Max Blokzijl

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Max Blokzijl at a young age (1907)

Marius Hugh Louis Wilhelm (Max) Blokzijl (born December 20, 1884 in Leeuwarden , † March 16, 1946 in The Hague ) was a Dutch journalist and author .

Blokzijl was first known through his reportage trip, in which he appeared dressed as an Italian street musician together with Jean-Louis Pisuisse ; afterwards he undertook a second report trip of several years through the eastern part of the world with the latter. As music-making journalists, the duo also received a lot of attention outside of the Netherlands. Blokzijl then worked as a war reporter during the First World War and then as a correspondent in Berlin for more than 20 years . After the seizure of power by Hitler himself Blokzijl facing the National Socialism and stepped on it during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II as a press guards and especially as propaganda speaker in the radio one. After the end of the war he was executed for treason , the first death sentence ever carried out in the Netherlands since the German surrender .

Life

Max Blokzijl in 1904 in the editorial offices of the Algemeen Handelsblad (far right).
Max Blokzijl (left) and Jean-Louis Pisuisse (right) during their undercover report as Italian street musicians in 1907 .

Family and first years as a journalist

Born in Leeuwarden as the son of a professional soldier, Blokzijl spent his early childhood in Kampen and Utrecht . His mother arranged piano lessons for him, which would later prove useful to him, his father often took him to military parades, which made a lasting impression on him. After his parents divorced, he stayed with his mother, who settled with her son in The Hague , and subsequently avoided contact with his father. At first Blokzijl wanted to become an engineer or a naval officer, but discovered his vein for journalism during his school days and founded a bi-weekly magazine called Iris , which was sponsored by the writer Frederik van Eeden , whom he admired . She was patriotic, advocated a strong army and a soldiery attitude among the youth. In 1902 the magazine merged with Jong Nederland en Arbeid .

After his school days Blokzijl attended a painting academy at short notice at his mother's request, but soon decided on his real passion and in 1903 became a reporter for the Amsterdam Algemeen Handelsblad . He worked for a year in the local editorial office and then did his military service within the " Grenadiers and Jäger" regiment . During this time he wrote for the military journal De Militaire Gids , in which, as with his own magazine, he campaigned for an improvement in the image of conscription in society. In 1906 Blokzijl returned to the Algemeen Handelsblad and worked as a local and sports reporter. There he met Jean-Louis Pisuisse, who had come back after four years as a London correspondent. Both wanted to escape the daily grind, and at Pisuisse's suggestion, they decided to travel through the Netherlands disguised as Italian street musicians and write a report about it.

At the end of August 1907, they began their nine-day journey through the Dutch province. In spite of the gibberish they tried to speak as supposed Italians and their peculiar appearance, they said they were helpful, and indeed they returned to Amsterdam with a substantial profit. Her travel report appeared under the name Avonturen as straatmuzikant ( adventure as a street musician ) as a series in her newspaper, which was prompted by its great success to print thousands of extra copies. Blokzijl and Pisuisse were courted by publishers, and the published book edition, like the original series, was a great sales success.

World tour as a music-making correspondent

In the period that followed, reporting became a social phenomenon. Three theater companies performed the adventures and even a brand of cigarettes called "Street Singers" was brought out. The public's interest in Blokzijl and Pisuisse was so great that they finally appeared in theaters with new material. Despite their musical amateur character, their performances even met with critical acclaim. Following these appearances, the duo decided to travel around the world, which they began in 1908 after a series of farewell concerts.

After a detour in Paris, the two made their way to the Dutch East Indies , where they were received by Governor Van Heutsz . There Blokzijl met Hendrik Colijn , with whom he would clash decades later after his time as Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Pisuisse and Blokzijl toured  the colony for the next six months as war correspondents making music - there had been uprisings in the province of Aceh since 1873 . They spent a total of three years there; as the income from the correspondents' reports from Aceh sent to her newspaper and the magazine Buiten (“Outside”) was insufficient, Blokzijl also worked as an actor, composer and decorator. In Surabaya , he founded second wife along with Pisuisse and three women, including Pisuisses Fie Carelsen , a cabaret .

