Small fort in Neuburg

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The small fort in Neuburg are two Roman military camps that existed at different times during the Roman occupation of Raetia . The older fortification, a wood and earth warehouse, was most likely built during the early imperial era. An archaeologically clearly secured stone fort was built in late Roman times for the Danube-Iller-Rhine-Limes . The younger stone building superimposed the older garrison remains. The no longer visible findings from Roman times were discovered on the western spur of the Neuburg city mountain in Neuburg an der Donau , district of Neuburg-Schrobenhausen , in Bavaria .

location

The remains of the systems are at the western end of the historic old town of Neuburg. This was built on a mighty limestone cliff , which dominates the topography of the surrounding area as a remnant of the southern German White Jura that can be seen from afar . Immediately at the northern foot of the 20 to 25 meter high rock - as in ancient times - the Danube flows past from west to east. In the north and south, the Stadtberg shows its steepest and most forbidding sides, while the terrain on the east and west flanks is a little flatter. Due to the striking location, the soldiers were able to look far into the country from their fortification and control the land and waterways.

There were hill settlements here as early as prehistoric times. This is indicated Urnfield findings (1300-800 v. Chr.), Late Hallstatt ceramics (620-450 v. Chr.) And the ceramic Early La Tène 450-380 v. Chr. In addition, there were remains of a prehistoric moat.

Research history

The driveway (Amalienstraße) to the north plateau of the old town from the west. In this environment, important traces of Roman times to the civil and military settlement of the Stadtberg were discovered. The parish church of St. Peter is on the left. Behind the yellow building on the right is the “coin” that is important for research. The center of the early Roman fort was directly above the street.
Information board for the Roman fort at Amalienstraße 27

The area of ​​Roman Neuburg was opened up with the Donausüdstraße . Its route led past the rock that was inhabited in the early, middle and late Roman Empire at a greater distance, but the connection was secured by a spur road. There was no permanent Danube crossing in Neuburg, it was located around 10 kilometers west of the late antique settlement. It is possible, however, to expect a ferry on site, the continuation of which could have been the road to Nassenfels . The site of the late antique small fort, of which nothing is preserved above the ground, has been used again since the Middle Ages. In particular, with the early modern expansion of Neuburg into the capital and residence of the Principality of Pfalz-Neuburg , founded in 1505 , the rock was densely built on.

The residents became aware of the ancient tradition of the city during the Renaissance at the latest. At the Martin's chapel, which was converted into Schranne and demolished in the first half of the 18th century, a Haidnian tombstone was already walled up before the middle of the 17th century , which could possibly have come from a Neuburg necropolis. In 1769 the stone was brought to the electoral antiquarium in Mannheim and is now in the Städtisches Reiss-Engelhorn-Museum .

The remains of Roman military buildings came to light only late, although speculation had long been held about their presumed existence. More recently, for example, by the Neuburg archaeologist Friedrich Wagner in 1928 and by Günter Ulbert in 1965 . After important evidence of the existence of an early Roman military installation had been discovered at the end of the 1960s, the late antique garrison remained largely in the dark for a long time, even if finds and findings already gave various references to such a facility. In 1979 the excavator of the late antique burial ground , Erwin Keller (1937–2014), documented the results known up to then in his comprehensive final report.

In 1963, the district home nurse Michael Eckstein (1903–1987) examined a two-meter-wide wall foundation in the course of emergency excavations on the north plateau west of the parish church of St. Peter, which he located in late antiquity for stratigraphic reasons. To the east of the former mint, in front of the southern slope edge, a bronze onion-button fibula was discovered in a cut made in 1967 , as it was worn by Roman soldiers in late antiquity, among others. In addition, a maiorina from the reign of Emperor Constans, minted between 346 and 350, came to light . In 1973 and 1974, the archaeologist Walter Sage explored four small areas in the area between St. Peter and the southern demolition of the rock and hid finds from late antiquity. In the same year Eckstein succeeded in investigating the backfilling of a late Roman post structure in the profile of a sewer trench in Amalienstraße in front of St. Peter, and in spring 1975 he uncovered a pointed ditch in Herrenstraße.

Between 1983 and 1986 the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation examined the inner courtyard of the old mint. Now the speculations and findings that had become known so far confirmed the existence of a late antique stone fort. In 1988 the second late antique burial ground was discovered, which was on the Stadtberg, Herrenstrasse A 98.

