List of tsunamis

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of tsunamis lists events in which contemporary reports and geological studies have detected tsunamis as a result of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and submarine landslides. Tsunamis have also been observed in inland lakes.

list

  • Major fire and tsunami in Lisbon, 1755

  • Shipwrecks caused by earthquake and tsunami, Chile 1960

  • Big tsunami of 2004 when it hit the Maldivian coast

  • House washed into the sea off the Japanese coast, March 2011

Prehistoric Age

In prehistoric times there were enormous tsunamis with heights of 300 to 400 m. They were caused by massive landslides or collapses that broke into the sea as a result of volcanic activity, for example on the Hawaiian islands 110,000 years ago, or by underwater slides, such as roughly 8,000 years ago in the basin off the Norwegian coast. Such tsunamis can be reconstructed from the deposits of so-called tsunamites and rock samples and their dating.

time event description
110,000 years ago Hawaii
roughly 8,200 years ago

(8,100 to 8,200 ± 250 calBP )

Storegga slide into the Norway basin The undersea sliding of a uniquely large amount of debris from the continental shelf into the sea basin off Norway affected 95,000 km² area, moved ± 2,800 km³ volume and deposited 250 km³ of it as cloudiness in the basin. (2 later landslides from 5,700 and 2,500 years ago, respectively, were 1: 1000 smaller.) The sediments in the sea were dated using the radiocarbon method and match the tsunamis ascribed deposits on the Shetland Islands up to 20 m above sea level, in Norway ( up to 11 m) and in Scotland (up to 6 m).

In 2008 Weninger et.al. estimates that the Storegga landslide killed 700 to 3,000 people via a tidal wave through a rapid final flooding of Doggerland (northwest of the Netherlands) and also separated England from the continent for good.

8,300 to 8,000 years ago Etna tsunami A landslide of 35 km³ into the Ionian Sea caused the Etna tsunami in the eastern Mediterranean.
unknown Lake Como In 2007 geologists found sediment anomalies in the lake that indicate two tsunamis.

Antiquity

time event description dead
late 16th century BC BC (according to very controversial recent theories 1628 BC) Minoan eruption According to some researchers, a volcanic explosion on Santorini led to waves up to 60 meters high in the entire eastern Mediterranean. Until a few decades ago, some researchers believed that the tidal wave led to the extinction of the Minoan culture . However, the Minoan culture continued for at least half a century.
479 BC Chr. ? The oldest precisely datable tsunami is reported by the Greek historian Herodotus . The Persian besiegers of Potidaia were caught by a huge wave when they tried to take advantage of the unexpectedly retreating sea to attack the city. Herodotus attributes the appearance of the saving tidal wave to the sea god Poseidon .
426 BC Chr. Earthquake in the Gulf of Evia The historian Thucydides describes in his work The Peloponnesian War based on the earthquake in the Gulf of Euboea in 426 BC. BC for the first time the causal connection between the occurrence of earthquakes and subsequent tidal waves.
373 BC Chr. ? Earthquake and tidal wave completely destroyed the Helike, two kilometers from the coast . The catastrophe has been described by several ancient geographers and, according to one theory, could have inspired the contemporary witness Plato to the myth of Atlantis .
365 AD Earthquake off Crete 365 The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( Res Gestae 26.10.15-19) reports of a huge tsunami that struck the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean on July 21, 365, killing tens of thousands of people. Ammianus described the characteristic sequence of earthquakes, retreat of the sea and the approaching giant wave in the area of ​​the city of Alexandria . several tens of thousands

6th century

time event description dead
0563 Tauredunum event Tsunami in Lake Geneva ; caused by landslide; further tsunamis on Lake Geneva in the years 700, 235, 30 BC Chr., 1730 AD notable numbers along the banks

9th century

time event description dead
0July 9, 869 Jōgan-Sanriku earthquake A tsunami triggered by the Jōgan-Sanriku earthquake strikes hundreds of kilometers on the coast of the Japanese region of Tōhoku , destroys hundreds of villages according to records and penetrates more than four kilometers inland near Sendai . 1000 people died. about 1000

16th Century

time event description dead
1584 Lake Geneva Earthquake triggers a rock fall from above Yvorne , mini tsunami in the lake

17th century

time event description dead
September 18, 1601 ? An earthquake centered in Unterwalden in central Switzerland allegedly claimed eight deaths. Shocks could be felt all over Switzerland at that time . The landslides triggered by the earthquake led to a tidal wave presumably up to four meters high in Lake Lucerne , which caused considerable damage in the city of Lucerne . The event was described in detail by the then town clerk Renward Cysat . It is one of the first tsunami to be well documented by an eyewitness.
0February 3, 1605 Keichō-Nankaidō earthquake
January 20, 1607 (according to the Julian calendar) Flooding on the Bristol Channel Floods on the Bristol Channel killed around 2,000 people. Recent research suggests a seaquake as the cause. around 2000
0December 2, 1611 Keichō-Sanriku earthquake
January 26, 1700 Cascadia earthquake A quake at the Cascadia fault line in North America caused a tsunami that reached as far as Japan, which was named 'the orphaned tsunami' because no earthquake had previously occurred and had been recorded in Japan. The connection between the two tsunamis was proven by Professor Brian Atwater.