In 1910, Blokzijl married a woman from the Dutch East Indies whom he had met before he left, but during the boat trip from the Netherlands to East India she fell in love with another man, disembarked and immediately divorced. This episode cost Blokzijl, who was anything but wealthy at the time, several thousand guilders . In 1911 he went home with Pisuisse. Due to incorrect travel planning, they first landed in Makassar and then spontaneously decided to visit China and Japan . After witnessing the crash of French aviation pioneer René Vallon during an air show in Shanghai , they gave a charity concert for the widow, which gave them additional prominence. After their stay in Japan, from where Blokzij was sending travel reports again after a long time, they moved on to Russia, struggled to find their way in Siberia and were almost arrested as tramps in Moscow . After further stops in Saint Petersburg and Berlin , Blokzijl and Pisuisse finally returned to the Netherlands in the summer of 1911.

After their return they performed again in their homeland and also in Berlin, where a shellac record was recorded. This was followed by a tour through Germany and other countries, the climax of which was a performance in front of the Romanian Queen Elisabeth . In 1912 Blokzijl married the actress Annie Jurgens; however, this marriage did not last two years. In September 1913 he traveled again with Pisuisse to the Dutch East Indies and performed twice with him in Singapore . Although closely connected, there had been tensions between the two, Pisuisse was more ambitious than Blokzijl, who remained a journalist at heart, and took a larger share of the royalties. In 1914 Blokzijl became a travel correspondent for his old newspaper in Berlin and afterwards wanted to undertake a tour of North America with Pisuisse, despite their earlier tensions. The beginning of the First World War, however, meant the abrupt end of this project. Pisuisse went to Belgium as a correspondent , while Blokzijl stayed in the Netherlands, and the provisional end of the duo became a definitive one after the war.

As a war correspondent

Blokzijl saw it as his patriotic duty not to remain aloof during these times and in the following years served as only one of two journalists in the Dutch army. To his disappointment, he was not assigned to the intelligence service but had to work as a courier. Blokzijl therefore decided to pursue an officer career and was promoted to lieutenant within a year . During this time he wrote a "non-fiction book for the line soldier", which was not distributed due to lack of money. A march composed by him, on the other hand, made it well known among the soldiers.

In 1917 the Algemeen Handelsblad Blokzijls was able to obtain exemption from military service and employed him as a war correspondent based in Berlin. His subsequent travels to sections of the front in Belgium , France , northern Italy, Riga , the Crimea and the Black Sea confronted him with the reality of the war, which was drastically different from his former barracks life and which he relentlessly portrayed.

During the peace negotiations in Spa Blokzijl hid behind the curtains in the negotiating room and was the only journalist present. He was then arrested by the British military police without giving any reason and deported to Belgium. He returned to Berlin at the end of 1918, where he worked as a correspondent until 1940.

As a foreign correspondent in Berlin

After two years as an assistant correspondent, Blokzijl was promoted and spent a total of 22 years in Berlin as a chronicler of the Weimar Republic and the subsequent National Socialist regime. He was a witness of the November Revolution and at times experienced the Spartacus uprising at close quarters on the side of the rebels. Blokzijl later stated in his memoirs that he knew Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg well, the latter he admired very much in contrast to Liebknecht. He traveled to Poland and Galicia to report on the pogroms against the Lviv Jews , his report on this was later published in the USA in the form of a brochure. Blokzijl criticized the harsh conditions for Germany in the Versailles Peace Treaty . Although he had permission to report during the Belgian-French occupation of the Ruhr , he was briefly arrested in Gelsenkirchen , which was also reported in the French press.

