Kiel Castle
The Kiel Castle in Kiel in Schleswig-Holstein was one of the secondary residences of the Gottorf dukes . The castle had a varied architectural history and in recent art history has been described as one of the most important secular buildings in Schleswig-Holstein. The castle burned down during the Second World War . Most of the ruins were then removed and replaced by a new building.
Usage history
From the Middle Ages to the modern age
The Kiel Castle had its origins in a castle from the Middle Ages, which was probably built as early as 1242 at the time Kiel was founded and was intended to protect the settlement on a narrow headland between Kiel Fjord and Little Kiel . The builder was the city founder Adolf von Schauenburg .
In the 15th century, as a result of the Treaty of Ripen , the castle came into the possession of the Danish King Friedrich I , who had the medieval castle expanded into a castle through modern additions and modifications. As Adolf I, his son Adolf founded the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf , to which the city of Kiel and its castle were added. Duke Adolf had numerous residences built in the country. As in Reinbek , Husum and Tönning , a stately new building was built in Kiel in the style of the Dutch Renaissance .
From the 16th to the 18th century
The castle was a secondary residence at that time. The headquarters and government center of the duchy was Gottorf Castle . The Kiel castle was used by Christine from Hessen until 1604 and then Sophie von Mecklenburg until 1631 as a widow's seat. During the Thirty Years War , the house was occupied several times and some of the furnishings were looted. In 1665 the founding ceremony for the foundation of the Christiana Albertina , Kiel University, was celebrated in the palace . The widow of the founder Christian Albrecht , Duchess Friederike Amalie , had the west and south wings rebuilt from 1695 to 1697 according to plans by the architect Domenico Pelli (Pelli or Amalienbau), after it had partially collapsed ten years earlier due to disrepair.
After the end of the Great Northern War , Schleswig and Holstein were divided. The Duchy of Schleswig was ruled in personal union by the Danish King, the Gottorf Castle was given up as a regular residence and the Kiel Castle was briefly the main residence of the Gottorf Duke Karl Friedrich, who now only ruled Holstein . The castle was the birthplace of his son Karl Peter Ulrich, the subsequent Duke and later Russian Tsar Peter III. After Peter's death, Catherine the Great took over the affairs of government, under her the renaissance building of the castle was transformed into a large, baroque palace. She renounced her claims in Schleswig-Holstein in the Treaty of Tsarskoe Selo of August 27, 1773. The Duchy of Holstein now also went to the Danish king for the next 89 years, the ceremonial act of handover was held in Kiel Castle.
From the 19th century to the Second World War
In the 19th century the castle served different purposes. It was temporarily available to the university and was the seat of the Schleswig-Holstein state assembly from 1848 to 1851 . During the German-Danish War it served as a hospital and military headquarters. During the Prussian period another important resident moved into the house; From 1888 to 1918 it was the residence of Prince Heinrich of Prussia , who served in the Imperial Navy as Grand Admiral (and during the First World War as Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic Sea Forces ), while Kiel rose to become the most important naval port in the Empire.
After the First World War, the castle lost its importance. Prince Heinrich retired to his Hemmelmark estate and the castle became the administrative seat and took up the state library. In the 1930s it was planned to set up a house of national culture .
Since the Second World War
The castle suffered severe damage in the air raids in World War II and burned to the ground after an attack on January 4, 1944. The valuable furniture collection, some of which came from other Holstein castles such as Plön, was also destroyed.
The east wing, newly built in the 1960s, housed the state library on the upper floors until 2003. The lower floors with some very high rooms and the adjoining extension became the “Kieler Schloss” cultural center. Among other things, the State Office for Monument Preservation Schleswig-Holstein was housed there. The extension houses a concert hall and a regional studio of the NDR . The west wing was used by the adult education center. Instead of the demolished south wing, a low-rise building was erected and called the historical state hall .
The cultural center was privatized in 2003. The State Library and State Office for the Preservation of Monuments moved to the Sartori & Berger warehouse further south . Every year around 300 different events with up to 200,000 visitors take place in the palace complex.
The entire palace complex - including the post-war buildings - has been a listed building since 2005 .
The buildings and their architecture
East wing (right) Renaissance building, built 1558 - incorrectly shown with one large instead of four small roofs. Engraving by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg , 16th century
In the first half of the 13th century, Adolf IV von Schauenburg and Holstein had a castle built in the Holstenstadt tom Kyle - later Kiel - which developed at the same time as the place. There are hardly any records about the shape of this first castle. It stood on the site of today's Rant Zauberaus on the west side of Schlossplatz. It was torn down in 1502.
By 1512 Frederick I built a new building on the site of the aforementioned fortress, which was called the "New House".
From 1558 to 1568, Adolf I expanded the castle into an elaborate Renaissance seat . The “New House” on the west side was contrasted with a building in the shape of a large cuboid on the water side, the east side. Today only the foundation remains. The building had four single roofs next to each other and thus corresponded to the multiple house often found in the Holstein castle and estate architecture , as it is z. B. can still be found today in the castles of Ahrensburg and Glücksburg . The cuboid was surrounded by a wreath of twelve decorative gables, four each on the front sides of the roofs and two each on the narrow sides of the building. Two slender stair towers adorned the courtyard side, and another wing connected the two parts of the castle. Inside, there are numerous vaulted halls and cabinets as well as the splendidly furnished castle chapel. After the construction work was completed, the entire palace building had a three-wing, C-shaped floor plan, which can still be modeled on today's post-war building.