Early imperial times

Small fort in Neuburg
limes ORL Rhaetian Limes ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Danube line
Dating (occupancy) 1st century AD, probably Late Iberian - Early Claudian
Type Small fort
unit probably a centurion , assigned from one of the closest garrison types
size 24.5 × 33 m
(= 0.08 ha)
Construction Wood earth
State of preservation not visible anymore
place Neuburg on the Danube
Geographical location 48 ° 44 '12.6 "  N , 11 ° 10' 32.5"  E
height 405  m above sea level NHN
Previous Fort Burghöfe (west)
Subsequently Erdkastell Nassenfels (northeast)

Building history

The Neuburg area was of interest to the Roman military for the first time during the early imperial period. The Rhaetian Danube Valley was evidently controlled by Roman troops from Augusta Vindelicorum ( Augsburg ) before around AD 40 . In the late Iberian - Early Claudian period, two short-term wood-earth storage facilities were built east of Neuburg near Ingolstadt-Zuchering, as well as another semi-permanent wood-earth storage facility (Ingolstadt-Zuchering Fort I) which, according to evidence, was found until the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117 ) was used. More militarily important than these small camps from the occupation phase, however, is the Oberstimm auxiliary fort located around 20 kilometers to the east . However, this was probably created a little later than the camp in Zuchering .

The later Neuburg Stadtberg, with its dominant position, was a militarily favorable location for a fort on the Danube. At first, only a rounded trench corner discovered during excavations indicated the early imperial military station. A timely palisade belonged to it, the post pits of which were set at intervals of 0.70 to 1.20 meters. After further investigations, a first comprehensive plan of the complex was drawn towards the end of the 20th century. Since the western end of the plateau only offered space for a small wood-earth system, a small fort, only 24.5 × 33 meters in size, was built, with its pretorial front facing the enemy facing northwest towards the Danube. The building, which is additionally protected by two upstream pointed trenches, has been used for decades, according to evidence of the find. During the Flavian era (69–96), the military gave up the post. The Neuburg garrison had a wood-paneled wood-earth wall three meters thick. Nothing has been known about the interior structure to this day.

When the Limes finally moved forward into the Altmühltal area around 160 AD, the western Raetian Danube border largely lost its military importance, while the civilian camp villages mostly continued to prosper. Securing the river crossings remained important, however, in order to ensure the continued transport of troops, supplies and goods.

Troop

The crew of the small fort may have formed a force of around 80 infantrymen, which corresponded to a centurion . The soldiers were probably posted here from one of the nearest larger garrison locations. The Tiberian-Claudian castles Oberstimm and Burghöfe come into question . In addition, from the Claudian - Neronian period - halfway from Neuburg to Burghöfe - there was another large fort in Burgheim .

Vicus and surrounding area in the 1st century AD

The vicus of Neuburg, the civil camp village, was located on the rock in early Roman times. During the middle imperial period, the residents were drawn to the flat surrounding area. Corresponding traces of settlement were found to the south and south-west of the Stadtberg. But settlements were founded beneath the rock as early as the early imperial period.

Early Roman settlement in the "Donaufeldle" corridor

In 2012, around 1.2 kilometers south-east of the city hill, before several buildings were erected in the “Donaufeldle” corridor, a previously unknown early imperial settlement was partially investigated. In the archaeologically recorded area, the remains of wooden residential buildings were found. The extensive find material dated to the 1st century AD. In addition to some bronze coins, a silver denarius was conspicuous, dating from 46 BC. BC under Gaius Iulius Caesar in North Africa. Many old bronze , bronze, iron and silver slag as well as a bronze casting fragment could point to a metalworking trade, even if no findings were found. Among other things, the remains of militaria were found in the scrap metal. This included the bronze clasp of a rail armor ( Lorica Segmentata ) and an iron projectile tip. The excavator, Peter Lutz, thought it possible to connect these military objects with the early imperial fort on the Stadtberg.

