basic Law, the necessity of a general promotion of science by the federal government was not the reason for the establishment of the Federal Science Minister ruin; rather, only special tasks should be performed by the federal government, e.g. B. the tasks according to. Art. 73 no. 9 GG and acc. Art. 74 No. 11 GG. "

One of these “special tasks” was atomic research, for which the “Federal Ministry for Atomic Questions” was founded in 1955 as the highest federal agency, whose first Federal Minister, as is well known, was Franz Josef Strauss .

The Federal Ministry for Scientific Research emerged in 1962 from this "Federal Ministry for Atomic Questions". With an amendment to the Basic Law in 1969, the competences of the federal government in educational planning and research funding were expanded, and the Federal Ministry for Scientific Research became the Federal Ministry for Education and Science (BMBW). This development was accompanied by further agreements between the federal government and the federal states, the result of which was to strengthen the federal government's influence on national research funding:

  • Administrative agreement between the Federal Government and the Länder on the establishment of a Science Council of September 5, 1957.
  • Administrative agreement between the federal government and the states for the promotion of science and research of June 4, 1964.
    This administrative agreement led for the first time to a far-reaching revision of the "Königstein State Agreement" because the federal and state governments agreed with effect from the 1965 financial year "for the duration of the Königstein Agreement annual general subsidy requirements of the German Research Foundation and the Max Planck Society, including the necessary construction work, each to bear half. "The subsidy requirement of the Max Planck Society, which in 1949 had amounted to 12.452 million DM (see table) in 1965 was 144, 6 million DM.
  • The administrative agreement between the federal government and the states for the promotion of science and research of February 8, 1968.
    This administrative agreement "contains essentially the same agreements as the administrative agreement of June 4, 1964 and is a continuation of the agreements made in 1964".

The Königstein State Agreement expired on December 31, 1969 , without a new regulation of research funding on the basis of the amendment to the Basic Law, also made in 1969, which granted the federal government expanded powers in research funding, was foreseeable:

"In addition to the general competence for the general principles of higher education (Art. 75 para. 1 No. 1 a GG) and the competence to participate in the joint task of expanding and building new scientific universities including university clinics (Art. 91 a para. 1 No. 1 GG), the Federal Government was granted additional competence in the field of science and research by the Financial Reform Act of May 12, 1969, as the Federal Government and the Länder on the basis of agreements in educational planning and in the funding of institutions and projects for scientific research of supraregional importance (Art. 91b GG). "

Since the framework agreements following the amendment to the Basic Law were not yet in place and apparently remained largely a matter of negotiation between the federal government and the federal states in the following years, the state minister-presidents decided annually "the continued unchanged application of the principles of the Königstein Agreement". This procedure was practiced until 1976.

The successor to the Königstein State Agreement

On November 28, 1975, the federal government and the eleven federal states agreed on the “Framework Agreement between the federal government and the federal states on the joint funding of research under Article 91 b of the Basic Law”, which effectively replaced the Königstein State Agreement . Article 2 defines the scope of this new agreement:

“(1) The joint funding of research extends to:
1. The German Research Foundation and the Collaborative Research Centers ,
2. Large-scale research institutions ,
3. The Max Planck Society ,
4. The Fraunhofer Society ,
5. Other independent research institutions of supraregional importance and the national interest in science policy, provided that the funding requirement to be covered by the regional authorities for the running costs exceeds a certain amount,
6.other sponsoring organizations of research institutions and research funding organizations as well as institutions with a service function for research, provided that the requirements specified in No. 5 are met,
7. Research projects of supraregional importance and national scientific policy interest, provided that their funding requirement exceeds a certain order of magnitude.
(2) The research institutions jointly funded in accordance with Paragraph 1 are listed in lists, if applicable with their institutes. The lists for no. 2, 5 and 6 of paragraph 1 are reviewed every 2 years. "

Even if Section 3 of Article 2 refers to the fact that many issues will still have to be settled by implementation agreements, Article 6 already defines the main lines of financing.

"(1) For the financial research funding the following keys of the financing for the shares of the federal and state governments apply:
1. German Research Foundation 50:50
2. Collaborative Research Centers until December 31st. 1977 70:30
from 1. 1.1978 75:25
3. Large research institutions 90:10
4. Max Planck Society 50:50
5. Fraunhofer Society 90:10
6. Other research institutions of national importance 50:50
7. Other organizations or Facilities according to Article 2 Paragraph 1 No. 6 50:50
with the consent of all contracting parties can deviate from this key. "

Article 7 also stipulates that the "share of the financing allocated to the federal states [...] will be allocated to the individual federal states according to a distribution key to be determined by them", and the special participation of the respective home country in the financing of a resident in its area Research institution regulated.