Even if he initially described Berlin as a noisy, dirty and unbridled city full of crime, Blokzijl gradually opened up to the charming sides of this lively metropolis. In 1921 he entered into his third marriage with Hermine Eleonore Behle, who was 13 years his junior , which lasted until his death and remained childless. Blokzijl was active in many fields in Berlin, for example in 1920 he became a member of the Nederland in den Vreemde ( Netherlands in a foreign country ) and the "German-Dutch Society", he was also in the Algemeen Nederlandsch Verbond ( General Dutch Association ) and the Vereniging Nederland en Oranje ( Association of the Netherlands and Orange ) active. Of particular importance, however, was his chairmanship of the Nederlandsch Bond in Duitschland ( Dutch Confederation in Germany ), exercised since 1924 , which had around 10,000 members and published its own publication, De post van Holland . For this activity he was appointed a knight in the " Order of Orange-Nassau " by the Queen . Blokzijl became a wealthy man in his Berlin years who was well integrated into local society. In 1917 and 1919, two children's books by him appeared.

Blokzijl had very good contacts with the ministries and gained considerable influence as chairman of the " Association of the Foreign Press ", which he occasionally used for foreign colleagues in distress during the Nazi era, despite his resignation in 1933. Blokzijl also gave readings about his homeland and the Dutch East Indies, organized Netherlands Days in Berlin and a tour of the Concertgebouw Orchestra .

Before the National Socialists came to power, Blokzijl defended the policies of the German Reich President Friedrich Ebert and, among other things , firmly rejected the anti-Semitism that was now clearly emerging in Germany ; An article directed against Chancellor Hans Luther led to attacks from the conservative German press and even to a complaint by the German ambassador in the Netherlands to the German Foreign Ministry. As a result, Blokzijl was not given an already promised Cross of Honor of the German Red Cross for his commitment to malnourished Berlin children. In doing so, he opposed not only reactionary forces, but also communism .

At the end of 1927, Pisuisse, with whom Blokzijl had had little contact in previous years, was murdered by their former lover, together with his third wife. In the following year Blokzijl's memoirs, initially published in a series, appeared as a book under the title Ik trok er op uit ( I moved out ). There he reports, albeit with great vanity, about his time with Pisuisse, among other things. Years later, he described Pisuisse as a National Socialist prevented by his early death, which caused him the anger of his children. During the German occupation they refused permission to reissue Avonturen as straatmuzikant .

Turning to National Socialism

Once a defender of the Weimar Republic, Blokzijl's sympathies in his reporting shifted significantly over the years. At first he did not take the NSDAP seriously, but after the elections of 1930 he was amazed to discover the sudden increase in importance of this party. Despite all the criticism, the former soldier Blokzijl was impressed by the strict discipline and semi-military character of the party. In 1932 he still preferred Hitler to Hindenburg in the presidential election because he viewed the latter as a danger to Germany and Europe , but now recognized the NSDAP as a serious power factor and, after taking power, called Hitler a statesman with a not unappealing appearance. He condemned anti-Semitism until the Second World War, but was of the opinion that National Socialism had brought about many positive changes, such as a drop in crime, an economic boom and new idealism.

Blokzijl began to adapt to the new circumstances and felt more and more attracted to National Socialism. Part of the reason was that he saw his deep dislike of an ancestral system shared by that one. In contrast to social democracy and communism, National Socialism included all classes in Blokzijl's opinion, from which he also hoped to function as a bulwark against communism. Positioning himself as an opponent of the regime was now out of the question for him because he did not want to lose his status and continue to benefit from his privileges. In the first year he came to power, he obtained support for his articles from the Foreign Office under Alfred Rosenberg and sent his press director Karl Böhmer articles, which he said gave a positive verdict on the Third Reich. In his opinion, Hitler had to be given an honest chance.

In 1935 Blokzijl secretly became a member of the Dutch National Socialists NSB and in them one of the main actors of the pro-German current of the party. He had been in correspondence with NSB party leader Anton Mussert since 1933 and received him in his Berlin house the following year. Since his entry, Blokzijl has been writing pro-German texts for the newspapers of the De Locale Pers publishing house under the pseudonym “Roland” . Although the social democratic newspaper Het Volk uncovered the identity of “Roland”, this had no effect on him in the liberal Algemeen Handelsblad , articles that were too sympathetic to National Socialism had simply not been printed or changed beforehand. Even after his identity was discovered, Blokzijl continued to work for the Locale Pers newspapers, and at the beginning of 1938 he was recruited by the fascist weekly De Waag with the assurance of complete anonymity . When Blokzijl and several other correspondents first visited Hitler in 1937, he expressed open admiration for Hitler in his report for the Algemeen Handelsblad .