Middle Imperial settlement at the old cemetery

Extensive traces of settlement have been found on the property of the former Jacob-Balde-Volksschule (Eybstraße B 251), which was completed in 1955, as well as the neighboring agricultural district vocational school opened in 1954 (today business school, Pestalozzistraße 2). However, these belong to the middle imperial period, when the small fort no longer existed. Obviously the extension of this settlement extended into the corridor "Neufeld". In the course of the Alemanni invasions of the 3rd century, which accompanied the Limes Falls , the settlement was destroyed.

Villae Rusticae

The supply of basic foodstuffs, especially to the garrisons, was organized from the start with the help of country estates ( Villae Rusticae ). Well known is the Villa Rustica, which Eckstein investigated in the 1950s, in the "Römerfeld" corridor southeast of Neuburg, the remains of which were still visible in 1819 and which had to give way to a single-family housing estate after it was excavated. The villa was located around 600 meters southwest of the early Roman settlement discovered in 2012 in the “Donaufeldle” corridor. In the eastern community of Weichering , the early imperial settlement of the country was documented with manors built using timber.

Early Roman burial ground "Schwalbanger"

A burial ground from the time of the early Principate was discovered south of the Stadtberg on the "Schwalbanger".

Some of the few grave inscriptions known from Neuburg have been lost for centuries or have mostly not been found at their original location. The best-known is the tombstone, which was possibly also secondary to Neuburg, which was located at the former Martinskapelle in Neuburg. As the form of the inscription attests, the inscription dates from the 2nd century AD, possibly from its middle third.

Sex (tus) Nant (ius?) Secun-
dus civ (es) Trev [er]
v (ixit) a (nnos) LXXXX Nant (ius?)
Nammavos (!) Lib (ertus)
et her (es) f (aciendum) c (uravit)

Translation: “Sextus Nantius Secundus, citizen from Trier. He lived 90 years. Nantius Nammavos, his freedman and heir, erected (the tombstone). "

Middle Imperial Danube Bridge

The Weihestein recovered in 1956 from the northern bridge approach.
The scientifically proven foundation area of ​​the bridge in a model reconstruction. The structure of the rising pillar is beyond technical knowledge.

About ten kilometers west of Neuburg, south of the village of Stepperg, the remains of a Danube bridge were examined. According to assumptions that can be traced back to the 18th century, it was possible in the summer of 1842 when the water level was low for the first time to identify and sketch remains of piers. As a result, bridge piles were repeatedly pulled out of the bank area. In 1895 the first more precise measurement of three pillars was carried out and in 1956 an excavator came across the fragment of a consecration altar for Jupiter , Neptune and Danuvius while mining gravel at the northern approach to the former bridge . The lower part of the neatly executed inscription is missing.

I (ovi) o (ptimo) m (aximo)
Nept (uno)
Dan (uvio)
Toppo fe (cit)

Translation: "For Jupiter, the best and greatest, for Neptune, for Danuvius, Toppo made ..."

From the once 500 meter long Danube bridge, piles and beam walls of the frame construction, which belonged to large-format pillars, have been preserved. These bridge piers were filled with rubble stones and supported the wooden roadway. Large-format processed stone blocks, which could indicate a stone construction of the rising pillars, were not discovered. It was therefore probably a question of pillars made primarily of wood without any stone. Dendrochronological sapwood boundary dating of two oak piles was successful . According to this, they date from the middle of the 2nd century AD (145 ± 10, 165 ± 5). The bridge connected the Donausüdstraße with the Vicus Scuttarensis ( Nassenfels ).

Late antiquity

Small fort in Neuburg
Alternative name Venaxamodurum (?)
limes ORL Donau-Iller-Rhein-Limes ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Raetia secunda province
Dating (occupancy) around 300 AD
or early 4th century AD
or shortly before 330 AD to early 5th century
Type Small fort
unit Cohors VI Valeria Raetorum (?)
Or Germanic units of unknown name
size approx. 40 × 40 m
(= 0.16 ha)
Construction Cast masonry ( Opus caementitium )
State of preservation trapezoidal structure, no longer visible
place Neuburg on the Danube
Geographical location 48 ° 44 '12.6 "  N , 11 ° 10' 32.5"  E
height 405  m above sea level NHN
Previous Burgheim forts (west)
Subsequently Eining Castle (east)

Surname

In the opinion of Erwin Keller, the name of the garrison location is unknown. In 2005 , the philologist Gerhard Rasch located the Venaxamodurum , often equated with Neuburg , which the Notitia dignitatum - a Roman state handbook from the first half of the 5th century - is in Straubing. The historian Max Spindler (1894–1986) put a question mark in relation to the equation of Neuburg with Venaxamodurum . And the archaeologist Thomas Fischer has at times expressed doubts regarding the equation of Neuburg with Venaxamodurum . Another archaeologist, Volker Bierbrauer , sees the name Venaxamodurum unequivocally attested with the Notitia dignitatum for Neuburg.