Article 8 of the framework agreement gives the Federal-State Commission for Educational Planning and Research Funding (BLK) , which has existed since 1970, extensive competencies for further research funding, which are defined in detail in Article 10.

In contrast to the Königstein State Agreement , which had to be resolved again and again every five years, Article 11 says: "The framework agreement is concluded for an indefinite period of time. It can be terminated with a notice period of two years at the end of a calendar year, but for the first time after four years The framework agreement should - with the consent of all parties involved - come into force on July 1, 1976. The provisions for the institutions to be jointly funded (see above, Article 2) were, however, in Article 11, Paragraph 2, up to 1. It was suspended on January 1st, 1977 - with the exception of those supported by the German Research Foundation, the Max Planck Society and the “Research projects of supra-regional importance and national scientific-political interest, provided that their funding requirement exceeds a certain level”.

The framework agreement was supplemented by the "Supplementary Agreement between the Länder for the Framework Agreement on Research Funding" of November 28, 1975. Its essential core is Article 1, in which the Länder determine how the proportion of funding attributable to them is to be determined.

"(1) One third of the financing share that the host state must provide for the research institutions, sponsoring organizations of research institutions and research funding organizations (Art. 7 Paragraph 3 of the Framework Agreement on Research Funding), which are jointly funded by the federal government and the host state, is raised jointly by all states.
(2) This third, which is to be raised jointly, is apportioned to all countries according to the ratio of their tax revenues and their population, whereby the ratio of tax revenues for 2/3 and that of the population for 1/3 of this amount is decisive. The tax revenues of the federal states on which the federal state financial equalization is based are deemed to be tax income. The tax revenue increases or decreases by the amounts that the states receive from or transfer to other countries within the framework of the financial equalization scheme. Decisive are the tax revenue and the population determined by the Federal Statistical Office for June 30 of the budget year two years prior to the budget year. "

The entry into force and the term of this supplementary agreement was linked to the corresponding provisions of the “Framework Agreement”. In fact, it means that through it, the financing model of the “framework agreement” that affects the countries should also be based on the Königstein key .

Further additional agreements, concerning the federal and state governments, were concluded to finance the German Research Foundation and the Collaborative Research Centers as well as the Max Planck Society. The Königstein key is also set here to finance the state share . The same procedure was followed in the 1977 “Implementation Agreement for the Framework Agreement on Research Funding on Joint Funding by the Fraunhofer Society (Implementation Agreement FhG)”.

From the framework agreement for research funding to the Blue List

There was still a need for regulation for the part of the “framework agreement” that was initially suspended (see above). This concerned the institutions listed in Article 2, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Agreement (points 5 and 6):

  • "5. other independent research institutions of supraregional importance and national scientific policy interest, provided that the funding requirement to be covered by the regional authorities for the running costs exceeds a certain amount,
  • 6. Other supporting organizations of research institutions and research funding organizations as well as institutions with a service function for research, provided that the prerequisites mentioned in No. 5 are met. "

For these areas of joint funding by the federal and state governments, the “Implementation Agreement for the Framework Agreement on Research Funding on the Joint Funding of Scientific Research Institutions - Implementation Agreement for Research Institutions (AV-FE)” was passed on May 5 and 6, 1977. Those not affiliated to a research organization at the time were covered by this regulation

"A) [...] independent research institutions of supraregional importance and national scientific policy interest, provided that the need for funding exceeds the order of magnitude specified in § 3,
b) [...] supporting organizations of research institutions, [...] research funding organizations and [...] institutions with a service function for research, provided that the conditions mentioned under a) are met. "

In principle, these are the research institutions that were not included in the "Kaiser Wilhelm Society" or the "Max Planck Society" in the very first Königstein Agreement - a minority in terms of number and funding volume. At that time, this also included institutions with a very low funding requirement, which in itself does not say anything about their scientific work and competence. Nevertheless, with the "Implementation Agreement for Research Institutions", a quantitative criterion for determining the eligibility for funding has now been introduced, the aforementioned § 3 of the "Implementation Agreement":

“(1) Only those institutions and organizations in accordance with Section 1 (1) whose funding needs to be covered by the regional authorities for ongoing costs exceed DM 1.5 million per year are included in the joint funding.
(2) In the case of institutions with a service function for research, it is sufficient if the funding requirement to be covered by the regional authorities exceeds DM 1 million.
(3) In the case of museums, only the funding required for ongoing research costs is taken into account. Income from the operation of the museums that is not attributable to research is not included in the determination of the research share.
(4) The running costs include all costs except the costs for land acquisition, construction work and initial installation. "

The institutions and organizations that are only eligible for joint funding in this way should be listed in a list attached to them in accordance with Section 1, Paragraph 2 of the “Implementation Agreement for Research Institutions”. This annex, which in 1977 documented the eligibility of 46 institutions and organizations, has entered research policy as the Blue List . It is so called “because the first version of this appendix is ​​printed on blue paper. The Blue List is the result of long-term negotiations in which the transfer of well over 100 institutions to the Blue List and thus to joint funding was discussed. ”The Leibniz Association later emerged from these 46 institutions and organizations , which in 2016 belonged to 88 institutes .

