Korean number representation
There are two systems in use in Korea for pronouncing numbers . One is made up of purely Korean words, while the other is Sinocorean , i.e. of Chinese origin . The numbers are usually written with the Indian digits , whereby, as in English, a point is used as a decimal separator and a comma as a thousand separator, but sometimes also as a ten-thousand separator . In texts, numbers are sometimes also used with Hangeul or mixed forms such as ‹ 5 만 › ( oman , “50,000”). Hanja is only used very rarely, for example for price information in Chinese restaurants.
commitment
Which system is used depends to a certain extent on the lexical origin of the object that is to be quantified. So-called counting words are usually used here. If the counting word is of Sinokorean origin, the Sinokorean numerical designations are used. For words of purely Korean origin, the native Korean numerical designations are used accordingly. For example, there is a word of Korean origin ‹ 달 › dal and a word of Sinocorean origin ‹ 월 › wol for the meaning “month” . While the latter used to cover month names (< 일월 > ilwol "January"), the Korean name <serves 달 > dal mainly expressed by periods: < 한 달 > han dal "one month".
Sinocorean numbers
- The Sinokorean Numbers from 1 to 10 -
The Sinokorean system has a simple structure. There are words for the numbers from zero to ten, as well as for all powers of ten. This allows all numbers to be put together, for example the word for 23 is isipsam ( 이십 삼 = two-ten-three ), 1754 is pronounced cheonchilbaegosipsa ( 천 칠백 오십 taus = one thousand-seven-hundred-five-ten-four ). As in German , leading ones are only spoken and written in arithmetic or other situations that require clarity, otherwise one simply says one hundred-three instead of one-hundred-three .
A difficulty for speakers of German is that there is still a separate word for ten thousand and only starting with a hundred thousand to put together numerals for a power of ten ( simman 십만 = ten – ten thousand ), which is also the case with spellings such as ‹1, 2345 ›(German‹ 12.345 ›) and‹ 1,2345,6789 ›(German‹ 123.456.789 ›).
The Sinokorean numbers are used nowadays, among other things, for amounts of money, names of months, years and floor numbers as well as all numbers that are not represented with the purely Korean system. Since these are basically Chinese numbers , they can also be written with Hanja.
In the following table, information in brackets shows the North Korean spelling and pronunciation.
|
Arabic numerals (according to Korean notation with a comma as a thousand separator and for large numbers in exponential notation) |
Han geul |
Hanja |
Rev. Rome. |
McC.- Rsr. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 |
영 (령) or 공 1) |
零 or 空 |
(r) yeong or gong |
(r) yŏng or kong |
| 1 | 일 | 一 | il | il |
| 2 | 이 | 二 | i | i |
| 3 | 삼 | 三 | sam | sam |
| 4th | 사 | 四 | sa | sa |
| 5 | 오 | 五 | O | O |
| 6th | 육 (륙) | 六 | (r) yuk | (r) yuk |
| 7th | 칠 | 七 | chil | ch'il |
| 8th | 팔 | 八 | pal | p'al |
| 9 | 구 | 九 | gu | ku |
| 10 | 십 | 十 | sip | sip |
| 11 | 십일 | 十一 | sibil | sibil |
| 12
... |
십이
... |
十二
... |
sibi
... |
sibi
... |
| 20th | 이십 | 二十 | isip | isip |
| 30th
... |
삼십
... |
三十
... |
samsip
... |
samsip
... |
| 100 | 백 | 百 | baek | paek |
| 1,000 | 천 | 千 | cheon | ch'ŏn |
| 10,000 | 만 | 萬 | man | man |
| 100,000 | 십만 | 十萬 | simman | simman |
| 1,000,000 | 백만 | 百萬 | baengman | paengman |
| 10,000,000 | 천만 | 千萬 | cheonman | ch'ŏnman |
| 100,000,000 | 억 | 億 | eok | OK |
| 1,000,000,000 | 십억 | 十億 | sibeok | sibŏk |
| 10,000,000,000 | 백억 | 百億 | baegeok | paegŏk |
| 100,000,000,000 | 천억 | 千億 | cheoneok | ch'ŏnŏk |
| 1,000,000,000,000 | 조 (rarely) | 兆 | jo | cho |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 10,000,000,000,000,000 | 경 (very rare) | 京 | gyeong | kyŏng |
| 10 20 = 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 | 해 (very rare) | 垓 | hae | hae |
| 10 24 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 | 자 (very rare) | 秭 | Yes | cha |
| 10 28 | 양 (very rare) | 穰 | yang | yang |
| 10 32 | 구 (very rare) | 溝 | gu | ku |
| 10 36 | 간 (very rare) | 澗 | gan | can |
| 10 40 | 정 (very rare) | 正 | jeong | chŏng |
| 10 44 | 재 (very rare) | 載 | jae | chae |
| 10 48 | 극 (very rare) | 極 | enough | kŭk |
| 10 56 | 항하사 (very rare) | 恒河沙 | hanghasa | hanghasa |
| 10 64 | 아승기 (very rare) | 阿僧祇 | aseunggi | asŭngki |
| 10 72 | 나유타 (very rare) | 那 由 他 | nayuta | nayut'a |
| 10 80 | 불가사의 (very rare) | 不可思議 | bulgasaeui | pulkasaŭi |
| 10 88 | 무량 대수 (very rare) | 無量 大數 | muryangdaesu | muryangtaesu |
| 10 96 | 겁 (very rare) | 劫 | geob | kŏp |
| 10 104 | 업 (very rare) | 業 | eob | ŏp |
Note: Before learning the numbers using a romanization , you should familiarize yourself with it in order to get close to Korean pronunciation.
