Liturgical reform of Charlemagne
The liturgical reforms put into effect by Pippin and Charlemagne are called the liturgical reform of Charlemagne or Frankish or Carolingian liturgical reform. They concerned both the liturgy of Holy Mass and the rite of baptism and confirmation .
history
Reform under Pippin and Charlemagne
After a stabilization of the rule of the Carolingian in the Frankish kingdom came from the Gallic liturgy to a liturgical reform that was embedded in a larger imperial and educational reform. The above-mentioned Gallican liturgy was able to maintain a great diversity until then, despite numerous efforts to achieve greater standardization. The prelude to greater standardization through stronger ties between the Germanic tribes to Rome was the introduction of the Roman baptismal rite , especially infant baptism , by Boniface . One consequence of infant baptism is the prohibition to expose the child - a full member of the community . It also made it necessary to upgrade the late antique office of godfather .
Pippin and Charlemagne took the following measures to standardize the liturgy:
- Adoption of the Roman chant (a preliminary stage of the Gregorian chant ) in the choral school of Metz ,
- Promotion of certain sacraments (of the Franconian-Gelasian sacramentary of Flavigny (approx. 760)) and the later request for authentic Roman sacramentaries from Pope Hadrian I in 784,
Standard copies of both the euchological texts that were now to be standardized and their arrangement in the church year by the Roman sacramentaries, as well as the Roman choral books and other writings such as the regula Benedicti, were to be kept in the Palatinate Chapel in Aachen and copied throughout the empire. Connected to this acquisition strengthened the character of the fair as a victim not only of the present community , but of all heavenly and earthly church by the priest . The use of unleavened hosts , communion on the mouth and the Canon Missae in silence (so-called canon silence ) also go back to this time.
Further development
Building on the Carolingian reforms, the so-called Rhenish Messordo developed . Im preceded by two different forms:
- the so-called apology type (9th century): It is characterized by numerous confessions of guilt by the priest, especially in the prayer series at the beginning ( step mass ), for the preparation of gifts ( Suscipe Sancta Trinitas and Orationes ad munus offerendum ), for communion ( Domine Jesu Christi, Fili Dei vivi ) and to remove the liturgical vestments .
- the so-called Frankish type (11th century); it was only widespread in the Frankish Empire
Based on the apology type, the Rhenish Messordo spread through the reformed monastery of Cluny and the Ottonians also in Italy and Rome. Based on the late antique papal pontifical liturgy of the Ordo Romanus I after the reform of Gregory the Great from the 6th century, the Roman rite gained its essential shape through the reform of the Carolingians through the influence of Gallican elements.
literature
- Martin Klöckener : Liturgical Reforms in History . In: Gordon Lathrop , Martin Stuflesser (eds.): Liturgical reforms in the churches: 50 years after Sacrosanctum Concilium . Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7917-2536-9 , pp. 57 ff .
Web links
- Carolingian liturgical reforms (PDF; 219 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Martin Klöckener : Liturgical reforms in history . In: Gordon Lathrop , Martin Stuflesser (eds.): Liturgical reforms in the churches: 50 years after Sacrosanctum Concilium . Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7917-2536-9 , pp. 66 .
- ↑ a b Martin Baier: The mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 84 .
- ↑ a b Martin Baier: The mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 85 .
- ↑ a b c Martin Klöckener : Liturgical reforms in history . In: Gordon Lathrop , Martin Stuflesser (eds.): Liturgical reforms in the churches: 50 years after Sacrosanctum Concilium . Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7917-2536-9 , pp. 67 .
- ↑ a b Martin Baier: The mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 88 .
- ↑ Martin Baier: The Mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 89 .