Orda horde

Orda-Horde ( Tatar : Urda-Ulus ; Mongolian : Orda-Ulus ) was the name of a Mongolian nomadic empire that had belonged to the Apanages ( partial rulers ) of the Golden Horde since 1242 . Their princes themselves belonged to the Genghisids and as such they recognized the khans de jure superordinate to them around 1300 according to the traditions of Rasheed ad-Din by putting their names at the beginning of their decrees. In fact, the leaders of the Orda Horde acted politically highly autonomous and studied the Khans on the Volga almost never on.

At the end of the 15th century the Orda Horde khanate was dissolved, divided along the Irtysh - Lake Balkhash line between the White Horde and the Chagatai Khanate and incorporated into their empires.

Origin of name, extent and tribal structure

The name "Orda-Horde" is derived from the name of the founder, Orda Khan . He was the eldest son of Dschötschi and thus a grandson of the Mongol prince Genghis Khan . Like all nomadic dominated steppe empires of Central Asia which was Khanate not defined by clear and firm boundaries. It essentially comprised northern Western Siberia . The natural border between the Orda Horde and the Kipchak Khanate to the west was formed by the Ural Mountains and in the east a short Horde boundary between the Empire of the Great Khan and the Chagatai Khanate was formed by the Ob . The southern border to the neighboring White Horde consisted of wide steppe land and was open. The inhabitants of the Orda Horde consisted mostly of nomads of various origins and were organized into tribes and clans . Some of them spoke Turkic and consisted of Kimek and Quangli, who had their own empires before the Mongol conquest. Other names such as Türk , Quangli, Qarluq , Uighur , Dschalair, Naiman, Chitai, Tatar , Moghul , Barlas and Merkit bear witness to the fact that various Turk-Mongolian groups were united in the Khanate of the Orda Horde. The Ostyaks are listed here as representatives of the non-Turkic-speaking population groups .

Relationship between the Orda and the White Horde

The relationship between the two neighboring khanates was ambivalent and determined by rivalries over the scarce pastureland. The Orda Khanate is often referred to as the “ White Horde ”. But this term is mainly applied to Shibani Khan and his family or to his sphere of influence. However, since the boundaries between the two khanates were fluid, this equation may well have been justified. In the late 13th and early 14th centuries , the khanate of the Orda Horde dominated the region. But in the 15th century the relationship between the hordes had changed and now the White Horde held the predominant position among the nomads of the northern steppes.

history

The khanate of the Orda Horde had its roots in the Ulus Dschötschi, which was built around 1218 . As early as 1207, Genghis Khan's eldest son Dschötschi had formally separated his domain from the entire empire and acted autonomously in it.

After the European campaign of the Mongols , the splitting of the Ulus Jötschi created both the Khanate of the Orda and the Khanate of the White Horde . In addition, the empire of the Great Khan emerged in the east , which included the ancestral country, Mongolia , and China , and in the south the Turkestan Chagatai Khanate . The small but influential Ögedei Khanate still existed to the east of and adjacent to the Chagatai Khanate . This fought for a long time about the supremacy in Turkestan and it also took over the name "Ulus Tschagatai" to support its claims to the actual Khanate Tschagatei. In the following years both khanates were united and the dispute between the dynasties settled.

With Orda the khanate had its first prince. Little is known about the history of the khanate during the 13th and 14th centuries. The little known of this khanate, with often contradicting information, owes posterity mainly to Raschid ad-Din (around 1303), Abulfeda (around 1315), Natanzi (around 1414), Ötemish Hajji (1550s), Ghaffari (around 1565), Haydar Razi (around 1618), Abu'l-Ghazi (early 1660s), also Munedschimbaschi (1670s) and Abdul Ghaffar (around 1744). According to Marco Polo , the khanate was financed primarily through typical Siberian products such as furs and falcons. In addition, it temporarily owned some trading cities on the Syr Darya .

Diplomatic relations with Persia ( Ilchanat ) and China ( Yuan Dynasty ) maintained the khanate under the princes Qonichi († 1301) and Bayan († 1310). Around 1303 , disputes over the throne described by the Persian chronicler Raschid ad-Din testify to the extensive independence of the Horde. Qonichi's son Bayan had to defend the throne for years against a cousin, but did not make it without Tohtu Khan's influence (r. 1291-1312). With the death of Jani Beg in 1357, the decline of the Blue Horde slowly became apparent. The princes Urus († 1376) and Toktamisch († 1406/07) intervened massively in the throne disputes of the Blue Horde. Among them, the Blue Horde were united with the Orda Horde around 1380 and this entire khanate was later named the Golden Horde . Whether Urus and Toktamisch come from the Ordas lineage is now considered controversial.