18th century

time event description dead
August 29, 1741 Volcanic eruption on the island of Oshima-Ōshima Tsunami in the Sea of ​​Japan at least 1600
October 28, 1746 ? An earthquake followed by a tsunami destroyed the Peruvian port city of Callao . Of the approximately 5000 residents, only about 200 survived. almost 5000
0November 1, 1755 Lisbon earthquake The Portuguese capital, Lisbon , was destroyed by fire that broke out as a result of an earthquake. When the residents fled the flames on the banks of the Tagus , they were surprised by waves as high as a house. Two thirds of the city were destroyed, 60,000 people died. The tsunami made itself felt in Ireland and across the Atlantic in the Lesser Antilles , Madeira was reached by 15 meter high waves. The earthquake was also clearly felt in Venice and is mentioned by Giacomo Casanova in his memoir (“The Story of My Life ”). about 60,000
April 24, 1771 Great Yaeyama earthquake The earthquake at around 8:00 a.m. near the Yaeyama Islands (then part of the Ryūkyū Kingdom ) with a magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale caused a tsunami that caused great damage on the islands up to 85 meters high. 13,486
May 21, 1792 Volcanic eruption at the Unzen volcanic complex Shortly after the eruption of the Fugen-dake volcano, the eastern flank of the Mayuyama collapsed as a result of an earthquake, triggering an avalanche that slid into the ocean at speeds of up to 200 km / h. The resulting 20 meter high tsunami destroyed the city of Shimabara almost completely. 15,000

19th century

time event description dead
1822 Lac du Bourget , Switzerland Tidal wave in the lake, triggered by tremors
January 23, 1855 Wairarapa, New Zealand The magnitude 8.1 to 8.2 quake triggered several tsunami events. Wellington harbor was flooded twice, the Cook Strait was hit and huts 8 m above sea level were destroyed near Te Kopi on the south coast of Wairarapa .
0June 5, 1858 North Sea Tsunami (?) Wave heights of over 6 m are reached on Danish coasts. Sylt, Wangerooge and Helgoland, Germany's North Sea coast, is affected, and France, England and the Netherlands are less affected.
August 13-15, 1868 Seaquake Mag 9.0 off the Chile-Peru border, tsunamis in Chile, South America, New Zealand After a seaquake off the South American coast, a tsunami in Chile and on the east coasts of New Zealand and Australia caused considerable damage. Thousands of people died as a result. The event led to the early geoscientific explanation by Ferdinand von Hochstetter . The tsunami that reached New Zealand was the most widely-traveled documented. After 15 hours the first tsunami occurs on the Chatham Islands. Later on, on the Banks Peninsula of the South Island, the water at Lyttelton wharf sinks, then rises 7 m and continues to sink and rise erratically for the next few hours. several thousand
August 27, 1883 Krakatau eruption After the explosion of the Krakatau volcano, a large tsunami occurred , which triggered tidal waves 40 m high in the vicinity, officially killing 36,417 people. 36,417
March 13, 1888 ? At Hatzfeldhafen in German New Guinea , the eight meter high tidal wave of a tsunami was observed, which was triggered by the eruption of the volcano on Ritter Island .
June 15, 1896 Meiji Sanriku earthquake The tsunami triggered by the Meiji Sanriku earthquake, a wall of water 23 meters high, surprised Japan during religious celebrations. 26,000

