Lancefield division

Rebecca Lancefield (* 1895; † 1981) divided β-hemolytic streptococci into so-called Lancefield groups . This Lancefield classification is based on the presence of antigens that are part of the bacterial cells .

principle

The classification created by Lancefield in 1933 is based on the serological detection of C-substance, a polysaccharide located on the cell wall , against which antibodies can be directed. The immune serum with antibodies was obtained by Lancefield by immunizing rabbits with the inactivated bacteria . The extract with antigens was prepared from a liquid bacterial culture using hydrochloric acid. A small volume each of the extract and immune serum were mixed on a slide and transferred to a Pasteur pipette , which was incubated closed . If the test result is positive, an antigen-antibody reaction takes place , whereby the immune complex formed precipitates out and becomes visible as a so-called precipitate . The classification can nowadays be carried out using latex agglutination .

The individual serogroups are named with capital letters. Groups A – H and K – V are known (as of 2009), groups W – Z are provisional. In groups D, N and Q, the antigen, in contrast to the other Lancefield groups, is not a polysaccharide, but a cell wall- bound teichonic acid .

Further with the investigation and assignment Streptococcus - types are also some α-hemolytic ( "viridans") and γ-hemolytic streptococci - they cause no hemolysis by - in finding Lancefield grouping. In the case of Viridans streptococci ("oral streptococci"), the classification is usually not used. They are predominantly α-haemolytic and they usually lack the corresponding polysaccharides that act as antigens. Its use, particularly in the case of β-hemolytic streptococci, has historical reasons, since most of the species recognized as pathogenic show β-hemolysis on blood agar . The α-haemolytic species - with the exception of Streptococcus pneumoniae - belong to the bacterial flora of the mucous membranes and were regarded as non-pathogenic or facultatively pathogenic (as opportunistic pathogens ).

Medical importance

Groups A ( Streptococcus pyogenes ) and B ( Streptococcus agalactiae ), as well as groups C, F and G are medically significant. Streptococcus anginosus belongs to the group C, F and G ; it can be medically relevant, e.g. B. in wound infections. A small number of S. anginosus can belong to the normal pharyngeal flora, but it can also be the cause of tonsillar abscesses . Group D representatives are also possible pathogens . However, the species previously known as D-streptococci were mainly assigned to a different genus ( Enterococcus ) in 1984 , so that they are referred to as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium according to current nomenclature . The name Streptococcus faecalis used in older books no longer corresponds to the current nomenclature and is therefore no longer correct. The species used for dairy farming have been assigned to the genus Lactococcus . Other Streptococcus species were also given a different name , mostly on the basis of phylogenetic studies. The current nomenclature is slow to establish itself in the medical literature.

Overview of the Lancefield groups

The following overview shows some typical Streptococcus and Enterococcus species that have been assigned to the Lancefield groups. In the “Comments” column there are indications of a possible pathogenicity. As far as known, the current nomenclature was used.

Lancefield group	species	Remarks
A.	Streptococcus pyogenes	pathogenic to humans; causes several diseases, including a. Scarlet fever , tonsillitis (tonsillitis), pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat), erysipelas , phlegmon , sepsis
B.	Streptococcus agalactiae	pathogenic to animals (including mastitis in cattle ); rarely also pathogens in humans, v. a. in newborns (sepsis, meningitis , puerperal fever )
C.	Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi subsp. equi Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (formerly S. zooepidemicus ) Streptococcus equi subsp.ruminatorum (small ruminants)	pathogenic for animals ( S. equi causes the gland (horse) ); occasionally pathogenic for humans
	Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (formerly S. equisimilis )	pathogenic for humans, similar virulence factors as S. pyogenes ; common in humans and animals; may have antigens from several groups (C, G, L)
	Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae	α- or γ-haemolysing, infections of veterinary importance
	Streptococcus anginosus strains from the S. anginosus group	this group (also known as the " S. milleri " group) includes S. anginosus , S. constellatus , S. intermedius (both with an unclear species status) and the "minute strains", they are among the Viridans- Streptococci (no β-hemolysis) counted, they may have antigens from several groups (A, C, F, G) pathogenic for animals and humans (including abscesses , endocarditis , mild respiratory infections )
D.	Enterococcus faecalis (formerly S. faecalis and S. liquefaciens ) Enterococcus faecium (formerly S. faecium ) Enterococcus durans (formerly S. durans )	common in the intestinal flora of humans and animals; E. faecalis can cause endocarditis
D.	Streptococcus equinus (formerly S. bovis )	widespread in the intestinal flora of cattle and other ruminants , horses and z. T. people; rarely pathogenic for humans ( bacteremia , endocarditis)
E.	Streptococcus acidominimus Streptococcus uberis "Streptococcus infrequens"	not pathogenic to humans
F.	Streptococcus anginosus strains from the S. anginosus group	s. O.
G	Streptococcus anginosus strains from the S. anginosus group	s. O.
	Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (formerly S. equisimilis )	s. O.
	Streptococcus canis	Infections in dogs and cats
H	Streptococcus sanguinis (formerly S. sanguis )	occurs in humans, is counted among the Viridans streptococci; Involvement in endocarditis and tooth decay
K	Streptococcus salivarius	occurs in humans; Involvement in endocarditis and tooth decay
L.	Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (formerly S. equisimilis )	s. O.
M.	not further described
N	Lactococcus lactis (formerly S. lactis ) Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (formerly S. cremoris )	not pathogenic to humans
O	not further described	occurs in humans; Involvement in endocarditis
P-Q	not further described
R – T	Streptococcus suis	occurs in pigs as a pathogen (meningitis); Transmission to humans is possible

