List of Greek Phrases / Sigma

Σ 'αγαπώ.

Σ 'αγαπώ.: S'agapo.; "I love you."

At the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 , the singer Michalis Rakintzis appeared with the title SAGAPO , which was sung in English. This song had the following refrain:

"Say (Say, Say) Say the password, S 'agapo, SAGAPO"

Rakintzis only reached 17th out of 24 places.

Φιλῶ σε.: Philo se.; "I love you."

The classical Greek language uses different words for the term love :

Eros ( ἔρως ): physical love
Philia ( φιλία ): unconditional friendship
Agape ( ἀγάπη ): high esteem (only used in the New Testament and in the language of the Church, otherwise ἀγάπησις agápesis is used)
Storge ( στοργή ): affection
Thelema ( θέλημα ): Desire

Σαοὺλ Σαούλ, τί με διώκεις;

Caravaggio : Conversion of Saul

Σαοὺλ Σαούλ, τί με διώκεις;: Saoul Saoul, ti me diōkeis;; "Saul, Saul, why are you following me?"

In the Acts of the Apostles , the Damascus experience of Paul of Tarsus is told, whose Hebrew first name was Saul and who was originally a fanatical persecutor of the young Christian communities. He entered the homes of Christians, abducted men and women, and arranged for their arrest. On the way to Damascus he is said to have met the risen Jesus himself in a vision. The latter called out to him:

“Saul, Saul! Why are you chasing me? "

Saul asked back:

"Who are you, Lord?"

The voice replied:

"I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting!"

The term Damascus experience refers to the event through which Paul went from being a persecutor of the early Christians to being an apostle of Jesus Christ.

Σαρδόνιος γέλως

Σαρδόνιος γέλως: Sardonios gelōs; "Sardonic laugh"; Latin " risus Sardonicus "

Sardonism refers to grim, painful ridicule (as opposed to sarcasm ).

The expression was already known in ancient Greece, but the origin is uncertain:

With the indigenous people of Sardinia (Latin Sardoni ) the custom is said to have existed to kill the old people; it should be laughed at. That was the notorious risus Sardonicus , a convulsive laugh in which the soul is not involved.
Occasionally, the spasmodic smile is to the effect of a bitter plant σαρδάνιον sardánion (depending on the source Lach herb , Apium risus or Sardoa herba recycled) from Sardinia that the poison Oenanthotoxin to contain and thus the tradition would explain by killing the same. The tubular water fennel and the saffron vine umbel were named as possible real plants for this herb .

In ancient Greece a distinction was made between

cynical ( κυνικός kynikós , "belonging to the worldview of the cynics " ),
sardonic ( Σαρδόνιος Sardónios , "grim scornful laughter of an angry man at his own harm" )

and sarcastic ( σαρκαστικός sarkastikós , "mocking ridicule, hurtful speech" ).

Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, laughs sardonically to himself when, finally returning home, he evades a cow's foot thrown at him by a suitor.

Risus sardonicus is nowadays a symptom that occurs in the case of strychnine poisoning and infections with the tetanus pathogen.

Σήματα λυγρά

Σήματα λυγρά: Sḗmata lygrắ; "Ominous signs"

Phrase from Homer , Iliad 6,168.

In the story about Bellerophontes , King Proitus sent this hero of the Trojan War to his father-in-law in Lydia and gave him a plaque with incised signs saying that the messenger should be killed.

Compare also Βελλεροφόντος τὰ γράμματα .

Σήψει καὶ πέτρην ὁ πολὺς χρόνος.

Σήψει καὶ πέτρην ὁ πολὺς χρόνος.: Sēpsei kai petrēn ho polys chronos.; "Even a rock takes a lot of time."

The humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam writes about this proverb in his collection of proverbs Adagia :

“The ravages of time even destroy the rock. Nothing in the world is as resistant as stone, and yet it also crumbles over time. "

At the same time, Erasmus also refers to the famous Ovid quotation " Gutta cavat lapidem " ( "The drop wears away the stone." ).