Blokzijl showed understanding for the annexation of Austria as well as for the formation of the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , this also applied to the attack on Poland . Whenever he accompanied her, he described the German army as a liberator. On the other hand, Blokzijl denied the possibility of a German occupation of the Netherlands . When this finally took place after the Western campaign in 1940, he was, like other correspondents, detained in a Berlin hotel as an "enemy alien". His wife was able to achieve house arrest because Blokzijl had recently become a diabetic . A few days later, the house arrest was lifted under certain conditions. Blokzijl was the only Dutch journalist present at the French surrender and he also visited Paris .

As a National Socialist press and propaganda functionary

Initially Blokzijl continued to work for the Algmeen Handelsblad , but to a lesser extent than before. The pro-German reportage director of the broadcasting company AVRO suggested to Blokzijl to deliver radio reports from Berlin. The radio support center set up by the occupiers in Hilversum was impressed by the proposal, but Willi Janke, press chief of the Reich Commission in The Hague, preferred to see Blokzijl deployed in the Netherlands. He saw his level of awareness dwindling because the Algemeen Handelsblad had only added “From our correspondent” to its reports and was convinced by Janke to move to Amsterdam at the end of November 1940.

After three months of forced inactivity, Blokzijl was appointed co-editor-in-chief of the daily De Standaard , published by the Protestant anti-revolutionary party , under pressure from the Germans , which led to the resignation of editor-in-chief Colijn, who had met Blokzijl 33 years earlier in the Dutch East Indies. De Standaard had already been banned from appearing for eight weeks, as Colijn had denied that the Netherlands, together with France and Great Britain, had made pacts against Germany for years before the war; resistance to Blozkzijl's appointment would have resulted in a final ban on appearing. The new editor-in-chief and former second editor-in-chief Taeke Cnossen kept Blokzijl as far away as possible in the following years. The latter wrote some pro-German articles in the newspaper, but left the newspaper after four months.

In June 1941 Blokzijl was appointed chairman of the press department in the Departement van Volksvoorlichting en Kunsten (Ministry of Public Enlightenment and the Arts). There he was jointly responsible for bringing the Dutch press into line, even though Blokzijl in Berlin was still against the Nazification of the press. In his first month together with Janke, he had the security service invade the Algemeen Handelsblad, which was considered anti-German, and arrested its editor-in-chief, while Blokzijl had supported the deputy director who had traveled to Berlin in his efforts in September 1940, a certain amount for the paper Achieve freedoms. He also fined editors who shortened front-line reports. However, Blokzijl delegated many tasks to his confidante Hermanus Goedhart and did not give him approvals, such as holding the daily press conferences, often to his deputy. In an internal report by the ministry from early 1942, he was therefore accused of never actually performing his function. When asked what should happen to the Catholic priest Titus Brandsma , who, in his capacity as spiritual advisor to the Catholic press, had resisted being brought into line, Blokzijl waited and waited. Finally, on Janke's recommendation, the arrest and deportation of Brandsma was arranged, who was later murdered in the Dachau concentration camp .

At the end of January 1942, Blokzijl was also appointed chairman of the press guild of the Chamber of Culture, but was relieved after five months, as he himself was not very enthusiastic about the new position and was only used as a temporary solution. After the propaganda head of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and the Arts, Ernst Voorhoeve , who was also NSB propaganda head, was dismissed by Secretary General Tobie Goedewaagen , Blokzijl temporarily took over Voorhoeves' post in addition to his function as head of the press department. In the fall of 1942, the Ministry's Propaganda and Press departments were merged and Blokzijl was appointed chairman of the new, coupled department. This amalgamation also took place within NSB, with Voorhoeve as chairman and Blokzijl as his deputy. Since Voorhoeve went to the Russian front as a volunteer at the beginning of 1943 , Blokzijl actually held a double function at times. While he saw the NSB propaganda as directed at the members and it should be as sharp as possible for him, he was in favor of the propaganda of his ministry for a more cautious pace, which should lead the Dutch people to the new order.