20th century

time event description dead
January 15, 1905 ? 63 inhabitants of the villages of Bødal and Nesdal died on the opposite bank 10 km away in a 40 m high tidal wave caused by a rockfall of Ramnefjell into Lake Lovatn ( Norway ) . 63
January 31, 1906 ? The coasts of Colombia and Ecuador were inundated by a devastating tidal wave, killing 500 to 1500 people. 500 to 1500
December 28, 1908 Messina earthquake in 1908 The city of Messina in Italy was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake and a subsequent tsunami. More than 75,000 people were killed. at least 75,000
November 18, 1929 Newfoundland Bank Tsunami The Newfoundland Bank tsunami left 28 dead and more than 10,000 homeless. 28
0March 2, 1933 Shōwa-Sanriku earthquake The tsunami that followed the Shōwa-Sanriku earthquake off Japan, with a wave height of up to 28.7 m, claimed over 1,500 dead and 1,500 missing. at least 1500
1936 ? Another rockfall of Ramnefjell into Lake Lovatn (Norway) caused a 70 m high tidal wave and again destroyed two villages. An excursion boat was carried 350 m into the country. The villages were then abandoned so that there were no casualties in another landslide with a tidal wave in 1950. ?
0April 1, 1946 ? Off Alaska, an earthquake wave tore the five-man crew of a lighthouse to their deaths. Hours later, the wave reached Hawaii, nearly 3,700 km away, where 159 people died. at least 164
March 26 + May 17, 1947 Gisborne Tsunamis, New Zealand No deaths because the beaches were empty due to the season. 10 m or 6 m high, damage to buildings, a bridge was washed away. -
05th November 1952 ? 2,336 residents of Severo-Kurilsk were killed in a tsunami caused by a seaquake 130 km off the coast of Kamchatka . There was also destruction in other places in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands . at least 2336
0July 9, 1958 ? In Lituya Bay (Alaska), a landslide created a megatsunami , which reached a height of up to 520 m on the opposite bank of the narrow fjord-like bay. 2 fishermen killed in the boat in the bay, 1 survived with his son. 2
May 22 (23), 1960 Earthquake in Valdivia (Chile), with magnitude 9.5 the strongest earthquake in the 20th century. The Valdivia earthquake created an eleven meter high wave in the Pacific, killing several thousand people in Chile and the Pacific. Hawaii 61 people were killed, but could by a first warning system the place Hilo be evacuated in time. 199 dead in Japan. 200 sheep drowned in New Zealand and the wreck of the HMS Buffalo, which sank in 1840, was exposed for a brief moment. several 1000
May 25, 1960 Aftershocks from Chile Following warnings from Hawaii 1.5 hours before the arrival, deep areas were successfully evacuated in New Zealand. On the other hand, onlookers ran to the coast. The wave was very small, no damage. It was New Zealand's largest evacuation. -
0October 9, 1963 Longarone disaster , Italy By a landslide a just flooded reservoir was almost completely filled. The resulting tidal wave completely destroyed a community below the dam. around 2000
March 27, 1964 Good Friday quake , USA On Good Friday, the Good Friday quake off Alaska triggered a tidal wave on the entire west coast of the USA and claimed numerous victims. ?
August 16, 1976 ?, Philippines A tsunami in the Gulf of Moro claimed more than 5,000 lives in the Philippines . at least 5000
May 26, 1983 Sea of ​​Japan earthquake 1983 A 7.7 magnitude earthquake triggered a 14 m high tsunami in northern Japan in Akita and Aomori prefectures, killing 104 people. The epicenter was in the Sea of ​​Japan off Oga Peninsula / Akita. 104
02nd September 1992 Nicaragua earthquake In the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake with an epicenter 120 km off the coast, at least 116 people were killed, many of whom were caught by a ten-meter high tidal wave on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua . 116
December 12, 1992 1992 Floresquake , Indonesia A 7.8 magnitude earthquake epicentered north of the Indonesian island of Flores triggered a tsunami that hit several surrounding islands. around 1500 by the tsunami, more than 2000 in total
July 12, 1993 ?, Japan A 7.7 magnitude earthquake triggered a 32 m high tsunami in northern Japan near Okushiri Island, killing 230 people. The epicenter was in the Sea of ​​Japan near Hokkaido. about 230
July 17, 1998 Earthquake off Papua New Guinea On the north coast of Papua New Guinea , 2,000 people were killed in a tidal wave triggered by a 7.1 magnitude quake. around 2000