1685 the elder, under Frederick I built wing collapsed and was from 1695 to 1697 on behalf Friederike Amalie, wife of Duke Christian Albert , with a new building, known as Rantzauflügel or Rantzaubau replaced, which is still largely today. The master builder was Domenico Pelli .
In the middle of the 18th century the wing on the water side, the east side, was in a poor structural condition and was rebuilt by the builder Rudolph Matthias Dallin . This happened at the instigation of Catherine II , the Tsarina of Russia and Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf . The decorated renaissance gables including the individual roofs were removed and instead a mighty mansard roof was placed on the main building by Ernst Georg Sonnin in 1763 , the visual effect of which was completely changed. Sonnin also made various changes to the interior. The hood was removed from the southwest tower of the wing and a platform was created instead, which was to serve as an observatory . In 1838 a fire destroyed large parts of the building and the castle chapel. The interior was then redecorated in more modest forms. Further modifications took place for Prince Heinrich.
During the Second World War, all parts of the castle were badly affected. The west wing (Rant Zauberau) was shortened and renovated a little after the war. After plans to incorporate the existing walls into a new building had been discarded, the south wing and east wing were demolished except for parts of the north-western tower of the east wing.
From 1961 to 1963, the architects Sprotte and Neve built a new east wing made of brick, which imitates the dimensions of the previous building and stands on the preserved foundation.
At the site of the demolished southern connecting wing, a low-rise building was built, the "Historical State Hall".
literature
- Rüdiger Andreßen (ed.): The Kieler Schloss - Residence in the heart of the city , Wachholtz Verlag, 2017, ISBN 9783529051340 , p. 384.
- Georg Dehio : Handbook of the German art monuments. Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein. , 3rd edition, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-422-03120-3 , p. 412.
- Silke Hunzinger: Princely pleasure gardens of the baroque in Schleswig-Holstein. In: Marion Bejschowetz-Iserhoht, Reiner Hering (Hrsg.): The order of nature. Historic gardens and parks in Schleswig-Holstein. Exhibition catalog Landesarchiv Schleswig (= publications of the Landesarchiv Schleswig-Holstein. 93). Hamburg University Press, Schleswig 2008, ISBN 978-3-931292-83-6 , pp. 79-90.
- Deert Lafrenz: On the occasion - a lance for the Kiel Castle. In: Monument. Journal for Monument Preservation in Schleswig-Holstein. 15/2008, ISSN 0946-4549 , pp. 15-16 ( [1] PDF file 337.35 kB).
- Margita Marion Meyer, Ingrid Wettig-Homm: For the reconstruction of the historical carpet beds at the foot of the equestrian statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I in the Kiel palace garden. In: Monument. Journal for Monument Preservation in Schleswig-Holstein. 14/2007, ISSN 0946-4549 , pp. 107-111.
- Deert Lafrenz: The Kiel Castle . Christians, Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-7672-1027-4
- Carl-Heinrich Seebach: The Kiel Castle - After excavation finds, written sources and pictures (studies on Schleswig-Holstein art history, Volume 9). Neumünster 1965.
- Eva von Engelberg-Dočkal: Culture Map Schleswig-Holstein. Discover culture a thousand times. , 2nd edition, Wachholtz-Verlag, Neumünster 2005, ISBN 3-529-08006-3 .
- Adrian von Buttlar, Margita Marion Meyer: Historical gardens in Schleswig-Holstein. 2nd Edition. Boyens & Co., Heide 1998, ISBN 3-8042-0790-1 , pp. 345-355.
Web links
- Event center Kiel Castle
- Information about the Kiel Castle with historical images
- Reconstruction drawing by Wolfgang Braun
- Garden routes between the seas
- The historic Kiel Castle and Castle Garden
- Friends of Kiel Castle
Individual evidence
- ^ Hans-Günther Andresen: Ahlmanns houses. In: Jürgen Ostwald (Ed.): Wilhelm Ahlmann 1817-1910. A Schleswig-Holsteiner from Northern Schleswig. Bund Deutscher Nordschleswiger, Apenrade 1998, p. 93.
- ^ Directory of the registered cultural monuments of the state of Schleswig-Holstein (except Lübeck) (PDF / 423 kB) , published by the State Office for Monument Preservation , as of December 31, 2007; Release Date: June 9, 2008; accessed on March 23, 2011. Document referenced from this website ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Jens Martin Neumann: "To awaken the castle from ruins." Friederike Amalie von Gottorf and her widow's seat in Kiel. In: Communications from the Society for Kiel City History. 87 (2013), pp. 1-30
Coordinates: 54 ° 19 ′ 27.3 ″ N , 10 ° 8 ′ 36.3 ″ E