swell

literature

Uwe Groß: Short textbook Medical Microbiology and Infectiology. Thieme, 2006, ISBN 3-13-141651-3 .
Birgid Neumeister, Heinrich K. Geiss, Rüdiger W. Braun, Peter Kimmig (eds.): Microbiological diagnostics: Bacteriology - Mycology - Virology - Parasitology . 2nd Edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-13-743602-7 .
James Versalovic, Karen C. Carroll, Guido Funke, James H. Jorgensen, Marie Louise Landry, David W. Warnock (Eds.): Manual of Clinical Microbiology . 10th edition. ASM Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2 .

Individual evidence

^ Rebecca C. Lancefield: A Serological Differentiation Of Human And Other Groups Of Hemolytic Streptococci. In: The Journal of experimental medicine. Volume 57, No. 4, March 1933, pp. 571-595, ISSN 0022-1007 . PMID 19870148 . PMC 2132252 (free full text).
↑ Rebecca C. Lancefield, Ronald Hare: The Serological Differentiation Of Pathogenic And Non-Pathogenic Strains Of Hemolytic Streptococci From Parturient Women. In: The Journal of experimental medicine. Volume 61, No. 3, February 1935, pp. 335-349, ISSN 0022-1007 . PMID 19870362 . PMC 2133228 (free full text).
^ Herbert Hof, Rüdiger Dörries: Dual series: Medical microbiology . 3. Edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-13-125313-2 , p. 306-308 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sören Gatermann, Klaus Miksits: Streptokokken . In: Helmut Hahn, Stefan HE Kaufmann, Thomas F. Schulz, Sebastian Suerbaum (eds.): Medical microbiology and infectious diseases . 6th edition. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-46359-7 , p. 203-213 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Patrick Cleary, Qi Cheng: Medically Important Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci. In: The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. Edited by M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.-H. Schleifer, E. Stackebrandt. 3. Edition. Springer Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4 , pp. 109-110
↑ ^a ^b ^c Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock Mikrobiologie. German translation edited by Werner Goebel, 1st edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg / Berlin 2000, ISBN 978-3-8274-0566-1 , pp. 559-563.
^ ^A ^b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Part: Genus Streptococcus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved July 10, 2014 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Maria Jevitz Patterson: Streptococcus (Chapter 13) . In: Samuel Baron (Ed.): Medical Microbiology . 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston (TX), USA 1996, ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 ( NCBI Bookshelf ).
^ PD Bridge, PH Sneath: Numerical taxonomy of Streptococcus. In: Journal of general microbiology. Volume 129, No. 3, March 1983, pp. 565-597, ISSN 0022-1287 . PMID 6409982 .

[PMID19870148-1] Rebecca C. Lancefield: A Serological Differentiation Of Human And Other Groups Of Hemolytic Streptococci. In: The Journal of experimental medicine. Volume 57, No. 4, March 1933, pp. 571-595, ISSN 0022-1007 . PMID 19870148 . PMC 2132252 (free full text).

[PMID19870362-2] Rebecca C. Lancefield, Ronald Hare: The Serological Differentiation Of Pathogenic And Non-Pathogenic Strains Of Hemolytic Streptococci From Parturient Women. In: The Journal of experimental medicine. Volume 61, No. 3, February 1935, pp. 335-349, ISSN 0022-1007 . PMID 19870362 . PMC 2133228 (free full text).

[med_MB1-3] Herbert Hof, Rüdiger Dörries: Dual series: Medical microbiology . 3. Edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-13-125313-2 , p. 306-308 .

[med_MB2-4] Sören Gatermann, Klaus Miksits: Streptokokken . In: Helmut Hahn, Stefan HE Kaufmann, Thomas F. Schulz, Sebastian Suerbaum (eds.): Medical microbiology and infectious diseases . 6th edition. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-46359-7 , p. 203-213 .

[cleary-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Patrick Cleary, Qi Cheng: Medically Important Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci. In: The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. Edited by M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.-H. Schleifer, E. Stackebrandt. 3. Edition. Springer Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4 , pp. 109-110

[brock-6] Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock Mikrobiologie. German translation edited by Werner Goebel, 1st edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg / Berlin 2000, ISBN 978-3-8274-0566-1 , pp. 559-563.

[lpsn-7] A ^b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Part: Genus Streptococcus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved July 10, 2014 .

[med_MB3-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Maria Jevitz Patterson: Streptococcus (Chapter 13) . In: Samuel Baron (Ed.): Medical Microbiology . 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston (TX), USA 1996, ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 ( NCBI Bookshelf ).

[PMID6409982-9] PD Bridge, PH Sneath: Numerical taxonomy of Streptococcus. In: Journal of general microbiology. Volume 129, No. 3, March 1983, pp. 565-597, ISSN 0022-1287 . PMID 6409982 .