21st century

time event description dead
May 21, 2003 Earthquake off Algeria The earthquake off Algeria killed more than 2,000 people and triggered a small tsunami that led to local flooding in Mallorca and Ibiza . at least 2000
December 26, 2004 Earthquake in the Indian Ocean An earthquake in the Indian Ocean off the island of Sumatra with a magnitude of 9.3 - the third strongest ever recorded  - caused one of the worst tsunami disasters in history. At least 231,000 people in eight Asian countries were killed. The wave energy spread several thousand kilometers to East and Southeast Africa and claimed further victims there as a tidal wave. at least 231,000
July 17, 2006 Earthquake off Java A seaquake off the Indonesian island of Java triggered a tsunami that killed over 700 people. at least 700
0April 2, 2007 Earthquake in the Solomon Islands A seaquake near the Solomon Islands with a magnitude of 8.0 triggered a tsunami in the South Pacific that devastated the Solomon Islands , the tidal wave was up to twelve meters high. The epicenter was only 40 kilometers southeast of Gizo , and at least twelve to 20 people were killed. between 12 and 20
September 30, 2009 Earthquake in the Samoan Islands An 8.0 magnitude earthquake off the coast of the Samoan Islands triggered a tsunami that devastated parts of the islands. A total of 189 people were killed in Samoa , American Samoa and Tonga . 189
October 26, 2010 Sumatra earthquake An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 to 7.5 triggered a tsunami on the Mentawai Islands off Sumatra with a tidal wave a good three meters high that penetrated up to 600 meters inland. at least 435
March 11, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , Japan As a result of an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0, a tsunami with a height of up to 23 meters hit the east Japanese coast off Tōhoku . The tidal waves spread across the entire Pacific, but hit the coasts of other countries less severely than initially feared. Weeks later, various aftershocks and new strong earthquakes were felt. The Japanese police assumed 15,844 dead and 3,450 missing in January 2012. This tsunami also triggered the Fukushima nuclear disaster . Larger icebergs also detached themselves from the ice shelf in Antarctica, about 13,000 km away , and this could be observed using Envisat satellites. about 19,300
October 2015 Landslide in Icy Bay , Alaska A landslide in Icy Bay triggered a tsunami 150 m high. No people were harmed. 0
18th June 2017 Tsunami in Greenland A landslide 32 km northeast of the Greenland town of Nuugaatsiaq triggered a tsunami that killed four people, injured nine and destroyed 11 houses. 4th
28th September 2018 Sulawesi earthquake , Indonesia A 7.5 magnitude earthquake off the island of Sulawesi and a subsequent tsunami killed over 2,000 people. The tidal wave reached a height of 6 meters. Most of the deaths were caused directly by the earthquake - without the tsunami involved. 2037
22nd December 2018 Tsunami on Java and Sumatra , Indonesia An eruption of the Anak Krakatau volcano caused a magnitude 3.4 quake and thus a partial collapse of the crater; Rock slid into the sea, which in turn triggered the tsunami. The eruption took place at 9:03 p.m. local time (3:03 p.m. CET), and the tsunami hit land 24 minutes later. The first wave was 2-3 m high, the second 4 m. The tsunami warning system was not triggered because it only reacts to - more severe - earthquakes. 429

