Nikolai Nilowitsch Burdenko

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Postage stamp of the Soviet Union, Nikolai Burdenko, 1976 (Michel № 4471, Scott № 4438)
Burdenko's grave bust in the Novodevichy Cemetery (Moscow)

Nikolay Burdenko ( Russian Николай Нилович Бурденко , May 22nd . Jul / 3. June  1876 greg. In Kamenka , Penza province ; † 11. November 1946 in Moscow ) was a Russian surgeon . He is considered to be the founder of Russian neurosurgery .

Life

Nikolai Burdenko was born in the Russian village of Kamenka. In 1891 he entered the theological seminary, which he finished in 1897. He then moved to the city of Tomsk , where he began studying at the State University that had recently been founded . After completing two courses there, Burdenko was expelled from the university for participating in the revolutionary student movement and thus forced to leave the city. In 1905 he took part in the Russo-Japanese War . He then continued his studies at the University of Dorpat and four years later became a professor at this university.

In the First World War he was used as a military doctor. In 1918 he switched to the newly founded University of Voronezh as a professor , and from 1923 he held the same post at Lomonosov University in Moscow. Its faculty there was restructured in 1930 into the First Medical Institute in Moscow .

He lost his hearing in 1937 as a late consequence of a wound from the Russo-Japanese War. From 1937 to 1946 Burdenko was chief surgeon in the Red Army and from 1939 a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . In 1941 he was the first to be awarded the Stalin Prize. In the same year he suffered a heart attack during the bombing by the German Air Force and temporarily lost his ability to speak. In 1943 he was a Hero of Socialist Labor award and Colonel General transported. From 1944 to 1946 he was the first president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR .

Nikolai Burdenko was one of the first to deal with the surgery of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system . He researched the appearance of shock and the methods of treating it. In 1929, on the initiative of Burdenko and Wassili Wassiljewitsch Kramer, a neurosurgical department with 40 beds was founded at the State X-ray Institute in Moscow , which became the Central Neurosurgical Institute in 1932 and expanded to 300 beds in 1934. The institute was named after Burdenko's death.

In September 1943 he was appointed chairman of the eight-person special commission, which was later named after him , and which, under the supervision of the deputy head of the NKVD secret police , Vsevolod Merkulov, was supposed to prove that the Katyn massacre had been committed by the German occupiers. She was subordinate to the Extraordinary State Commission for the Investigation of the Atrocities of the German Fascist Invaders . It included representatives of the military leadership, the People's Commissariat for Education, the Soviet Red Cross as well as the Russian Orthodox Metropolitan Nikolai and the writer Alexej Tolstoy .

Kathleen Harriman , daughter of the US Ambassador to Moscow W. Averell Harriman , and BBC correspondent Alexander Werth also took part in the press conference of the Burdenko Commission in Katyn in January 1944 . Both then reported that it was proven that the Germans were the perpetrators of Katyn. The report of the Burdenko commission was cited by the Soviet chief prosecutor Roman Rudenko as evidence for the German perpetrators at the first Nuremberg trial .

In a hearing before the Madden Commission of the US House of Representatives in 1952 , the math professor Boris Olschanski, who had long known Burdenko and who fled to the West in 1948, stated that Burdenko had told him a few weeks before his death that he had realized very well that the version that the Germans were the perpetrators of Katyn could not be true. But Stalin personally set the task of determining the guilt of the Germans.

Awards and honors

The Research Institute of Neurosurgery in Moscow was named after Burdenko, as were other facilities, streets in Moscow, Voronezh and other places. In addition, an asteroid (6754) was named Burdenko in his honor .

literature

Web links

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  1. ↑ biographical information, unless otherwise stated, according to: M. Ju. Sorokina. Operacija "Umelye ruki", ili čto uvidel akademik Burdenko v Orle , in: In memoriam. Sbornik pamjati Vladimira Alloja. Saint Petersburg / Paris 2005, pp. 370–372.
  2. ↑ M. Ju. Sorokina, Operacija "Umelye ruki", ili čto uvidel akademik Burdenko v Orle , in: In memoriam. Sbornik pamjati Vladimira Alloja. Saint Petersburg / Paris 2005, pp. 370–372.
  3. ↑ Лихтерман Л.Б .: Московский институт нейрохирургии. К 75-летию основания . Типография “Новости”, Moscow 2007.
  4. ↑ Natalia S. Lebiediewa: Komisja Specjalna i jej Przewodniczący Burdenko , in: Zeszyty Katyńskie. 23 (2008), pp. 57-58.
  5. ↑ The Katyn Forest Massacre. Part VII, pp. 2132-2138.
    Reprint z. B. in: Bolesław Wójcicki: Prawda o Katyniu . Warsaw 1953, pp. 208-211.
  6. ↑ Anna M. Ciencala, Natalia S. Lebedeva, Wojciech Materski (eds.): Katyn. A crime without punishment. New Haven / London 2007, p. 230.
  7. ↑ The Katyn Forest Massacre. Part VII, p. 1941.
  8. ↑ a b c Nikolai Burdenko - biography on WarHeroes.ru. Retrieved May 14, 2018 (Russian).
  9. ↑ a b c Евгений Мансуров: Awards Burdenko N. ( ru , book) In: Психология творчества. Вневременная родословная таланта . Retrieved March 29, 2018.
personal data
SURNAME Burdenko, Nikolai Nilowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Бурденко, Николай Нилович (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian-Soviet surgeon
DATE OF BIRTH June 3, 1876
PLACE OF BIRTH Kamenka , Penza Governorate , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH November 11, 1946
Place of death Moscow , Soviet Union