Another Latin version: “ Assidua stilla saxum excavat. " ( " Constant dripping hollowed out the rock. " )

Σίδηρον πλεῖν διδάσκεις .

Σίδηρον πλεῖν διδάσκεις .: Síderon plein didáskeis.; "You want to teach iron to swim."; Latin " Ferrum natare doces. "

Erasmus from Rotterdam explains:

"Said about those who try something that is completely in vain because nature is reluctant to do it."

Σικελὸς θάλασσαν

Gustave Doré's illustration for La Fontaine's version

Σικελὸς θάλασσαν: Sikelos thalassan; "(The) Sicilian (looks over) the sea."; Latin " Siculus mare "

This phrase goes back to a fable of Aesop and is recorded in almost all collections of Greek proverbs ( e.g .: Ὁ Σικελὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ). It refers to people who are tempted a second time to expose themselves to danger.

The fable tells of a Sicilian ( Sikeler ) who was shipwrecked while transporting figs. When, when the sea was calm, he thought again that trading figs over the sea would be very lucrative, he said to the sea:

"I already know what you want: you want figs!"

The French fable poet Jean de La Fontaine retells this fable under the title Le Berger et la Mer ( The Shepherd and the Sea ).

Σίκυος πικρός; ἄφες.

Σίκυος πικρός; ἄφες.: Sikyos pikros? aphes.; “A bitter cucumber? Throw them away! "

Quoting from the self-contemplations of the Roman Emperor Mark Aurel , which reads completely as follows.

Σίκυος πικρός; ἄφες. βάτοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ; ἔκκλινον. ἀρκεῖ, μὴ προσεπείπῃς 'τί δὲ καὶ ἐγένετο ταῦτα ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.

“A bitter cucumber? Throw them away! Thorn bushes in the way? Dodge them! That's all. Don't ask: What are such things in the world for? "

Latin: “ Cucumis amarus: middle! Vepres in via: declina! sufficit. Noli haec verba addere: 'Quare quaeso haec quoque in mundo sunt? '“

Σκιᾶς ὄναρ ἄνθρωπος.

Georg Büchmann's grave in Berlin-Schöneberg

Σκιᾶς ὄναρ ἄνθρωπος.: Skiās onar anthrōpos.; "Man is a shadow's dream."

The phrase comes from Pindar's Pythian Ode :

Diurnal! What is? What are you not?
A shadow's dream man!
But as soon as shine, God-given, comes, there
is radiant light with the people, their existence friendly.

Pindar was influenced by Aglaia , the youngest of the three Charites (Graces).

Georg Büchmann , the author of the collection of quotations, Winged Words , chose a modification of this saying as his grave inscription:

"People are a shadow's dream."

The famous play “ La Vida es sueño ” - “Life a dream” , whose adaptation by Franz Grillparzer is called “The dream a life” comes from the Spanish poet Pedro Calderón de la Barca .

Σκοπέειν δὲ χρὴ παντὸς χρήματος τὴν τελευτήν, κῇ ἀποβήσεται ·

Croesus at the stake

Σκοπέειν δὲ χρὴ παντὸς χρήματος τὴν τελευτήν, κῇ ἀποβήσεται ·: Skopeein de chrē pantos chrēmatos tēn teleutēn, kē apobēsetai;; "One has to look at the end of every thing, how it will turn out one day;"

Reminder from the Athenian Solon , one of the Seven Wise Men , to the rich Lydian king Croesus . In this historically impossible legend, the two talk about the futility of human happiness.