According to Dieter Pfeiffer, the research policy significance of the “Implementation Agreement for Research Institutions” lies in the fact that “this area, previously financed in very different ways by the federal and state governments, was reorganized and comprehensively regulated for the first time. In this way, research policy and financial decisions for a number of nationally important institutions and projects, primarily non-university scientific research, can be jointly funded by the federal government and all states. This explains why research institutions with very different tasks, legal forms and sizes are summarized in the Blue List. "

The institutions on the first Blue List

The facilities on the first Blue List from 1977
Baden-Württemberg
serial no. Institute place Remarks
1. German Institute for Distance Learning (DIFF)
at the University of Tübingen		 Tübingen
2. Specialized information center 4 (energy, physics, mathematics)
Karlsruhe		 Tübingen Service function,
federal funding key: Länder 85:15
3. Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics Freiburg
4th Institute for German Language Mannheim
5. Central archive for university construction Stuttgart Service function
Bavaria
serial no. Institute place Remarks
6th German research institute for food chemistry Munich
7th German museum Munich Research share 30%
8th. Germanic National Museum Nuremberg Research share 65%
9. Ifo Institute for Economic Research Munich
10. Institute for Contemporary History Munich
Berlin
serial no. Institute place Remarks
11. German Library Institute Berlin Service function for
federal funding key: Länder 30:70
12. German Institute for Economic Research Berlin
13. Heinrich Hertz Institute for Telecommunications Berlin
14th Science Center Berlin Berlin Funding key federal: country of domicile 75:25
Bremen
serial no. Institute place Remarks
15th Institute for Marine Research Bremerhaven
16. German Maritime Museum Bremerhaven (from Jan. 1, 1980) Research share 65%
Hamburg
serial no. Institute place Remarks
17th Bernhard Nocht Institute for
Ship Diseases and Tropical Diseases		 Hamburg
18th Heinrich Pette Institute for
Experimental Virology and Immunology
at the University of Hamburg		 Hamburg
19th HWWA Institute for Economic Research Hamburg
20th German Overseas Institute Foundation Hamburg
Hesse
serial no. Institute place Remarks
21st German Institute for International
Educational Research (DIPF)		 Frankfurt / M.
22nd Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt / M.
23. Society for Information and
Documentation (GID)		 Frankfurt / M. Service function
federal funding key: Länder 65:35
24. Johann Gottfried Herder Research Council Marburg
25th Pedagogical office of the
German Adult Education Association		 Frankfurt / M. Service function
Lower Saxony
serial no. Institute place Remarks
26th German Primate Center Goettingen Service function
27. Institute for Petroleum Research Hanover
28. Institute for
Scientific Film		 Goettingen Service function
29 Lower Saxony State Office for
Soil Research, Main Department I
"Joint Tasks"		 Hanover
30th Technical information library
at the Technical University		 Hanover Service function
federal funding key: Länder 30:70
31. Academy for spatial research
and regional planning		 Hanover Service function
federal funding key: Länder 30:70
North Rhine-Westphalia
serial no. Institute place Remarks
32. Mining Museum Bochum Research share 50%
33. German Society for Peace and
Conflict Research (DGFK)		 Bonn Without headquarters quota,
federal funding key: Länder 80:20
34. Diabetes research institute
at the University of Düsseldorf		 Dusseldorf
35. Research institute for rationalization
at the Rheinisch-Westfälische
Technische Hochschule		 Aachen
36. Institute for Work Physiology
at the University of Dortmund		 Dortmund
37. Institute for Child Nutrition Dortmund
38. Institute for Spectrochemistry
and Applied Spectroscopy (ISAS)		 Dortmund (from 1.1980)
39. Medical Institute for Air Hygiene
and Silicosis Research at the
University of Düsseldorf		 Dusseldorf
40. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut
for Economic Research		 eat
41. Central Library of Medicine Cologne Service function
federal funding key: Länder 30:70
42. Zoological Research Institute
and Museum Koenig		 Bonn Research share 50%
Rhineland-Palatinate
serial no. Institute place Remarks
43. Research institute at the University
of Administrative Sciences		 Speyer
44. Roman-Germanic Central Museum Mainz Research share 65%
Schleswig-Holstein
45. Borstel Research Institute for
Experimental Biology and Medicine		 Borstel
46. Institute for Oceanography
at the University of Kiel		 Kiel
47. Institute for Science Education
at Kiel University		 Kiel
48. Institute for World Economy at the University of Kiel Kiel
49. Central economic library
and economic archive in the Institute for
World Economy at the University of Kiel		 Kiel (Central Library of Economic Sciences - ZBW)
Service function (from 1.1.1980)