In his function as deputy NSB propaganda director, Blokzijl showed considerably greater commitment than in his previous work as a press guard. The almost 200 events with him as a speaker were well attended, and the old idea of ​​having him give radio speeches had been implemented in 1941, which meant that he was again increasingly in the public eye. In contrast to Joseph Goebbels , however, Blokzijl had little influence in administrative terms. Ultimately, in retrospect, he was not associated with his functionary work for the ministry and the NSB, but with his radio speeches. Blokzijl also turned to these more because he was denied a later promotion to general secretary of his ministry due to a Jewish grandmother. This "flaw" was previously unknown to him and only revealed through research by the Germans. Blokzijl had previously tried to produce evidence of Aryan origin himself , but, unlike his paternal descent, could not find out anything about his grandmother from Suriname .

As a propaganda spokesman on the radio

Announcement of Blokzijl's address to the youth

In February 1941, despite some concerns raised about Blokzijl's sometimes not uncritical attitude towards his Berlin times and his Jewish grandmother, a first radio series called Ik was er zelf bij ( I was there myself ) began, which dealt with his experiences as a war correspondent . This was replaced in the same year by Brandende kwesties ( burning questions ) and Politiek Weekpraatje ( political weekly fun ), which were inspired by Hans Fritzsche 's programs and in which he carried out propaganda for National Socialism. Blokzijl divided his listeners into three groups:

  • The staunch National Socialists, to whom he issued warning words and saw many fellow travelers among them.
  • The opponents of the new order, whom he dismissed with cynical remarks (including the government in exile he called the “emigrant committee” and Queen Wilhelmina ), otherwise paid little attention.
  • Those who would be potentially ready to accept the new order.

He devoted his main attention to the last group and expressed understanding for their worries and needs, but at the same time portrayed the victory of the Axis powers as inevitable. Over time, Blokzijl's tone towards the passive group became more demanding. When, after the start of the German war against the Soviet Union , the population was happy that the Germans had another opponent, he saw this as hypocrisy, since the Netherlands had never recognized the Soviet Union before the Second World War. After the German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad , Blokzijl said that he was at the end of his patience with the passives. However, after all radio sets were confiscated in May 1943 from people who did not belong to the NSB and were not Germans, his official audience consisted only of "converts".

While he despised intellectuals and found high school students too selfish, Blokzijl saw greater hope for the future of his country in working class children. He tried to achieve this during a lecture tour undertaken in 1942. Blokzijl, however, was dissatisfied with the result and called for a National Socialist youth organization with compulsory membership based on the model of the Hitler Youth . Nevertheless, in January 1944 he went on a second lecture tour, during which his audience was also allowed to ask critical questions that were not subject to prior censorship. But as with his radio speeches, Blokzijl took on an increasingly harder tone.

In the last year of the war he concentrated again on his broadcasts. Blokzijl gave a total of around 800 speeches in which, in contrast to the pre-war period, he also made anti-Semitic statements. He described the moment when the last Jew left the Netherlands as a cleansing of the atmosphere. Blokzijl had a relatively large amount of freedom as far as the content was concerned, as long as it did not run counter to the objectives of the occupying power. There are only two known cases in which the censorship intervened; in one case Blokzijl wanted to address the fate of the Dutch in the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies, in the other he had prophesied the landing of the allies on mainland Europe .

In contrast to other propaganda programs, Blokzijl's speeches were a crowd puller. During this time he received thousands of malicious letters and threatening letters, but also approval from the National Socialist Dutch who complained about their isolation and sometimes asked for advice. At first Blokzijl answered all letters himself, but to his disappointment there were only a few letters in which listeners stated that they had been converted by him. A characteristic of the radio broadcasts was a personal feud between him and the London resistance broadcaster Radio Oranje , especially with its employee Loe de Jong . This was a paradoxical situation, because listening to Radio Oranje had been expressly forbidden by the Germans, but Blokzijl was aware that this ban was often ignored.