Croesus led Solon through his palace. Then, when he had shown him his riches, he asked Solon which person he thought was the happiest. He was convinced that Solon would call him the happiest person because of his wealth. Solon replied that Croesus was rich and ruled a great people, but added:

“But I cannot say whether you are the happiest until you are dead. Because nobody should be called happy before death. "

After the defeat by the Persians, Croesus shouted the name Solon three times at the stake, which the Persian king Cyrus could not explain. He asked Croesus to explain. But he refused at first, but then reported on his conversation with Solon. Cyrus then withdrew his execution order, but the flames could no longer be extinguished. Now Croesus pleaded with the god Apollo, who out of the blue caused a downpour.

The proverbial Latin maxim is derived from this:

" Quidquid agis, prudenter agas et respice finem. "

"Whatever you do, do it wisely and watch the end."

Compare also the Old Testament sentence:

" In omnibus operibus tuis memorare novissima tua, et in aeternum non peccabis. "

"In all your works, think of your last hours and you will not sin forever."

Σκύλλα καὶ Χάρυβδις

the castle of Scilla

Σκύλλα καὶ Χάρυβδις: Scylla kai Charybdis; "Scylla and Charybdis"

The monster Scylla was up to mischief on the Strait of Messina with the monster named Charybdis . Both threatened both Odysseus and the Argonauts . The Scylla lived on a rock and ate unwary sailors who approached it to avoid Charybdis. When Odysseus drove through the narrowness, she ate six of his companions. The Charybdis sucked in the sea water three times a day, only to shout it out again afterwards. Ships caught in the suction were lost.

The phrase "between Scylla and Charybdis" stands for a situation in which one finds oneself between two dangers. If you avoid one danger, you move into the other. The humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam writes in his collection of proverbs Adagia:

"While I wanted to escape the Charybdis, I got into the Scylla, that is, while I was trying to avoid an even worse evil, another one overtook me."

Latin: “ Effugiens Charybdim, incidi in Scyllam. " ( " By fleeing Charybdis, I fall into the Scylla. " )

The southern Italian town of Scilla on the Strait of Messina is named after the Scylla. Scilla is the ancient Scyllaeum .

Σπεῦδε βραδέως.

Printer's mark of the Aldus press

Σπεῦδε βραδέως.: Speude bradeos.; "Haste makes waste!"

The whole sentence is:

" Σπεῦδε βραδέως · ἀσφαλὴς γάρ ἐστ 'ἀμείνων ἢ θρασὺς στρατηλάτης. "

"Hurry up slowly! A cautious general is better than a daring military leader. "

The Latin translation “ festina lente! According to Suetonius, “ was a favorite saying of the Roman Emperor Augustus . The motto of Augustus was represented by a circle and an anchor around which a dolphin winds. The humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam explains this in his collection of proverbs Adagia in 1508:

“The circle means eternal time because it is closed by no end; the anchor means slowness because it decelerates and stops the ship. The dolphin expresses speed because no other animal is more dangerous and faster than this when attacking. If you put these together expertly, they result in the slogan "semper festina lente" - and this type of writing not only has a high degree of worthiness, but also offers no small enjoyment if you only see through the properties of things. "

Erasmus continues:

“To express indolence and hesitation, another fish would have been very suitable, the so-called ship-keeper, which the Latins call remora, retarder. But because its appearance is not easy to remember - it is small and has not a single conspicuous feature - the anchor was preferred as a symbol. Because if the voyage becomes dangerous with extremely favorable winds, he slows the ship down in its fast course and ties it tight.
With this I have shown that the saying hurry has its origin for a while in the hidden depths of ancient wisdom, that it was then adopted by the two most award-winning emperors and served as a motto for one, as an emblem for the other and how the character and essence of the one served corresponded to the other to an astonishing degree.
The Roman Aldus Manutius has now assumed this legacy as the third, not, of that I am certain, without a wish, without the will of the gods. "

Σταύρωσον αὐτόν.

"Give us Barabbas!"