Building history

Since the research at the end of the 20th century, there have been increasing signs that the small Neuburg fort located on the western plateau was founded in the early 4th century AD. Possibly the oldest burial places in the necropolis in the garden of the study seminar (see below) belong to the more recent evidence of late antique life in Neuburg and offer a terminus ante quem . Thus the small fort was built some time before 330 AD. According to Keller, however, the dead from the final phase of the small fort were buried in a different, previously unknown location. In contrast to Keller's theses, however, there are also indications that the late antique garrison could have been built around 300 AD - during the time of the Tetrarchy .

The Spitzgraben uncovered by Eckstein in Herrenstrasse was still four meters wide and 3.40 meters deep. Its orientation indicated that it had circled the eastern flank of the small fort. When it was found, only small remains of the wall of the fort itself remained. It could be seen, however, that the defense had been built as cast masonry ( Opus caementitium ). To reconstruct the former size, the topographical location also had to be used. This resulted in a trapezoidal weir construction around 40 × 40 meters (= 0.16 hectares).

Troop

If Neuburg should be equated with Venaxamodurum , the troops stationed in the late antique small fort would have been a sixth cohort of the Rhaetians (Cohors VI Valeria Raetorum) under the leadership of a military tribune , according to the Notitia dignitatum . An equation of this late antique unit with the Cohors VI Raetorum , which has been known since the end of the 1st century AD, is judged differently in the professional world. According to the findings from the late antique burial grounds (see below), the team of this unit must have consisted of Elbe Germans , at least in the early days . It is also possible that the Notitia does not name the first late antique unit in Neuburg. Cohorts are also occupied as occupations in other small fortifications from late antiquity. However, it is not to be expected that complete cohorts of around 500 men with their commanders-in-chief were permanently stationed in these small facilities. Rather, a significantly reduced team strength would have to be assumed for the late period. However, there is no clear tradition of the military personnel strengths for this epoch.

Vicus

The late antique camp village was - as far as is known - like the small fort in the area of ​​the western tip of the rock and covered less than one hectare. Digging and votive from the destroyed Middle Empire temporal Vicus, as spoils have been been built into the medieval city walls, it is already in late antiquity made it to the mountain to be installed in the late Roman fort.

Late antique burial grounds

So far, there are two late antique burial grounds in Neuburg. An almost completely destroyed burial site with graves from the 4th century was located in the southeastern apron of the small fort on the Stadtberg in Herrenstrasse A 98. The excavator Ernst Pohl was able to uncover just under a dozen body graves, which were almost without gifts. In addition, a singular cremation grave came to light. The few ceramics dated to the 4th / 5th Century.

On the other hand, the necropolis on the garden area of ​​today's study seminar is largely completely excavated from an archaeological point of view. The area is located around 250 meters as the crow flies southwest of the garrison on the southern high bank of the Danube. A total of 133 burials in 130 graves were documented. According to the interpretation of the excavator Erwin Keller, three burial areas following one another in time can be identified. Based on the finds recovered there, the incorporation of Germanic associations into the late Roman army can be demonstrated in exemplary form. It can therefore be assumed that the late Roman fort crew initially consisted of Elbe Germanic mercenaries.

The first burial area (zone 1) was used between 330 and 360 AD, then burials on a second area are proven (zone 2, 360–390 AD). Both areas show more objects of Elbe Germanic character. For this time, Keller suspected an Alemannic - Juthung unit in Neuburg. The third area (zone 3) was occupied during the early 5th century. The finds from this area can best be compared with pieces that are documented for the south-east European region. Keller assumed that the three areas, which he interpreted as a military cemetery due to the shortage of women's graves, indicated three different Germanic associations that were stationed one after the other in Neuburg. It has been proven many times that Germanic troops guarded the Danube border in late antiquity. The periods of use shown here differ in part from an initial dating by Keller. The archaeologist saw the delimitation in three zones not only on the basis of the finds, but also on the basis of various burial customs. Among other things, he distinguished between three types of coffins: tree coffins, box-shaped plank coffins and plank boxes with a square cross-section.