He gave his last address on May 6, 1945, one day after the Germans surrendered in the Netherlands, and ended it with the words “We're coming back, listeners!”. Blokzijl did not consider fleeing - after the Dolle Dinsdag (foolish Tuesday) on September 5, 1944, when the liberation was apparently imminent, he was accused of such an attempt by the National Socialist satirical newspaper De Gil , among others Arrest May without resistance.

Post-war trial and execution

Max Blokzijl during an interrogation in May 1945

On September 11, 1945, the trial of Blokzijl was opened on charges of treason . It was public and met with great interest at home and abroad. The prosecution was based on 13 exemplary quotations from his radio broadcasts. During the trial, Blokzijl defended himself by saying that he had not made propaganda for Germany, but for National Socialism. Everything he did during the occupation was done out of a love of fatherland, at the same time he tried to relativize his own role during the trial and in the diary he was keeping at that time.

The prosecutor called him "The Voice of the Devil"; In contrast to Mussert, whose propaganda had left the population unimpressed, Blokzijl's propaganda was much worse because he knew exactly what the population was feeling. Its public defender concentrated entirely on the legal side and argued that carrying out propaganda without proof of harm to one's own population was not a criminal offense within the meaning of the penal code. During the negotiation, Blokzijl described the mass killings in the concentration camps as abuses of the kind that would occur in revolutionary processes. When he found out about the extent of the Holocaust in prison , he expressed his horror at it, but remained true to his anti-Semitism.

On September 25, 1945 Blokzijl was sentenced to death . He was the only Dutch journalist against whom such a judgment was issued for collaboration with the German occupation forces. His appeal and a petition for clemency from Queen Wilhelmina were rejected, and on March 16, 1946 he was executed by firing squad . Blokzijl's grave was moved to a secluded part of The Hague's main cemetery due to fear that it could become a pilgrimage site for Nazis and was cleared in the mid-1950s. His widow was never given the location. She also spent a year in prison; Although she was not a member of any National Socialist organization and had nothing to do with her husband's activities, she was accused of profiting from his position.

Later evaluation of the process and the role of Blokzijl

The litigation and the death sentence are not without controversy. Piet Hagen, previously a lecturer at the School voor Journalistiek in Utrecht and editor-in-chief of the specialist body De Journalist until 2002 , is of the opinion that the death penalty would not have been imposed a few years later, and that the speech sections used were not the harshest despite their undermining intent Corresponds to the tone of real fascists. They all came from the book Brandende Kwesties , in which the speeches of his radio series of the same name were summarized. According to Blokzijl's biographer René Kok, it was not always possible to speak of unambiguity in the quotations, as an example he gives the following:

“Yes, the good, the real Dutchman is kind of against it. He's against it all day. You want to convey to him new ideas, new convictions that have given great peoples elsewhere in the world courage to live, but he is against it. "

In some of the quotes used for the trial, however, Blokzijl directly campaigned for National Socialism:

"... The number of Dutch people from all classes of our population who come to the conviction that a lot of National Socialism is entirely acceptable to all of us is growing every day."

“... National Socialism is in the air. This teaching came at the moment when human society was overripe for it. It is the doctrine of reverence for work; from the national community consciousness; of overcoming class antagonisms; of the blossoming of personality in full harmony with personal responsibility, of the moral and physical well-being of peoples through strong government; of discipline, order and solidarity of all classes of the population; of the primacy of the national over the group interest and that of the group over the individual interest. ... "

The historian Anthonius Anne de Jonge also expressed clear criticism in the Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland . Blokzijl's trial was carried out hastily, which was reflected, among other things, in the fact that he only referred to the radio broadcasts and not additionally to his role as press guard and NSB functionary, nor whether he forwarded letters to the security police. Blokzijl was the best-known National Socialist journalist in the Netherlands, so it made sense to make a public example of him.

Raymond van den Boogaard, editor at NRC Handelsblad , spoke of Blokzij's adaptation of a “journalist syndrome”. Reporters have a humiliating job because they only report what others have said. This induces some to stick to those in power as compensation.

