Ottoman rule in Egypt
The Ottoman rule in Egypt lasted from 1517 to 1882 (as Eyâlet Egypt) (formally until 1914).
After the conquest of the Mamluk Empire and the occupation of Egypt by the Ottomans (1517), they reorganized the administration. It was Syria deprived the administration of Egypt. In the 16th century , the country was an important base for the Ottomans to expand into North Africa and Arabia . The coastal areas of the Red Sea and Yemen were subjugated from Egypt and the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean attacked with a fleet .
However, the Ottomans began to lose control of Egypt as early as the 17th century , so that the old Mamluk elite regained their influence. Although there were clashes between the factions of the Faqariyya (predominance 1631–1656) and the Qasimiyya (predominance 1660–1692), the economy was able to develop further , especially due to the coffee trade .
The decline of the Egyptian economy began in the 18th century , as the increasing political insecurity, the Bedouin invasions and heavy tax burdens caused agriculture to decline due to the lack of maintenance of the irrigation systems and trade was also severely disrupted. In addition, there was a sharp decline in population due to famine and plague epidemics .
Although some leaders of the Mamluks succeeded, u. a. Ali Bey al-Kabir (1760–1772) tried to gain control of Egypt, but the internal power struggles and the occasional Ottoman interventions failed to establish stable rule and revive the economy.
When Napoleon's Egyptian expedition landed in the Nile Delta near Alexandria in 1798 , a new era of political and economic upswing opened up in Egypt. After the last French troops withdrew in 1801, violent power struggles broke out in Egypt. In these, Muhammad Ali Pasha asserted himself as the Ottoman viceroy in Egypt. The pacification of the country and the expansion of the irrigation system resulted in an economic upswing, which was also promoted by the attempt at state industrialization. After the Mamluk massacre in Cairo (1811), in which Muhammad Ali Pasha eliminated the Mamluk as a power factor in Egypt, a modern administration was established. Under the dynasty of Muhammad Ali , Egypt continued to belong to the Ottoman Empire, but sometimes even waged war against it. With the occupation of Egypt by British troops in the course of the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882, Great Britain took control of the country without ending its assignment to the Ottoman Empire. In support of the nationalist movement against the British occupation, Abbas II , the great-great-grandson of Muhammad Ali, was deposed by the British on December 18, 1914 during World War I and went into exile. Great Britain officially declared Egypt its protectorate , the Sultanate of Egypt , whereby the last formal relations with the Ottoman Empire were broken. The British brought Hussein Kamil for Sultan .
literature
- Ulrich Haarmann: History of the Arab World. CH Beck 2001; ISBN 3-406-47486-1
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Official text of: "British Proclamation on the Establishment of the Protectorate over Egypt" in: The London Gazette of December 18, 1914.