Keller's research results were not accepted without comment. Today there are other interpretations that also place Elbe Germans at the beginning of the development, but regard the subsequent development as a constant Romanization without recognizable breaks, which also includes the progressive renunciation of grave goods. In particular, different ethnic groups cannot be identified according to alternative theories in the 4th century. Also for the East Germanic- Gothic soldiers assumed by Keller in the late period (zone 3) , no indisputable evidence could be provided. In particular, no costume accessories of East German origin have been discovered in the seminar garden.

Post-Roman development

Germanic or Romanised armed forces maintained the Danube border until the 430s. There are assumptions that, corresponding to the neighboring province of Noricum ripense to the east , make a continuation until AD 476 conceivable for the late antique province of Raetia II . A possible continuity of settlement up to the early Middle Ages is not guaranteed for the Neuburger Stadtberg or the surrounding area. Perhaps an almost completely destroyed burial ground 150 meters southwest of the Neuburg Felsstock can be interpreted accordingly. The body graves that can still be documented were almost completely devoid of gifts. Only a single clay jug with a cloverleaf mouth can possibly be dated to around 500 AD. Up until the 7th century there was no evidence of settlement activity in Neuburg. It was only from this century onwards that the city hill appears to have been surrounded by a number of smaller settlements with the associated cemeteries.

Lost property

Important finds are kept in the Archaeological Museum in the Castle Museum in Neuburg, in the Archaeological State Collection in Munich and in the Municipal Reiss-Engelhorn Museum in Mannheim. Finds from the Roman bridge near Stepperg are housed in the Celtic Roman Museum Manching .

Monument protection

The facilities mentioned are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

literature

  • Michael Eckstein: New findings on the location of the late Roman fort Venaxamodurum in Neuburg. In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 131 (1978), pp. 168-180
  • Michael Eckstein: Celtic and Roman fortifications on the Stadtberg in Neuburg a. d. Danube. In: Bavarian history sheets , Volume 30 (1965), pp. 135–153
  • Michael Eckstein: A Roman manor in the "Römerfeld" in Neuburg a. d. Danube . In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 115 (1962), pp. 23-32
  • Michael Eckstein: The 2 routes of the Roman Donausüdstraße near Neuburg a. d. Danube . In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 115 (1962), pp. 18-22
  • Michael Eckstein: Neuburg in prehistory and early history . In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 109 (1955), pp. 53-70
  • Thomas Fischer , Erika Riedmeier-Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 . Pp. 188-189.
  • Josef Heider: Neuburg and the surrounding area in Roman times according to the latest research results . In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 102 (1938), pp. 19-28
  • Claus-Michael Hüssen in: Wolfgang Czysz , Karlheinz Dietz , Thomas Fischer, Hans-Jörg Kellner (eds.): Die Römer in Bayern , Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1058-6 . P. 488 ff.
  • Erwin Keller : The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg an der Donau. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400
  • Erwin Keller: Excavations in the late Roman burial place of Neuburg an der Donau / Swabia. In: Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt , 1 (1971), pp. 177-178
  • Ernst Pohl: A late Roman burial ground on the city hill of Neuburg an der Donau. In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 144 (1996), pp. 75-93
  • Karl Heinz Rieder: Neuburg a. d. Danube. The city mountain . In: Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany , Volume 42 (2003), pp. 191–193
  • Karl Heinz Rieder, Andreas Tillmann (Hrsg.): Neuburg an der Donau - archeology around the city mountain. Marie Leidorf, Buch am Erlbach 1993, ISBN 3-924734-11-9
  • Franz Schön: A lost Roman inscription from Neuburg a. d. Danube. Comments on their transmission from Conrad Peutinger and Aventinus . In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 141 (1993), pp. 208-222