Honors

  • Knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau for his work as chairman of the Nederlandsch Bond in Duitschland
  • Aceh expedition cross (1928, this award was promised to Blokzijl and Pisuisse in 1908)

Works (selection)

  • Dutch original editions:
  • Avonturen as straatmuzikant (with Jean-Louis Pisuisse), HJW Becht, Amsterdam 1907.
  • De wonderlijke avonturen van Jonas Leevend en z'n club , Scheltens & Giltay, Amsterdam 1917.
  • Hans Hedding en zijn wonderlijke secretaris of hoe een Hollandsche jongen in het buitenland beroemd werd , Scheltens & Giltay, Amsterdam 1919.
  • Ik trok er op uit… , Blitz Andries, Amsterdam 1928 (new edition 1943).
  • Landverraders (32-page propaganda brochure), 1941.
  • Luisteraars antwoorden , Nenasu, Utrecht 1942.
  • Brandende kwesties , Nederlandsche Uitgeverij Opbouw, Amsterdam 1942.
  • Ik was er zelf bij , Nenasu, Utrecht 1943.
  • Ik zei tot ons volk… , Nenasu, Utrecht 1943.

literature

  • René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 (Dutch).
  • Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portretten , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerp 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 (contains a portrait of Blokzijl, Dutch).
  • Biographical Woordenboek van Nederland : Blokzijl, Marius Hugh Louis Wilhelm (1884–1946) (Dutch).
  • Max Blokzijl: Zijn authoring, veroordeling en executie. (Ed .: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogdocumentaie ), Buyten en Schipperheyn, Amsterdam 1946. ( Shorthand transcription of the trial, Dutch) (later revised edition: Het proces Blokzijl , Veen, Utrecht / Antwerp 1989, ISBN 90-204-1906-4 ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Max Blokzijl: Zijn authoring, veroordeling en executie. (Ed .: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogdocumentaie ), Buyten en Schipperheyn, Amsterdam 1946, p. 95.
  2. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 11-13.
  3. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 14.
  4. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 15.
  5. ↑ Max Blokzijl and Jean Louis-Pissuise: Avonturen als straatmuzikant, HJW Becht, Amsterdam 1907, p. 9 u. 201.
  6. ↑ a b René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 16.
  7. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 18.
  8. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 19.
  9. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 18-22.
  10. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 22.
  11. ^ A b René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 22-23.
  12. ↑ a b René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 24.
  13. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 26.
  14. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 27.
  15. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 27-28.
  16. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 28.
  17. ^ A b Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 325 u. René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 29.
  18. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 30-31.
  19. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 31.
  20. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 32-33.
  21. ^ A b Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 326.
  22. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 33-34.
  23. ↑ a b c René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 34.
  24. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 48.
  25. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 35-37.
  26. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 35.
  27. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 38.
  28. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 42-43.
  29. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 43.
  30. ^ Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 327.
  31. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 43-44.
  32. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 45-46.
  33. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 44-45.
  34. ↑ shoa.de : Wolf Oschlies: “Anton Adriaan Mussert (1894-1946); Nazi 'leader' of the Netherlands "
  35. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 46.
  36. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 47-48.
  37. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 48-50.
  38. ^ Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , pp. 328-329.
  39. ^ Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 329. Hagen writes about the capture of Slovakia , but this only happened in 1944, and Blokzijl had not been a correspondent for four years at this point. This is an obvious oversight, meaning the capture of what the National Socialists called the rest of the Czech Republic .
  40. ^ A b Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 329.
  41. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 53-54.
  42. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 54-55.
  43. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 56-57.
  44. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 56 u. René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-3752-8 , pp. 130-131.
  45. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 56-59.
  46. ↑ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 61-63.