literature

  • Inga Meiser: The German Research University (1947–1953). Publications from the archive of the Max Planck Society, Volume 23, Berlin, 2013, ISBN 978-3-927579-27-9 . (The study is the revised version of a dissertation submitted in 2010 [1] PDF).
  • Dieter Pfeiffer: Historical development from the Höchst Agreements to the Blue List , in: Albrecht Hahn (ed.): 40 years of geoscientific joint tasks in the Lower Saxony State Office for Soil Research , Geological Yearbook, Series A, General and regional geology of the Federal Republic of Germany and neighboring areas, tectonics, Stratigraphie, Paläontologie, Heft 109, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 1988, pp. 9-38.
    In addition to the text of the Höchst Agreements , other transnational documents that were decisive for research policy in Germany up until the 1980s are attached to the article :
    • State agreement of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany on the financing of scientific research institutions (Königstein State Agreement of March 30/31, 1949)
    • Implementation provisions for the state agreement of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany on the financing of scientific research institutions
    • Framework agreement between the federal government and the federal states on the joint funding of research in accordance with Article 91 b of the Basic Law (Framework Agreement on Research Funding of November 28, 1975)
      ** Implementation agreement for the framework agreement on research funding on the joint funding of scientific research institutions (Implementation Agreement of May 5-6, 1977 )
    • "Blue List", status: July 1986 (This is not the original version from 1977.)
    • Supplementary agreement between the federal states to the framework agreement for research institutions (dated November 28, 1975)
  • Maria Osietzki: Science Organization and Restoration. The establishment of non-university research institutions and the founding of the West German state 1945–1952. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne & Vienna, 1984, ISBN 3-412-04484-9 .
  • Ilse Staff: Promotion of science throughout the state. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1971, ISBN 3-428-02362-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ This name is derived from the town of Königstein im Taunus , where the negotiations on the agreement took place.
  2. ↑ The full text of the state agreement can be viewed here: State agreement of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany on the financing of scientific research institutions of September 12, 1950 . In: Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1950 No. 37 , p. 179 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 587 kB ]).
  3. ↑ a b State agreement on the establishment of a German research university in Berlin-Dahlem and the financing of German research institutes of January 10, 1948 . In: The Hessian Minister President (Hrsg.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1948 no. 1 , p. 1 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 2.5 MB ]).
  4. ^ Inga Meiser: The German Research University (1947–1953). P. 77.
  5. ↑ Höchst Agreements , quoted from Dieter Pfeiffer: Historical development from the Höchst agreements to the Blue List. P. 16.
  6. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. P. 106.
  7. ^ Inga Meiser: The German Research University (1947–1953). S. 45. Maria Osietzki argues in a similar way: Scientific organization and restoration. P. 152 ff.
  8. ^ Inga Meiser: The German Research University (1947–1953). P. 30.
  9. ^ Inga Meiser: The German Research University (1947–1953). P. 75.
  10. ^ Inga Meiser: The German Research University (1947–1953). P. 76.
  11. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. P. 238 ff.
  12. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. P. 251.
  13. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. Pp. 252-253.
  14. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. P. 262.
  15. ^ Inga Meiser: The German Research University (1947–1953). P. 76.
  16. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. P. 268.
  17. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. P. 261.
  18. ↑ Maria Osietzki: scientific organization and restoration. Pp. 242-244.
  19. ↑ a b Ilse Staff: Science Funding in the State as a whole. P. 41.
  20. ↑ The three administrative agreements and the Königstein State Agreement are printed along with a large number of other documents and overviews by Ilse Staff: Wissenschaftsförderung im Gesamtstaat, pp. 159 ff.
  21. ↑ Ilse Staff: Science Funding in the State as a whole. P. 19.
  22. ↑ a b Ilse Staff: Science Funding in the State as a whole. P. 22.
  23. ↑ quoted from Dieter Pfeiffer: 40 years of geoscientific community tasks. P. 12.
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Framework Agreement on Research Funding 1975
  25. ↑ The fact that the following list contains 49 institutes is explained by the fact that it also names three institutes that are to be funded at a later date.
  26. ↑ a b Dieter Pfeiffer: Historical development from the highest agreements to the blue list. P. 13.
  27. ^ Institutes & museums of the Leibniz Association