Korean numbers
- The all-Korean numbers from 1 to 10 -
The all-Korean system is only used for numerals from 1 to 99. There are also numerals for larger numbers, but they are no longer used, and their actual earlier use is only documented for on 온 "hundred" and jeumeun 즈믄 "thousand". Sinocorean numbers are used at the latest for numerals from 100, when counting something often even for smaller numbers. For numbers over one hundred, the Sinocorean form is mostly, but not always, also used for the units and tens.
The Korean system is slightly more complicated than the Sino-Korean, as there are separate words for the multiples of ten, which, in contrast to the Sino-Korean , are not simply composed of the word of the units and the word sip 십 "ten". The entire numerical word is composed again from the word of the tens and units. For example, the number 37 is pronounced purely in Korean seoreunnilgop ( 서른 일곱 = thirty-seven ), while Sino - Korean is pronounced samsipchil ( 삼십 칠 = three-ten-seven ). Hanja only exist for words of Sinocorean origin, so there is no Hanja for the purely Korean numbers.
For some numbers there is a basic form that is mainly used in simple counting ( hana, dul, set, net ... 하나, 둘, 셋, 넷 ... "one, two, three, four ...") and a derivative of it that uses is used to deal with things, animals, people, months, etc. ä. counting, and, as in Japanese often measure words (English counters are used) ( du gae 두 개 "2 pieces", se jang 세 장 "3 blade" ne myeong 네 명 "4 Persons") whose diversity but in has decreased recently, as well as special forms of the purely Korean numerals (e.g. seok dal 석 달 "three months", saheul 사흘 "three days") are disappearing (but still sanaheul 사나흘 "three or four days").
The all-Korean system is also used for hours and ages.
In the following table, information in brackets shows the basic form of the numeric word, i.e. H. if the numerical word stands on its own and it is not followed by an indication of what is counted. Suffixes can only follow this basic form of a number word.
|
Indian numerals |
Han geul |
Rev. Rome. |
McC.- Rsr. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
한 / 하나 |
han (a) | han (a) |
| 2 |
두 / 둘 |
you (l) | tu (l) |
| 3 |
세 / 셋 |
set) | set) |
| 4th |
네 / 넷 |
ne (t) | ne (t) |
| 5 | 다섯 | daseot | tasŏt |
| 6th | 여섯 | yeoseot | yŏsŏt |
| 7th | 일곱 | ilgop | ilgop |
| 8th | 여덟 | yeodeol | yŏdŏl |
| 9 | 아홉 | ahop | ahop |
| 10 | 열 | yeol | yŏl |
| 11 |
열한 / 열하나 |
yeolhan (a) | yŏlhan (a) |
| 12 |
열두 / 열둘 |
yeoldu (l) | yŏltu (l) |
| ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 20th | 스물 2) | seumul | sŭmul |
| 30th | 서른 | seoreun | sŏrŭn |
| 40 | 마흔 | maheun | mahŭn |
| 50 | 쉰 | swin | swin |
| 60 | 예순 | yesun | yesun |
| 70 | 일흔 | ilheun | irhŭn |
| 80 | 여든 | yeodeun | yŏdŭn |
| 90 | 아흔 | aheun | ahŭn |
| 100 |
온 (obsolete) |
on | on |
| 1,000 |
즈믄 (obsolete) |
jeumeun | chŭmŭn |
| 10,000 |
골 거믄 그믄 드먼 그물 3) (obsolete) |
gol geomeun geumeun deumeon geumul |
kol kŏmŭn kŭmŭn tŭmŏn kŭmul |
| 100,000,000 |
잘 3) (obsolete) |
jal | chal |
| 1,000,000,000,000 |
울 3) (obsolete) |
ul | ul |
See also
Web links
- Introduction to Korean Numbers. langintro.com (English)