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e Erwin Keller : The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg on the Danube. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400 , p. 69.
  2. ↑ a b c d Thomas Fischer : The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 189.
  3. ↑ Cornelia Schütz-Tillmann: The Urnfield Age Settlement of the Neuburg City Mountain. In: Karl Heinz Rieder, Andreas Tillmann (Hrsg.): Neuburg an der Donau - archeology around the city mountain. Marie Leidorf, Buch am Erlbach 1993, ISBN 3-924734-11-9 , pp. 51-59.
  4. ^ Jörg Biel: Prehistoric hill settlements in southern Württemberg-Hohenzollern. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 380620778X , p. 214.
  5. ↑ Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 '28.45 "  N , 11 ° 8' 13"  E ; Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 29.76 "  N , 11 ° 8 ′ 23.68"  E ; Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 29 "  N , 11 ° 8 ′ 24.65"  E ; Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 '24.94 "  N , 11 ° 8' 52.13"  E
  6. ^ Erwin Keller: The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg an der Donau. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400 . P. 14.
  7. ^ Markus Nadler: Neuburg on the Danube. The district court of Neuburg and the nursing courts of Burgheim and Reichertshofen. Commission for Bavarian State History, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7696-6852-9 , p. 12.
  8. ↑ Reinhard H. Seitz: 200 Years of the Provincial Library / State Library Neuburg a. d. Danube 1803-2003. In: Bettina Wagner (Ed.): Libraries in Neuburg an der Donau. Collections of count palatine, monks and humanists. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-447-05197-3 , pp. 12-13.
  9. ^ Friedrich Wagner: The Romans in Bavaria. Knorr & Hirth, 1928, p. 31.
  10. ^ Günter Ulbert. The Lorenzberg near Epfach. Beck, Munich 1965, p. 104.
  11. ↑ a b c Erwin Keller: The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg on the Danube. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400 , p. 70.
  12. ^ A b Ernst Pohl: A late Roman burial ground on the city hill of Neuburg on the Danube . In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 144 (1996), pp. 75-93.
  13. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen : Settlement change and continuity in the Upper Bavarian Danube region and in the Munich gravel plain from the occupation under Augustus to the Tiberian-Claudian period ; here: The forts in Zuchering and the expansion of the Donausüdstraße. In: Late Latène and early Roman imperial times between the edge of the Alps and the Danube. Files from the colloquium in Ingolstadt on October 11 and 12, 2001. Habelt, Bonn 2004, ISBN 978-3-7749-3297-5 , pp. 74-75; here: p. 75.
  14. ↑ Military camp Ingolstadt-Zuchering II at 48 ° 42 ′ 41.5 ″  N , 11 ° 25 ′ 32 ″  E ; Military camp Ingolstadt-Zuchering III at 48 ° 42 ′ 44 ″  N , 11 ° 25 ′ 26 ″  E
  15. ↑ military camp Ingolstadt-Zuchering I at 48 ° 42 '35.92 "  N , 11 ° 25' 51.81"  O
  16. ↑ Fort Oberstimm at 48 ° 42 ′ 43.68 ″  N , 11 ° 27 ′ 15.55 ″  E
  17. ^ Claus-Michael Hüssen: Roman camps on the Danube in Ingolstadt-Zuchering. In: Wolfgang Czysz u. a .: Roman provincial research. Festschrift for Günter Ulbert on his 65th birthday. Leidorf, Espelkamp 1995, ISBN 3-89646-000-5 , pp. 95-110; here: p. 96.
  18. ^ Michael Mackensen : early imperial small fort on the upper Danube. In: Helmut Weimert (Hrsg.): Civil and military structures in the northwest of the Roman province of Raetia. 3rd Heidenheim Archeology Colloquium on October 9 and 10, 1987. Heimat- und Altertumsverein Heidenheim an der Brenz, Heidenheim 1988, pp. 13–32; here: p. 17.
  19. ↑ a b Thomas Fischer : The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , pp. 188-189.
  20. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlement and correction of the dendrochronological data . In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns . Bernhard Albert Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , p. 83; C. Sebastian Sommer : On the dating of the Raetian Limes . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 6), pp. 137–147; here: p. 138; Wolfgang Czysz, Frank Herzig: New dendrodata from the Limes Palisade in Raetia . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3, Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 . Pp. 183-194.