Σταύρωσον αὐτόν.: Staurōson autonomous.; "Crucify him!"; Latin: “ Crucifige. "

Words that, according to the Gospel of Mark , the crowd called when Pontius Pilate asked whether he should release Jesus or Barabbas . Barabbas was caught along with some rioters who had committed murder. Pilate said to the crowd:

“Then what should I do with Jesus, who is called the Messiah? Then they all shouted: Crucify him! He replied: What kind of crime has he committed? Then they shouted even louder: Crucify him! He then released Barabbas and gave the order to scourge and crucify Jesus. "

Pilate creates an opportunity to save Jesus and thus puts the responsibility on the agitated people. Then he washes his hands in innocence.

στιβάδες Φορμίωνος

στιβάδες Φορμίωνος: stibades Phormionōs; "Phormion's straw store"; Latin: " Phormionis thori "

The humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam writes in his collection of proverbs Adagia:

“What is meant by this is a shabby, primitive and everything rather than soft bed, something of the kind that the bunk beds are in the military or the way Odysseus makes it out of branches and twigs on the floor with Homer. It's at Suidas. Phormion was a soldier leader who, I suspect, was known for the perseverance with which he endured the rigors of wartime life. The term can also be applied in a somewhat broader sense to any harsher treatment. "

In the drama Peace by the poet Aristophanes it says:

Oh, if only it would be granted to me
to watch this happy day ! Because I endured much hardship, lay
on a bin of straw like the one Phormion had.

στιγμὴ αἱματίνη

στιγμὴ αἱματίνη: stigme haimatinē; "Blood point"

Aristotle said in his animal science from jumping a blood point. He uses the verb πηδᾶν pēdān ("jump, hop"). The term jumping point refers to the pulsating blood point that is found in the experiment - e.g. B. on the incubated hen's egg - becomes noticeable about the fourth day after the incubation has started.

The Aristotelian Theodoros Gazes translated in the 15th century, the last words of the Latin words " quod punctum salit iam et movetur ut animal " , what the " punctum saliens " , the key point was.

The English physician and anatomist William Harvey , the discoverer of the blood circulation , describes the phenomenon as follows:

“When an examination is carried out on the egg on the fourth day, the metamorphosis is greater and the transformation more admirable - and more evident with every hour of the day. During this period, the transition from plant life to animal life takes place in the egg. Now a thin, reddish rim appears in the egg fluid and, almost in its center, a jumping, blood-colored point twitches, so small that it shines out like a small spark of fire at the moment of his diastole, and then, in his systole, that View completely disappears again. The beginning of animal life, which is initiated by the plastic power of nature, shows itself as such a barely visible (coming and disappearing)! "

στο γερμανικό τύπο

στο γερμανικό τύπο: sto germanikó típo; "German style"

Term for paying the bill separately when going out together in a group ( παρεα paréa ). Incidentally, this phrase is also used in Turkey ( " Alman usulü " , "German style"), where the custom also prevails that in larger societies one person pays for everyone and relies on the others to pay on other occasions, so that one another somehow balances everything. For this reason, the invoice is usually issued for the entire table.

Paréa is something typically Greek, a group that behaves like family members and has found each other together. In a Paréa: one pays for all. The next time someone else pays. The German way is that everyone pays for themselves:

“Individual bills mostly fail because of the Greek tradition. You are used to Paréas (large families / groups of friends) and make no exceptions for tourists. "

Martin Pristl describes this in his instructions for use for Greece :

“Because curmudgeon is one of the most insulting swear words in Greece. It has a good chance of becoming a synonym for the German. So it's no wonder that the waiter presents you with the bill with a pained expression on his face and asks morosely whether you insist, sto germanikó trópo (!), In the German way, that you want to pay everyone for yourself. Which would mean for him to have to divide up the bill that was written for the entire table. "

στοὰ ποικίλη

reconstructed stoa of Attalus

στοὰ ποικίλη: stoa poikile; "Painted vestibule"

The painted porch ( Stoa poikile ) was a pillared hall on the agora , the market square of Athens , in the Zenon of Kition around 300 BC. Began his teaching activity. It was 12.5 times (presumably) 36 meters in size and had its open side to the south (facing the sun), while the north wall was supposed to keep out the cold north wind. In the stoa, pictures by famous Athenian artists painted on wooden panels were exhibited. Hence the name “painted vestibule” .