See also

literature

  • Akira Yoshimura : The Great Tsunami of the Sanriku Coast. Documentary literature by Yoshimura Akira (1927–2006) . Ed .: Harald Meyer (=  ERGA series on the history of Asia . Volume 11 ). Iudicium, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-86205-211-0 (Documentary material mainly on the earthquake of 1896, which, among other things, still comes from contemporary witnesses. Also information on the earthquake of 1856 and 1933.).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica/article/view/35.1/1787 Bernhard Weninger, Rick Schulting, et.al .: The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami, Documenta Praehistorica, vol. 35 (2008) (English)
  2. ↑ (MT Pareschi, et al., Lost Tsunami, 2008)
  3. ↑ Laurent Graenicher: A tsunami on Lake Geneva | Documentation | ARTE CH / F 2018. ARTEde, youtube.de, July 25, 2020, accessed August 4, 2020, available until August 31, 2020. - Video 39:15 / 51:35.
  4. ^ Herodotus: The Histories , 8.129
  5. ↑ a b T. C. Smid: Tsunamis' in Greek Literature. Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (April 1970), pp. 100-104
  6. ^ Thucydides : A History of the Peloponnesian War. 3.89.1-5
  7. ^ John Antonopoulos: The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf, Eastern Greece. , Natural Hazards , 5: 83-93 (1992)
  8. ^ Strabo , geography. 8.7.2
  9. ^ The Lost Cities of Ancient Helike: Principal Ancient Sources.
  10. ↑ Gavin Kelly: Ammianus and the Great Tsunami. in: The Journal of Roman Studies , Vol. 94 (2004), pp. 141-167.
  11. ↑ A tsunami on Lake Geneva , arte.tv
  12. ↑ Yuki Sawai, Yushiro Fujii, Osamu Fujiwara, Takanobu Kamataki, Junko Komatsubara, Yukinobu Okamura, Kenji Satake, Masanobu Shishikura: Marine incursions of the past 1500 years and evidence of tsunamis at Suijin-numa, a coastal lake facing the Japan Trench . In: The Holocene . Vol. 18, No. 4 , 2008, p. 517-528 , doi : 10.1177 / 0959683608089206 ( PDF ).
  13. ↑ K. Minoura, F. Imamura, D. Sugawara, Y. Kono, T. Iwashita: The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan . In: Journal of Natural Disaster Science . Vol. 23, No. 2 , 2001, p. 83-88 ( PDF ). PDF ( Memento of the original from April 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp
  14. ↑ Laurent Graenicher: A tsunami on Lake Geneva | Documentation | ARTE CH / F 2018. ARTEde, youtube.de, July 25, 2020, accessed August 4, 2020, available until August 31, 2020. - Video 38: 10/51: 35.
  15. ^ Tsunami and ban on dancing 1601. | Retrieved September 27, 2019
  16. ↑ Laurent Graenicher: A tsunami on Lake Geneva | Documentation | ARTE CH / F 2018. ARTEde, youtube.de, July 25, 2020, accessed August 4, 2020, available until August 31, 2020. - Video 38: 33/51: 35.
  17. ^ Entry in the NOAA / WDC Tsunami Event Database of the NOAA (English, accessed on March 15, 2013).
    Kenji Satake: Volcanic origin of the 1741 Oshima-Oshima tsunami in the Japan Sea . In: Earth Planets Space. 59 (2007) pp. 381-390, here p. 384 (English, pdf, 2.8 MB).
  18. ^ Entry in the NOAA / WDC Tsunami Event Database of the NOAA (English, accessed on March 15, 2013).
  19. ↑ Laurent Graenicher: A tsunami on Lake Geneva | Documentation | ARTE CH / F 2018. ARTEde, youtube.de, July 25, 2020, accessed August 4, 2020, available until August 31, 2020. - Video 39: 04/51: 35.
  20. ↑ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tsunamis/page-2 Willem de Lange, Eileen McSaveney. 'Tsunamis - New Zealand's tsunami history', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated July 13, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  21. ↑ spiegel.de April 7, 2012: Researcher warns of North Sea tsunami, Spiegel.de, April 7, 2012 - Investigation by Jürgen Newig, Dieter Kelletat (Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel).
  22. ↑ Hans Peter Schönlaub: The Sumatra-Andaman catastrophe of December 26, 2004 and other quakes. ( Memento from August 1st, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Hans P. Schönlaub : The Sumatra-Andaman catastrophe of December 26th, 2004 and other earthquakes. Ferdinand von Hochstetter: Austria's pioneer in tsunami research . at www.geologie.ac.at (with a picture of the map sketch by Hochstetter)
  23. ^ Willem de Lange, Eileen McSaveney: New Zealand's tsunami history . In: Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. online version 2009, at www.teara.govt.nz
  24. ↑ Weekly Press August 22, 1868, p. 5 (New Zealand)
  25. ↑ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tsunamis/page-3 Willem de Lange, Eileen McSaveney. 'Tsunamis - 20th-century tsunamis', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated July 13, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  26. ↑ Don J. Miller, Giant Waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska ( Memento of the original from November 23, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uwsp.edu
  27. ↑ Geology.com Lituya Bay Megatsunami
  28. ↑ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tsunamis/page-3 Willem de Lange, Eileen McSaveney. 'Tsunamis - 20th-century tsunamis', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated July 13, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  29. ↑ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tsunamis/page-3 Willem de Lange, Eileen McSaveney. 'Tsunamis - 20th-century tsunamis', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated July 13, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  30. ^ New Zealand Herald, May 27, 1960.
  31. ↑ a b NOAA: Major Tsunamis of 1992 - Nicaragua and Indonesia ( Memento from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Deadly tsunami off Sumatra. In: news.orf.at. October 27, 2010, accessed October 22, 2017 .
  33. ↑ MOUNT MERAPI, Indonesia, Oct. 27, 2010: Indonesia Catastrophes Kill at Least 300 ( Memento from January 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  34. ↑ Tsunami wave in Japan was at least 23 meters high ( Memento from September 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  35. ↑ New balance sheet - tsunami in Japan killed almost 19,300 people. Spiegel Online from January 11, 2012.
  36. ↑ Japan tsunami produced icebergs in Antarctica diepresse.com, August 9, 2011 accessed September 29, 2018.
  37. ↑ Antarctic Icebergs Chipped off by tsunami earthobservatory.nasa.gov, accessed 10 August 2011
  38. ↑ Tsunami waves damage some villages on the Greenland coast - 4 people missing, 9 injured (2 serious) at earthquake-report.com
  39. ↑ Spiegel: 2037 dead recovered after earthquake. (No longer available online.) October 11, 2018, formerly in the original ; accessed on October 11, 2018 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / orf.at