In the 15th century , the Scheibanids slowly rose to the rising power, derived from Shibani Khan . In the struggle for dominance over the steppe nomads, a Gengiskhanid named Koirigaq Oglun had begun to unite them in a new khanate. This forerunner of the Kazak khanate , which later became the first prince to have the Gengischanid Qasym Khan, was smashed by the neighboring Scheibanids in 1428. The area of the Orda Horde was also dissolved and this was divided between the White Horde and the Chagatai Khanate .

List of princes Orda-Horde and their successors

(Some dates vary due to the lack of sources.)

Orda 1227-125? (Son of Dschötschi )
Qongqiran (son of Ordas, according to Raschid ed Din, mentioned as early as 1251)
Qonichi approx. 1277–1301 (according to Raschid ed Din son Sartaqtais, grandson Ordas. He is even mentioned by Marco Polo or one of his ghostwriters.)
Bayan approx. 1298–1309 / 10 (son of Qonichi)
- Pretender : Kuilek around 1300 (another great-grandson of Ordas)
Sasibuka 1310-1320 (son of Bayan)
Irzan (according to Natanzi son Sasibuka, reign after Natanzi 1320-1344 / 5)
Mubarek Khoja (according to Natanzi son Irzan, ruled after Natanzi only in 1344/5, after Munedschimbaschi but 1320-1344 / 5)
Chimtai 1345-1361 (according to Natanzi son of Irzan)
Ordu Melik 1360-1362 (according to Natanzi's brother Cimtays)
Urus Khan 136? –1376
Toqtaqiya 1376–1377 (son of Urus)
Temür Malik 1377 (son of Urus)
Toktamisch Khan 1378–1395 (d. 1406/7)
Koirijaq Oglun 1394–1422 (son of Urus)
Baraq 1422–1428 (son of Koirijaq Oglun)
Kerei and Janibek (sons of Baraq, the innovators of the Kazak khanate around 1450 )

literature

Rashīd Al-Dīn : The successors of Genghis Khan. Translated from the Persian by John Andrew Boyle . Columbia University Press, New York NY et al. 1971, ISBN 0-231-03351-6 .
Thomas T. Allsen: The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the Ulus of Orda in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries. In: Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. (AEMA). Vol. 5, 1985 (1987), ISSN 0724-8822 , pp. 5-40.
Борис Дмитриевич Греков, Александр Юрьевич Якубовский: Золотая Орда и ее падение. Академия наук СССР, Москва 1950.
Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall : History of the Golden Horde in Kipchak, that is: the Mongols in Russia. With nine additional documents and a family tree, along with an index of four hundred sources [...] and an index of names and subject matter. Hartleben, Pesth et al. 1840. (Reprint. Philo-Press, Amsterdam 1979, ISBN 90-6022-375-6 ).
Henry Hoyle Howorth: History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. 2 divisions. Longmans, Green & Co., London 1880.
Tilman Nagel : Timur the Conqueror and the Islamic World of the Late Middle Ages. Beck, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-406-37171-X .
Магамет Гарифович Сафаргалиев: Расрад Золотой Орды. Мордовское книжное издательство, Саранск 1960
Emanuel Sarkisyanz : History of the oriental peoples of Russia up to 1917. A supplement to the East Slavic history of Russia. Oldenbourg, Munich 1961.
István Vásáry: The beginnings of coinage in the blue horde. In: Acta Orientalia. Vol. 62, No. 4, 2009, ISSN 0001-6446 , pp. 371-385, doi : 10.1556 / AOrient.62.2009.4.1 .

Remarks

↑ According to the coin publications, the prince is likely to be classified in the 1360s and in the descendants of Toqa Timur. See István Vásáry: The beginnings of coinage in the blue horde. 2009.
↑ According to Natanzi, Urus Khan was the son of Chimtai, but according to a source in the early 16th century, he was the son of Badik and a descendant of Toqa Timur, ie not Ordas.
↑ Toktamisch is sometimes seen in the literature as the nephew of Urus Khan, sometimes also counted among the descendants of Toqa Timur, ie not Ordas.

Web links

the princes of the white horde (in English)

[1] According to the coin publications, the prince is likely to be classified in the 1360s and in the descendants of Toqa Timur. See István Vásáry: The beginnings of coinage in the blue horde. 2009.

[2] According to Natanzi, Urus Khan was the son of Chimtai, but according to a source in the early 16th century, he was the son of Badik and a descendant of Toqa Timur, ie not Ordas.

[3] Toktamisch is sometimes seen in the literature as the nephew of Urus Khan, sometimes also counted among the descendants of Toqa Timur, ie not Ordas.