Lilium maritimum
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Lilium maritimum |
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| Kellogg |
Lilium maritimum is a plant type from the genus of lilies ( Lilium ) in the section Pseudolirium . The endemic population is limited to a small area in California . The lily is considered endangered.
description
onion
The bulbs are irregular thickenings on unbranched rhizomatic structures that are 1.8 to 4.1 inches high and 3 to 7.4 inches long. The rhizome is at most three times longer than it is high and, typical for a lily bulb, is composed of numerous scales, which are mostly unsegmented, but rarely consist of up to two segments. The longest scales are 1.5 to 3.8 inches long.
Habitus
Lilium maritimum grows to a height of 10 centimeters to 120 centimeters, rarely up to 230 centimeters, but usually remains less than 25 centimeters on cliffs. Stem roots are missing.
The foliage is occasionally found concentrated in the lower half of the stem, sometimes also distributed, but mostly in one to four whorls or partial whorls , each consisting of three to seventeen leaves. The leaves are horizontal (with a drooping tip) to upright, are (sometimes narrowed) elliptical, rarely slightly inverted-lanceolate to inverted-egg-shaped, not wavy at the edges and tapering to a point. They reach a length of 3.6 to 17.7 centimeters and are between 0.3 and 4.7 centimeters wide.
Flowers and fruits
The species blooms from May to August with one to thirteen in a panicle , nodding (occasionally horizontal) and odorless, bell-shaped flowers on 6.3 to 32 cm long pedicels . The six identically shaped, in two petal circles standing bloom bent back half to four-fifths far, red dark brown spots to orange-and at the base in the center, the drawing is light orange, backed occasionally yellow-green. The bracts are 3.4 to 5 inches long and 0.9 to 1.3 inches wide.
The stamens do not protrude from the flower, the stamens are bent outwards at an angle of 3 to 14 degrees, the anthers are light magenta and 4 to 12 millimeters long, the pollen is orange. The stamp is 2.2 to 3.2 centimeters long, the ovary 1 to 1.8 centimeters, the stylus green.
Lilium maritimum is visited by different pollinators during its flowering period. It is initially pollinated by Allen's hummingbirds ( Selasphorus sasin ) and Anna's hummingbirds ( Calypte anna ), later by various bumblebees .
The 120 to 240 seeds per capsule ripen in capsule fruits 2.4 to 4.1 centimeters long and 1.2 to 2 centimeters thick and germinate hypogeaically in late autumn under cool conditions, so the plant remains with its cotyledon under the ground and breaks through the surface of the earth with their primary leaves only in spring . The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Distribution and habitat
Lilium maritimum is endemic with a very limited habitat. Their occurrence is limited to a strip only around 250 kilometers long and a few kilometers wide directly on the California coast between San Francisco and Westport at altitudes between 0 and 335 meters. The mild climatic conditions there are strongly influenced by the sea, so the summers are foggy, comparatively cool and humid, in autumn and winter there is heavy rainfall and the temperatures can drop to -5 ° C in winter.
There it is part of special Californian plant communities on the coast such as California coastal prairie , Northern coastal scrub , clearings in so-called closed-cone pine forests dominated by Pinus muricata , and moors in which it is associated with sundew species. The locations are semi-sunny to sunny, the soils acidic, often sandy and always wet. Occurrences on drier soils are rare.
Endangerment and Status
Due to the extensive development of the coast as a settlement area, especially in the greater San Francisco area, the species has been drastically pushed back and became extinct in the south of its traditional range except for a single population in the Point Reyes National Seashore . Since the development of the land in the north of its distribution area continues, the local occurrences are still threatened. In addition to development, the application of herbicides for the maintenance of roadsides and collections by plant collectors are also considered threatening.
The California Native Plant Society leads Lilium maritimum as "seriously endangered in California" (Seriously endangered in California) ; the occurrence frequency is given here as “6 to 20 populations or 1,000 to 3,000 individuals or 2,000 to 10,000 acres ” (6-20 occurrences OR 1,000-3,000 individuals OR 2,000-10,000 acres) . The IUCN classified the species as Vulnerable in 1997 . However, no hazard classification has yet been carried out at either the state or federal level.
Systematics
The species was first described in 1875 by the American botanist Albert Kellogg . There are no subspecies or varieties. Lilium maritimum differs morphologically from all other North American lily species due to its nodding flowers and the bell-shaped bloom with rolled-up bracts.
In 1949, Comber placed the species in a sub-section in its classic, albeit now outdated, system with Lilium kelleyanum , Lilium occidentale , Lilium pardalinum , Lilium parryi and Lilium parvum . It can hybridize with the panther lily ( Lilium pardalinum ), which can be taken as an indication of a closer relationship. Morphologically, this hybrid, which can reproduce vegetatively, stands exactly between its parents.
The species has not been taken into account in molecular genetic studies.
literature
Much of the information in this article has been obtained from the following sources:
- Mark W. Skinner: Lilium columbianum . In: Flora of North America . 26, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-515208-1 , p. 187 ( online , accessed February 2, 2009).
- Mark W. Skinner: Lilium - Lily . In: James C. Hickman (Ed.): The Jepson Manual - Higher Plants of California . 1993, ISBN 0-520-08255-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ ClimateZones.com ( Memento of the original from June 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Edward A. McRae: Lilies. A Guide for Growers and Collectors. Timber Press, ISBN 0-88192-410-5 , p. 159.
- ↑ CalFlora Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, Taxon Report 4807, 2007, Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database . Retrieved June 18, 2007 ( online ).
- ↑ Gregory A. Jirak: Impact of Timber Harvesting on Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Native Plants . In: Fremontia . Vol. 29: 3-4, 2001, p. 42.
- ^ California Native Plant Society (CNPS): Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v7-07b) . 2007, California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California. Retrieved June 18, 2007 ( online ).
- ↑ Entry in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Description on genus-lilium.com (in German and English )