The Stoa (Greek Στοά ) is one of the most powerful philosophical teaching structures in Western history. The Stoics are convinced of the strict causality of all events. Whatever occurs in the world and among people is therefore based on a seamless chain of causation.

Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστός.

Icon with the abbreviation for Jesus Christ : IC - XC

Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστός.: Sy ei ho christos.; "You are the anointed."

In the New Testament, the apostle Simon Peter is the first of Jesus' disciples to profess Jesus as the Christ (the Messiah) ( Mk 8.29 EU ):

"You are the Christ!"

This first statement can be regarded as the hour of birth of Christianity . By the in Judaism preconceived Messiah title was obtained in the Greek language on Jesus alone and used by the Christians only in connection with this person to "Jesus Christ" developed in fact a proper name.

The first generation of Christians already understood the confessional formula in the sense of a name given to Jesus by God (compare Phil 2.9 EU ), which is also suggested by the early baptismal formula "in the name of Jesus Christ" ( Acts 2.38 EU ).

Σὺ εἶ Πέτρος ...

Words of institution for Peter in Latin in St. Peter's Basilica :
“ Tu es Petrus et supra hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam. "

Σὺ εἶ Πέτρος, καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν.: Sy ei petros, kai epi tautē tē petra oikodomēsō mou tēn ekklēsian.; "You are Peter, the rock, and on this rock I will build my church."

With these words, Jesus installed Simon Peter as his successor. The papacy as the imitation of Christ also appeals to these words of institution . These words are in Latin in the dome of St. Peter's Basilica :

" ... do it Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam ... "

It also says in the same place:

“And the gates of hell will not overwhelm them. I give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and everything you will bind on earth should also be bound in heaven, and everything you will loosen on earth should also be loosened in heaven. "

It is undisputed that this word reflects the leadership role of the apostle Peter in the early church. It is also (besides Matthew 18.17 EU ) the only place in the Gospels where the word Ekklesia ( ἐκκλησία ) occurs.

Another passage that is used to justify the primacy is found in the Gospel of John , where Jesus addressed Peter, among other things:

"Feed my lambs ... feed my sheep"

" Βόσκε τὰ ἀρνία μου… βόσκε τὰ πρόβατά μου "

Σὺ τὰ ἐν οὐρανῷ βλέπειν πειρώμενος τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐχ ὁρᾷς;

Grandville's illustration for La Fontaine's version of this fable

Σὺ τὰ ἐν οὐρανῷ βλέπειν πειρώμενος τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐχ ὁρᾷς;: Sy ta ne ouranō blepein peirōmenos ta epi tēs gēs ouch horas?; "You try to know what is in heaven, but what is on earth you do not see?"

Anecdote about the astronomer and philosopher Thales , which is also told by Aesop and is said to characterize him as an unworldly and absent-minded scholar.

Most of the time, the anecdote is told that Thales fell into a well during his astronomical observations because he was looking at the sky and not paying attention to where he was going. A young maid, sometimes called Thraitta, saw him there. This Thraitta laughed at him and said the above mocking words to him. This is what Plato narrates .

But it is also possible that Thales intentionally climbed into the well shaft in order to be able to observe the stars better from there. The ancient astronomers often used well shafts to calculate calendars. These served as a type of telescope with which the positions of stars could also be determined during the day. Viewed in this way, the maid's behavior only shows that she simply did not understand Thales.