  47. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 65.
  48. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 54.
  49. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 66.
  50. ^ René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-3752-8 , pp. 252-256.
  51. ^ René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-3752-8 , p. 187 u. René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 66.
  52. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 66-70.
  53. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 68.
  54. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 70.
  55. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 94-95 and Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 330.
  56. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 59 and 72 ff.
  57. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 73-75.
  58. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 80-81.
  59. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 82.
  60. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 85-88.
  61. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 88-89.
  62. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 96-97.
  63. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 92-93.
  64. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 112-125.
  65. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 107-110.
  66. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 103-105.
  67. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme. Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 102-103. De Gil placed a satirical ad in the September 15, 1944 issue (p. 4, center right margin). Digitized editions of De Gil provided by the Royal Library of the Netherlands.
  68. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 130.
  69. ^ Max Blokzijl: Zijn authoring, veroordeling en executie. (Ed .: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogdocumentaie ), Buyten en Schipperheyn, Amsterdam 1946, p. 27 u. 43.
  70. ^ A b René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , pp. 134-138.
  71. ^ Max Blokzijl: Zijn authoring, veroordeling en executie. (Ed .: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogdocumentaie ), Buyten en Schipperheyn, Amsterdam 1946, p. 30.
  72. ^ Max Blokzijl: Zijn authoring, veroordeling en executie. (Ed .: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogdocumentaie ), Buyten en Schipperheyn, Amsterdam 1946, pp. 31-36.
  73. ↑ Jan van de Plasse: Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers / seed gesteld by Jan van de Plasse. Red.Wim Verbei , Otto Cramwinckel Uitgever, Amsterdam 2005, ISBN 90-75727-77-1 , p. 82.
  74. ↑ Short report on the trial and execution on nieuwsdossier.nl : “Max Blokzijl geëxecuteerd, 16/03/1946” (Dutch).
  75. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 140.
  76. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 128.
  77. ^ Piet Hagen: Journalists in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 331.
  78. ↑ Dutch original: “Yes, de goede, de real Nederlander is ergens tegen. Den geheelen dag is here. Men wil hem nieuwe ideeën, nieuwe overtuigingen brengen, brought the elders in de wereld groote volkeren levensmoed hebben, maat hij is er tegen. ”, René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90- 218-0231-7 , p. 131.
  79. ↑ Dutch original: "... Het aantal Nederlanders uit alle klassen onzer bevolking, dat tot de overtuiging komt, dat zeer veel in het nationaal-socialisme voor ons alleen wel degelijk aanvaardbaar is, wordt met den dag grooter.", Max Blokzijl: Zijn authoring , veroordeling en executie. (Ed .: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogdocumentaie ), Buyten en Schipperheyn, Amsterdam 1946, pp. 9-10.
  80. ↑ Dutch original: “… Het nationaal-socialisme zit in de lucht. Deze Leer is come op het oogenblik, waarop de Menschelijke samenleving er overrijp voor what. Het is de leer van den eerbied voor den work; van het volksche gemeenschapsbewustzijn; van de overwinning of the class counterparts; van den opbloei der persoonlijkheid in full harmony with de persoonlijke verantwoordelijkheid; van het zedelijk en lichamlijk welzijln der people door krachtig state taxation; van de tucht, orde en solidariteit van all population classes; van het voorgaan van het nationale boven het groepsbelang en van het groepsbelang boven het persoonlijk belang. ”, Max Blokzijl: Zijn legiting, veroordeling en executie. (Ed .: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogdocumentaie ), Buyten en Schipperheyn, Amsterdam 1946, p. 10 u. 18th
  81. ^ De Jonge in the Woordenboek van Nederland biography .
  82. ^ Raymond van den Boogaard in the NRC Handelsblad of October 22, 1988, quoted from Piet Hagen: Journalisten in Nederland. Een Persgeschiedenis in portraits. , Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 2002, ISBN 90-295-2222-4 , p. 331.
  83. ^ René Kok: Max Blokzijl: Stem van het nationaal-socialisme , Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-0231-7 , p. 19.
personal data
SURNAME Blokzijl, Max
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Blokzijl, Marius Hugh Louis Wilhelm (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch journalist and author
DATE OF BIRTH December 20, 1884
PLACE OF BIRTH Leeuwarden
DATE OF DEATH March 16, 1946
Place of death The hague