Lycosoidea
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A wolf spider defending its egg cocoon . |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Lycosoidea | ||||||||||||
| Sundevall , 1833 |
The Lycosoidea (wolf spider-like) are a superfamily of real spiders consisting of hunting and predatory spiders with three tarsal claws (see: Dionycha ). It includes over 3200 species . The largest families are the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) with around 2400 species, the lynx spiders (Oxyopidae) with around 450 species and the predatory spiders (Pisauridae) with around 330 species.
Way of life
The members of this superfamily are mostly diurnal hunters who chase after their prey. Nevertheless, some of them also build impressive nets: The funnel nets of the Southeast Asian Psechridae, up to 2 cm in size, which are also comfortable in the high mountains, often reach a length of one meter. The similarity of the nets used to give reason to assume a relationship between Lycosoidea and the funnel spiders (Agelenidae), and some genera were assigned to the Agelenidae. Thanks to genetic research, however, we now know that this relationship is less close.
Active hunting during the day is made possible by larger, forward-facing central eyes, whose field of vision overlaps and allows for distance estimates. Nevertheless, the sense of sight is not as developed as in the jumping spider ; Hunting and predatory spiders of this superfamily orient themselves, like most spiders , mainly through acoustic, tactile (hair: trichobothria ) and chemical senses ( lyre-shaped organ ). The prey is also optically fixed from a short distance. The sense of sight also plays a role in courtship .
Brood care
Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) practice conspicuous brood care. While this also make many other spiders to feeding, but the egg cocoon of the wolf spiders on hunting forays to the spinnerets ( Pardosa ) stapled to the pine-mouth ( predatory spiders , Pisauridae) or the abdomen ( water hunters , Pirata ) taken to to be able to defend him from enemies. If you try to steal the egg cocoon from a wolf spider, it will be vigorously defended. It goes to the extreme, tries to bite (some larger ones succeed) and holds the cocoon with its jaw claws . If you take the cocoon away from her, she will look for it for hours and in her desperation try to accept similar balls, for example paper balls, as a cocoon substitute.
The mother spider provides obstetrics by biting open the cocoon. The young immediately climb onto their backs. While up to a hundred small hunting spiders cling to the mother's hair and feed on her egg yolk, the mother roams around, presumably to find the best possible microclimate conditions and good hiding places. In order not to expose herself to great danger, she refrains from hunting during the eight-day phase. However, it is unclear what role this behavior plays; the young also grow up relatively successfully in isolation from the mother.
You can even "slip" an alien cocoon under a female wolf spider, which she will also take care of. The hatching young then climb onto the stepmother and let themselves be carried around. But they also climb on males - for them, however, the young animals are what they eat.
Female predatory spiders (Pisauridae), on the other hand, avoid this risk by laying a protective web between the plant stalks in the herb layer before the hatchlings and hanging the cocoon in it. A few days after hatching, the young remain tightly packed in this web until the first molt and then gradually go about their predatory life's work.
Systematics
The affiliation of the families has not yet been finally clarified. Families according to Hallan (2005). The Zorocratidae have meanwhile been synonymous with the Zoropsidae .
- Ctenidae , also called comb spiders ; 41 genera, 503 species
- Lycosidae , also called wolf spiders ; 123 genera, 2403 species, 70 of them indigenous
- Neolanidae
- Oxyopidae , also called lynx spiders or sharp-eye spiders; 9 genera, 454 species, 3 of them native
- Pisauridae , also called predatory spiders ; 51 genera, 356 species, including 3 indigenous as of April 24, 2019
- Psechridae ; 2 genera, 61 species, none native
- Senoculidae
- Stiphidiidae
- Trechaleidae , also called fishing spiders , 16 genera, 140 species
- Zoropsidae , also known as curled spiders , 25 genera, 117 species
literature
- Rainer F. Foelix: Biology of the spiders. , 2nd edition, Thieme, Stuttgart 1992. ISBN 3-13-575802-8
- Dick Jones: The Cosmos Spider's Guide. Kosmos, 1990, ISBN 3-440-06141-8
Web links
- Kang Fang et al .: Phylogenetic Corroboration of Superfamily Lycosoidae Spiders (Araneae) as Inferred from Partial Mitochondrial 12S and 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequences (PDF; 111 kB)
Individual evidence
- ^ Hallan, Joel 2005: Synopsis of the Described Araneae of the World. Texas A&M University Department of Entomology ( February 16, 2015 memento on the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 18.5 - Zorocratidae . Retrieved October 22, 2017.
- ↑ Polotow, D., Carmichael, A. & Griswold, CE (2015): Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Lycosoidea spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae). Invertebrate Systematics 29, pp. 124-163. doi : 10.1071 / IS14041