  21. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: The Donaukastell Burgheim: District Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Upper Bavaria. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2003 (2004), pp. 76–78.
  22. ↑ Klaus Fehn: The central local functions of earlier centers in old Bavaria. Area-binding regional relations in the Bavarian-Austrian old settlements from the late Atene period to the end of the High Middle Ages. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1970, p. 10.
  23. ^ Peter Lutz: Remains of an early imperial settlement in Neuburg a. d. Danube. District of Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Upper Bavaria. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2012 (2013), pp. 74–76.
  24. ↑ Vicus of the Middle Imperial Period at 48 ° 43 '51.85 "  N , 11 ° 10' 49.98"  E
  25. ^ Erwin Keller: The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg an der Donau. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400 , p. 129, footnote 18; Vicus the middle Kaiser time at 48 ° 43 '50.45 "  N , 11 ° 10' 46.97"  O
  26. ^ Karl Bosl (Ed.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 7: Bavaria (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 277). Kröner, Stuttgart 1961, DNB 456882936 , p. 468; Vicus of the Middle Imperial Age at 48 ° 43 ′ 32.21 "  N , 11 ° 10 ′ 51.72"  E
  27. ^ Michael Eckstein: A Roman manor in the "Römerfeld" in Neuburg a. d. Danube . In: Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt , Volume 115 (1962), pp. 23-32; former corridor "Römerfeld" (Villa Rustica) at 48 ° 43  '24.43 " N , 11 ° 11' 5.57"  E
  28. ^ A b Peter Lutz: Remains of an early imperial settlement in Neuburg a. d. Danube. District of Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Upper Bavaria. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2012 (2013), pp. 74–76; here: p. 76; Early imperial settlement in the “Donaufeldle” corridor at 48 ° 43 ′ 42.56 ″  N , 11 ° 11 ′ 25.11 ″  E
  29. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: An early imperial settlement in Weichering, district of Neuburg-Schrobenhausen. In: Karl Heinz Rieder, Andreas Tillmann (Hrsg.): Neuburg an der Donau - archeology around the city mountain. Marie Leidorf, Buch am Erlbach 1993, ISBN 3-924734-11-9 , pp. 75-78.
  30. ↑ a b c d Volker beer brewer: Neuburg. In: Heinrich Beck (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Volume 21, de Gruyter, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-11-017272-0 , pp. 106-108; here: p. 106.
  31. ↑ Reinhard H. Seitz: 200 Years of the Provincial Library / State Library Neuburg a. d. Danube 1803-2003. In: Donau Bettina Wagner (Ed.): Libraries in Neuburg an der Donau. Collections of count palatine, monks and humanists. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-447-05197-3 , p. 12; CIL 3, 5901 ; Illustration
  32. ^ Jean Krier: The Treverians outside their civitas (=   Trier magazine for the history and art of the Trier country and its neighboring areas , 5), Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier 1981, ISBN 3923319002 , pp. 128–129. Krier brings a speculative addition to the beginning of the inscription with the formula: Dis Manibus (The Killing Gods).
  33. ↑ Roman Danube Bridge at 48 ° 44 ′ 5.05 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 35.3 ″  E
  34. ^ A b Marcus Prell: Roman river bridges in Bavaria on the current state of research. In: Louis Bonnamour (ed.): Archeology des fleuves et des rivières. Editions Errance, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-87772-195-7 , pp. 65-69; Marcus Prell: The Roman Danube Bridge near Stepperg. Diving archaeological studies 1992 to 1996. Reprint from the Neuburger Kollektaneenblatt 145 (1997), pp. 1–80.
  35. ^ Friedrich Wagner: New inscriptions from Raetia (supplements to Fr. Vollmer, advertisements Baivariae Romanae) . Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission , volumes 37/38, 1956–1957, (1958), pp. 215–264; here: p. 232.
  36. ↑ http://www.ubi-erat-lupa.org/monument.php?id=6872 The consecration stone at ubi erat lupa (with picture)