This is how philosophy author Wilhelm Weischedel sees it in his book The Philosophical Back Staircase :

“Thales is said to have been watched deeply in thought by a maid when he fell into a well. 'Typical philosophers', says the maid, 'want to grasp wisdom with their hands, but do not even understand what is going on at their feet'. But Thales was a universal genius. He did not fall into the well, but climbed into it to have a better view of the heavenly body. "

When Thales fell into the well is a philosophy book for the elementary school of the politician and philosophy lecturer Barbara Brüning , which tells the life stories of philosophers.

Συγγνώμη τιμωρίας κρείττων.

Συγγνώμη τιμωρίας κρείττων.: Syngnōmē timōrias kreittōn.; "Forgiveness is better than revenge."

Pittakos , the tyrant of Mytilene on the island of Lesbos , released the lyric poet Alcaios from prison with these words, even though the latter had composed a few humiliating poems against him.

The Alcaios family belonged to the aristocratic upper class and participated in local politics. The involvement of individual family members in the resistance against the tyrants Melanchros and Myrsilus was probably the reason for his exile in Egypt. When he wanted to force a return to Lesbos, he fell into the hands of the new ruler Pittakos. After the reconciliation he was able to stay on Lesbos, where he also died.

The city was ruled by the disputes of several tyrants against whom the so-called revolutionary songs ( stasiotics ) of Alcaios turned. Among the tyrants was Pittacus, over whom Alcaios ranted as much as over the others. But Pittakos used his sole rule to remove personal centers of power and then gave the city back its self-determination.

Συμφερτὴ δ 'ἀρετὴ πέλει ἀνδρῶν καὶ μάλα λυγρῶν.

Συμφερτὴ δ 'ἀρετὴ πέλει ἀνδρῶν καὶ μάλα λυγρῶν.: Symphertē d 'aretē pelei andrōn kai mala lygrōn.; "Because united forces are still effective even with the weak."

The humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam writes about this quote from Canto 5 of the Iliad in his collection of proverbs Adagia:

"This quote is appropriate as a warning not to underestimate the effectiveness of a friendship or interest group in which many have come together, even if they are otherwise so powerless and, viewed individually, hardly deserve to be taken seriously."

Σὺν Ἀθηνᾷ καὶ χεῖρα κίνει.

Athena on an antique vase

Σὺν Ἀθηνᾷ καὶ χεῖρα κίνει.: Syn Athena kai cheira kinei.; "With Athena and move your hands."; Latin: “ Cum Minerva, tu quoque manus move. "

Proverbial invitation to pray to the goddess Athena in emergencies , but also to do something yourself.

The German equivalent for this is: " Help yourself, God will help you !"

Σύνδειπνος δὲ κεφαλαλγής

Σύνδειπνος δὲ κεφαλαλγὴς καὶ βαρὺς καὶ ἀνάγωγος παντὸς […] χάριν ἀπόλλυσι.: Syndeipnos de kephalalgēs kai barys kai anagōgos pantos […] charin apollysi.; "A headache causing, annoying and naughty table companion destroys the joy of any [wine or dish or musical pleasure]."

Quotation from the feast of the seven wise men by the writer Plutarch, which contains the teachings of the seven wise men of Greece in dialogue form .

With these words Plutarch complains about those who did not obey the table rules.

συρτός χορός

συρτός χορός: sirtos choros; "Dragged dance"

The Sirtaki ( συρτάκι syrtaki ) is an art dance that, unlike most Greek folk dances, is not danced in an open circle with the hands held, but in a row, with the dancers placing their arms over the shoulders of the neighbors. Sirtaki is the diminutive of Syrtos , the most traditional type of Greek folk dance.

The sirtaki was choreographed in 1964 to the score by Mikis Theodorakis for the film " Alexis Sorbas " based on the novel by Nikos Kazantzakis , allegedly to facilitate the performance of the main actor Anthony Quinn . A five-bar pentosalis was originally planned for the final dance scene . Quinn is said to have been such a bad dancer that a foot double had to be used for the close-ups of the sirtaki. Along with the film, the sirtaki gained international fame and for many became the epitome of Greek dance.

Σῶμα σῆμα.

