Sea fennel

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sea fennel
Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum)

Sea fennel ( Crithmum maritimum )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Genre : Crithmum
Type : Sea fennel
Scientific name
Crithmum maritimum
L.

The sea ​​fennel ( Crithmum maritimum ) is a species of the genus Crithmum within the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). Their use has been known since ancient times . It resembles wild fennel , hence the common name sea fennel ; other common German names are sea ​​fennel or bacilli herb . It thrives on rocky coasts in the area of ​​the spray .

description

Leaves and inflorescence
Infructescence and fruits

Vegetative characteristics

The sea fennel is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 50 centimeters. The stems of the sea fennel are the same color as the flowers and are woody at the bottom.

The alternately arranged leaves are one to two pinnate, succulent , up to 7 centimeters long and colored blue-green.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to October. Many flowers are densely arranged in double-gold inflorescences up to 80 millimeters in size and consisting of 8 to 36 rays. The flowers are pale yellow in color. The ribbed fruits are egg-shaped with a length of up to 6 millimeters.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Occurrence

The samphire occurs on the coasts of the Black Sea , the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic from the Canary Islands and Madeira northwards to Northern Ireland and Scotland . The sea fennel inhabits the coasts of the following countries: the Azores Islands, the Canary Islands, the Madeira Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Gibraltar, Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Monaco, Italy , the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Crete, Cyprus, European and Asian Turkey, Ukraine, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.

The sea fennel can tolerate contact with salty spray water well, depending on its location close to the sea. A single plant found on the dune island near Helgoland in 1935 proved to be inconsistent; the occurrence found in 2001 on Heligoland itself can now be regarded as established.

use

history

The medicinal and culinary usefulness of sea fennel has been known at least since ancient times. It is assumed that this was the case even before the beginning of the written tradition . Sea fennel in particular was brought along for food by seafarers . It was suitable due to its frequency near the coast and the preventive effect against scurvy resulting from the high vitamin C content .

cultivation

The sea fennel can be grown in gardens despite its relatively limited natural habitat. As long as there is sufficient drought and there is no standing water, the plant can thrive on numerous soils. However, the sea fennel is only partially frost-hardy and therefore needs special protection, especially outdoors in winter. A sunny to full sun location is essential for the plant to grow. The plant can easily be propagated by sowing or dividing in spring or autumn. With regard to aesthetic aspects, Seán O'Hara from gardening in mediterranean climates worldwide writes that the sea fennel is “handsome” and contrasts “pretty with numerous plants”. Furthermore, the added edibility makes it even more worthwhile to plant sea fennel.

Processing and application

The sea fennel leaves are occasionally made into salads or used as a spice.

The inconspicuous sea fennel, called fonoll marí in Mallorqui , is still an aromatic side dish to Mallorcan cuisine . After being picked, it is washed and pickled in vinegar. Marinated sea fennel is a common ingredient in typical rice dishes such as arròs brut or pa amb oli (bread with olive oil and tomatoes). But fonoll marí is also very popular as pickled pickles and is an alternative to Mallorcan capers .

The sea fennel has a special place in the Italian South Apulia, the Salento . The finocchio marino (or critimi ) is boiled in vinegar and marinated in olive oil with garlic and peppermint. It is served as a starter or in salads.

On the Greek Aegean Islands , where the herb is called κρίταμο (krítamo) based on its botanical name , it is used as an addition to salads and other Mediterranean starters. The herb with the rather exotic note is placed in salt / vinegar water and dosed rather sparingly because of its distinctive taste. You can prepare it fresh by boiling it briefly, or you can put it in and make it durable in this way.

Common names

For the sea fennel, the other German-language common names bacilli, garden bacilli, sea bacilli, sea thistle and sea peterlet exist or existed .

Common English names are samphire or rock samphire - hence Samphire Hoe, near Dover, got its name.

swell

literature

  • Llorens et al .: Catàleg de la Flora de Balears ( Catalog Flora of the Balearic Islands ). 1997 (Catalan)
  • Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: What is in bloom in the Mediterranean? (= Kosmos nature guide ). 3. Edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08104-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Rock Samphire. In: blog.metmuseum.org. Metropolitan Museum of Art , August 7, 2012, archived from the original September 5, 2015 ; accessed on May 1, 2013 .
  2. ↑ a b c Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Die Kosmos-Mediterranflora. Over 500 Mediterranean plants in color photos (=  Kosmos nature guide ). 2nd Edition. Franckh, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-440-05300-8 , p. 166 .
  3. ↑ a b c Peter Schönfelder, Ingrid Schönfelder: What blooms on the Mediterranean? 3. Edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08104-4 , pp. 160 .
  4. ^ Crithmum maritimum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ^ R. Hand (2011): Apiaceae. : Data sheet Crithmum maritimum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  6. ^ W. Panknin: An isolated find of Crithmum maritimum L. on the Helgoland dune. In: Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Volume 41, No. 1-13, 1936, p. 191 (PDF file) .
  7. ^ BP Kremer, A. Wagner: Crithmum maritimum L .: new for Germany. In: Floristic Newsletters. Volume 34, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-8.
  8. ↑ Klaus Adolphi : News on the flora of Helgoland. In: Braunschweiger geobotanical work. Volume 9, 2008, pp. 9-19 (PDF file) ( Memento of March 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Seán A. O'Hara: Crithmum maritimum. In: gardening in mediterranean climates worldwide. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015 ; accessed on May 26, 2013 (English).
  10. ↑ a b c Brigitte Kramer: Mallorca's Miraculixes . In: Mare . No. 85 , April 2011 ( mare.de ).
  11. ↑ a b c d Dirk Mann: Crithmum maritimum - sea fennel, sea fennel. Information on botany, location, care and reproduction. In: http : //www . Pflanzenreich.com/ . Gartenenzyklopädie PflanzenReich, November 19, 2011, accessed May 26, 2013 .
  12. ↑ In this regard, in contrast to Seán O'Hara from gardening in mediterranean climates worldwide , Dirk Mann writes in the garden encyclopedia flora-rich.com : "The soil should absolutely be avoided. Regular watering is essential. "
  13. ↑ Massimo Vaglio: Il finocchio marino noto come erva ti mare. In: fondazioneterradotranto.it. October 11, 2012, accessed April 24, 2014 (Italian).
  14. ↑ Entry on the topic of Krítamo / Krítama on the blog milos-greece.com ( Memento from January 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 118 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Sea fennel ( Crithmum maritimum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files