Heilbronn-Böckingen fort
Map with all coordinates: | Heilbronn-Böckingen Fort (Böckingen Fort) |
|
|---|---|
| limes | ORL 56 ( RLK ) |
| Route (RLK) |
Neckar-Odenwald-Limes Neckar line |
| Dating (occupancy) | around 85/90 to around 159/160 AD |
| Type | Cohort fort |
| unit | Aa) unknown cohort (?) Ba) Cohors V Delmatarum Bb) Cohors I Helvetiorum and Numerus Brittonum Murrensium |
| size | 150 × 133 m = 2.0 ha |
| Construction | A) wooden fort Ba) wooden / stone fort Bb) stone fort |
| State of preservation | restored foundations of the Porta principalis sinistra |
| place | Heilbronn - Böckingen |
| Geographical location | 49 ° 8 ′ 45.5 " N , 9 ° 11 ′ 55.5" E |
| height | 160 m above sea level NHN |
| Previous | ORL 54/55 Fort Wimpfen im Tal (north) Small fort Kochendorf (north, Odenwald line) |
| Subsequently | ORL 57 forts of Walheim (south) |
The fort Heilbronn-Böckingen , also known as Castle Böckingen known was a Roman military camp , whose crew for safety and monitoring tasks on the line of the Neckar Neckar-Odenwald Limes was responsible. The garrison, which was occupied from around 85/90 AD to the middle of the 2nd century, is today in the northern part of the Heilbronn district of Böckingen in Baden-Württemberg on the edge of an industrial area, directly on the road to Neckargartach .
Research history
There was already a Roman consecration stone in 1615 and in the 17th and 18th centuries numerous Roman inscription stones were found in the area of the then village Böckingen, which mentioned the 8th Legion and the 1st Cohort of the Helvetii. However, it was not until 1886 that K. Miller was able to pinpoint the location of the fort. The first archaeological excavations by the Reich Limes Commission took place in 1895 and 1897. Further scientific investigations were carried out in the second half of the 20th century, often as emergency excavations caused by construction work .
Fort
The Böckingen cohort fort is a rectangular auxiliary camp with dimensions of 150 × 133 m, about two hectares in size, in its final expansion phase . The stone fence was rounded at the corners and surrounded by a double pointed ditch system. The corners of the wall had no defensive towers, but all four gates of the fort facing the Porta praetoria (main gate) facing the Neckar were provided with double towers. The foundations of the Porta principalis sinistra (left side gate) have been preserved and can be viewed in a small green area designed as an archaeological miniature park. In addition, nothing can be seen of the former fort in the area that is now completely built over.
Of the interior structures, only parts of the principia (staff building) and a horreum (granary) were found. The other buildings inside the fort are likely to have consisted of timber or half-timbered buildings.
A predecessor building built using wood-earth technology was only proven during the investigations in the second half of the 20th century. Its ground plan is essentially the same as that of the stone fort, a notable difference is the existence of a defensive tower at the north-east corner of the fort. Furthermore, two phases of stone construction could be differentiated during these excavations, a first stone wall in wood / stone technology seems to have been replaced by a pure stone wall around the year 120.
When the Limes was moved forward around AD 159/160, the fort had no function and was abandoned. Nothing is known about the secondary use of the Heilbronn-Böckingen camp.
Site plan
(excavations 1895/97)
Fort floor plan
(excavations 1895/97)
North Gate of NO
(as of April 2012)
North gate of OSO
(state April 2012)
Troops and officers
In its early phase, the fort could have been occupied by an unknown unit. Detectable, however, is first of all the well from the fort Arnsburg known Cohors V Delmatarum (fifth cohort of Dalmatians). It was replaced by the Cohors I Helvetiorum (1st cohort of the Helvetians ). In addition, the presence of a Numerus Brittonum Murrensium ("Unity of the Brittons on the Murr ") is attested for Böckingen , which was also proven in the Benningen fort . The Cohors I Helvetiorum , mentioned on a consecration stone for Fortuna Respiciens in Böckingen in AD 148 , was moved to one of the two castles in Öhringen when the Limes was moved forward around AD 159/160 . Research has not yet been able to clarify whether the Helvetii occupied the Rendel or the Bürgkastell.
Perhaps the last commandant of the Helvetian cohort from Böckingen, the Centurio Publius Nasellius Proclianus of the Legio VIII Augusta , which was then in Strasbourg , became particularly well-known , as he consecrated two other altars in addition to the aforementioned Fortuna stone. Also 148 one for Apollo Pythius and one undated for Sol Invictus Mithras . Another centurion, also assigned to Böckingen by the Strasbourg Legion, could have been called Iulius Victi (?) . The legion number was obviously incorrectly indicated in the damaged inscription with "VII". Unfortunately, it is not known which unit the centurion belonged to.
The name of a centurion of the Numerus Brittonum Murensium , Cassius Troianus, has also been handed down .
A consecration stone is also important for the goddesses of the parade ground, the campestres. In addition to the Celtic horse goddess Epona, these deities were especially worshiped by the Roman cavalry. It was set by the prefect Gaius Sanctinius Aeternus , son of Gaius from the Quirin tribe. The stone does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about an exact date or the troops that the prefect commanded.
Balineum and Vicus
The fort bath (Balineum) was located about 80 m south of the southwest corner of the fort, directly on today's Karl-Marx-Strasse . It was a single-axis thermal bath building typical of the Limes.
To the north and south of the camp, as an extension of the Via principalis on the roads that connected the Böckingen camp with the Wimpfen forts in the valley in the north and Walheim in the south, an extensive vicus was found .
Fort bath and vicus can no longer be seen in today's townscape.
Monument protection
The ground monument "Fort Heilbronn-Böckingen" is protected as a registered cultural monument within the meaning of the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.
See also
literature
- Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0
- Willi Beck and Dieter Planck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7
- Böckingen am See. A district of Heilbronn - yesterday and today . Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1998, ISBN 3-928990-65-9 , (= publications of the Heilbronn City Archives, 37)
- Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7
- Robert Koch: Heilbronn-Böckingen . In: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 120f.
- Klaus Kortüm : Heilbronn-Böckingen. Supply station for the front limes? . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 6), pp. 79–86.
- Andrea Neth, Martin Hees: Emergency excavations in the Roman fort of Heilbronn-Böckingen. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 2008. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 3-8062-2257-6 , pp. 124–127
- Hans Schönberger : The north gate of the Roman fort Heilbronn-Böckingen. In: Germania 38, 1960, pp. 65-75
- Hans Schönberger: An excavation in the Roman fort Heilbronn-Böckingen. In: Publications of the Historisches Verein Heilbronn 23, 1960 pp. 36–42
- Heinrich Steimle in the series Der Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreiches (Eds. Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey ): Department B, Volume 5, Fort No. 56 Böckingen (1898)
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ The visible restored north gate is located at ' "47.8 49 ° 8 N , 9 ° 11' 57.55" O .
- ↑ CIL 13, 06472
- ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: The Roman settlement in the area around Heilbronn . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2000. ISBN 3-80621493X . P. 145.
- ↑ CIL 13, 06469
- ↑ CIL 13, 06477
- ↑ CIL 13, 06473
- ↑ CIL 13, 06471
- ↑ CIL 13, 06470
Fort Wimpfen im Tal | Heilbronn-Böckingen fort | Castles of Walheim | Benningen Fort | Fort Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt | Castle Köngen (Grinario) | Rottenburg Castle (Sumelocenna) | Sulz Castle | Waldmössingen Castle | Castles of Rottweil (Arae Flaviae)