Σῶμα σῆμα.: Sōma sēma.; "The body is a tomb."
Τὸ μὲν σῶμά ἐστιν ἡμῖν σῆμα ·: To men sōma estin hemin sēma;; "The body is a grave for us;"

This presumed statement by Pythagoras is quoted by Plato in his dialogue with Gorgias . Plato consistently describes the body as the “dungeon” of the soul. Originally there were hardly any indications in the Bible of devaluing the body. In the dialogue Phaedo it says:

"As long as we still have the body as a companion of thought in the self-contemplation and our soul is still mixed and polluted with such evil, we cannot have a sufficient idea of the object of our striving, the true being."

Latin version: “ Nam corpus hoc animi pondus ac poena est. " ( " For this body is the burden and punishment of the spirit. " )

Individual evidence

↑ Acts of the Apostles , 9.1–29 EU

↑ Homer , Odyssey 20,302

↑ http://www.gottwein.de/Grie/hom/il06.php

↑ Erasmus of Rotterdam: Adagia, III 2, 100

↑ Ovid : Letters from Pontus , IV

↑ Erasmus of Rotterdam: Selected Writings . Volume 7. Scientific Book Society. 1972

↑ Mark Aurel: Self- Contemplations VIII, 50

↑ Pindar : Pythian Ode VIII.

↑ Histories of Herodotus , 1, 32, 9

↑ Histories of Herodotus, 1.85-91; then Diodor , Libraries 9, 34; Plutarch , Solon 28.

^ Gesta Romanorum 103

↑ Jesus Sirach 7:40 in the Vulgate translation

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Erasmus of Rotterdam: Selected writings . Volume 7. Scientific Book Society. 1972

^ Suetonius : Divus Augustus 25.4

↑ learned gimmick - some things about the rebus (2) ( memento from June 30, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) - part 1 and 2 without images in the Wayback Machine : blog archive October 2006 , October 24 and 25.10. 2006

↑ Gospel according to Mark, 15.14 EU

↑ Aristotle Historia Animalium VI, 3 (561a12f.).

↑ Orhan Tançgil: Pay on German Art ~ Alman usulü ödemek. In: KochDichTürkisch-Blog. June 17, 2007, accessed June 28, 2020 .

↑ Bernd Egger: Greece: EAT AND DRINK - the traditional Greek cuisine ( Memento from May 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Martin Pristl: Instructions for use for Greece . Piper Verlag , Munich / Zurich 1996, ISBN 3-492-04985-0 , p. 92 .

↑ Gospel according to Matthew , 16.18 EU

↑ Gospel of John 21.15ff. EU

↑ Wilhelm Weischedel : The philosophical back stairs . Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, 1966

↑ Barbara Brüning : Philosophize - Elementary School: When Thales fell into the well . Militzke, 2007. ISBN 3-861894564

↑ Plutarch: The Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, Chapter 2, 147f

↑ Plato, Gorgias 493a2-3.

[1] Acts of the Apostles , 9.1–29 EU

[2] Homer , Odyssey 20,302

[3] ttp://www.gottwein.de/Grie/hom/il06.php

[4] Erasmus of Rotterdam: Adagia, III 2, 100

[5] Ovid : Letters from Pontus , IV

[6] Erasmus of Rotterdam: Selected Writings . Volume 7. Scientific Book Society. 1972

[7] Mark Aurel: Self- Contemplations VIII, 50

[8] Pindar : Pythian Ode VIII.

[9] Histories of Herodotus , 1, 32, 9

[10] Histories of Herodotus, 1.85-91; then Diodor , Libraries 9, 34; Plutarch , Solon 28.

[11] Gesta Romanorum 103

[12] Jesus Sirach 7:40 in the Vulgate translation

[Adagia1972-13] Erasmus of Rotterdam: Selected writings . Volume 7. Scientific Book Society. 1972

[14] Suetonius : Divus Augustus 25.4