  37. ↑ Roman Road according Nassenfels at 48 ° 44 '27.86 "  N , 11 ° 5' 9.93"  O ; Römerstrasse according Nassenfels at 48 ° 44 '19.43 "  N , 11 ° 4' 59.86"  O ; Roman road to Nassenfels at 48 ° 44 ′ 40.3 "  N , 11 ° 5 ′ 21.45"  E ; Roman road to Nassenfels at 48 ° 44 ′ 50.38 "  N , 11 ° 5 ′ 34.75"  E ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstraße at 48 ° 44 '0.52 "  N , 11 ° 4' 27.82"  O ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 57.16 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 23.51 ″  E ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 57.16 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 23.51 ″  E ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 55.77 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 22.72 ″  E ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 54.29 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 14.2 ″  E ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstraße at 48 ° 43 '55.59 "  N , 11 ° 4' 9.39"  O ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 55.45 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 4.22 ″  E ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstraße at 48 ° 43 '53.16 "  N , 11 ° 3' 57.51"  O ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstraße at 48 ° 43 '46.84 "  N , 11 ° 3' 54.05"  O ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 ′ 36.21 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 0.91 ″  E ; Römerstrasse to Donausüdstrasse at 48 ° 43 '26 "  N , 11 ° 4' 7.65"  E
  38. ↑ Notitia dignitatum, occ. 35, 27: tribunus cohortis sextae Valeriae Raetorum, Venaxamodurum
  39. ^ Gerhard Rasch: Ancient geographical names north of the Alps. de Gruyter, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-11-017832-X , p. 101.
  40. ↑ Max Spindler: Handbook of Bavarian History . Volume 1, Beck, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-406-07322-0 , p. 90.
  41. ↑ 2006: Venaxamodurum with question mark: Thomas Fischer: The Roman army in the time of the tetrarchy. An army between innovation and continuity? In: Dietrich Boschung , Werner Eck (ed.): The tetrarchy. A new system of government and its media presentation. (= Writings of the teaching and research center for the ancient cultures of the Mediterranean , Volume 3), Reichert, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 389500510X , pp. 103-132; here: p. 119; 2008: Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 . Pp. 188-189; here: p. 189.
  42. ^ Karl Heinz Rieder New aspects of the topography and floor plan of the late Roman fort of Neuburg an der Donau. In: Karl Heinz Rieder, Andreas Tillmann (Hrsg.): Neuburg an der Donau - archeology around the city mountain. Marie Leidorf, Buch am Erlbach 1993, ISBN 3-924734-11-9 , pp. 101-108; Ernst Pohl: The Neuburger Stadtberg and its surroundings at the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages from an archaeological point of view. In: ibid., Pp. 109-132.
  43. ↑ Studienseminar Neuburg (late Roman burial ground) at 48 ° 44 '6.12 "  N , 11 ° 10' 32.54"  O
  44. ^ Jan-Kees Haalebos: Traian and the auxiliary troops on the Lower Rhine. A military diploma from AD 98 from Elst in the Over-Betuwe (Netherlands) . In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch Volume 50, 2000, pp. 31–72; here: p. 59.
  45. ↑ a b c d Volker beer brewer: Neuburg. In: Heinrich Beck (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Volume 21, de Gruyter, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-11-017272-0 , pp. 106-108; here: p. 107.
  46. ^ For example, Eining Castle : small fort ; 0.18 hectares; Crew: Cohors III Britannorum equitata
  47. ^ Fritz Mitthof : Annona militaris. Army supplies in late ancient Egypt. A contribution to the administrative and military history of the Roman Empire in the 3rd to 6th centuries AD. Gonnelli, Firenze 2001. p. 227.
  48. ↑ late antique burial at 48 ° 44 '10.73 "  N , 11 ° 10' 36.61"  O
  49. ^ Erwin Keller: The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg an der Donau. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400 . P. 15.
  50. ↑ Brigitte Haas-Gebhard: The archaeological finds of the early Middle Ages - The Alamanni and the Roman Empire. In: Andreas Kraus (Hrsg.): History of Swabia up to the end of the 18th century. (=  Handbook of Bavarian History , Vol. 3, 2) Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-39452-3 , pp. 96–115; here: pp. 102-104.
  51. ^ Erwin Keller: The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg an der Donau. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400 . P. 50.
  52. ^ Erwin Keller: The late Roman burial ground of Neuburg an der Donau. (= Material booklets for Bavarian prehistory , 40), Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Lassleben, Kallmünz 1979, ISBN 3784750400 . P. 51.
  53. ↑ Benjamin Hoeke, Bernd Päffgen: coffin and sarcophagus. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Volume 26, de Gruyter, Berlin 2004. ISBN 3-11-017734-X . Pp. 470-483; here: p. 472.