Ottoman-Polish War 1672–1676

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Ottoman-Polish War 1672–1676
Romeyn de Hooghe: A war scene of the Battle of Chocim 1673
Romeyn de Hooghe :
A war scene of the Battle of Chocim 1673
date 1672-1676
place Poland-Lithuania , today Ukraine
output Victory of the Ottoman Empire
consequences Polish Podolia with Kamieniec Podolski goes to the Ottoman Empire
Peace treaty Treaty of Buczacz , Treaty of Żurawno and Treaty of Constantinople
Parties to the conflict
Commander
Troop strength
up to 100,000 men (1672);
up to 35,000 men (1673);
up to 60,000 men (1674-75);
up to 60,000 men (1676); 		up to 10,000 men (1672);
up to 42,000 men (1673);
up to 20,000 men (1674-75);
up to 20,000 men (1676);
losses

a few thousand

a few thousand

Battles and sieges of the Ottoman-Polish War 1672–1676

The Ottoman-Polish War 1672–1676 was a war between the Ottoman Empire in league with the Khanate of Crimea and Doroshenko Cossacks on one side and the Republic of Poland-Lithuania in league with Wallachia and the Cossacks of right-bank Ukraine on the other . The war began in January 1672 with a declaration of war by the Turkish sultan and ended in 1676 with the Treaty of Żurawno , in which Poland was forced to cede its sovereignty over Podolia with the capital Kamieniec Podolski to the Ottoman Empire.

background

The Ottoman-Polish War 1672–1676 had its origins in 1666, when Petro Doroshenko , Cossack hetman in “ right-bank Ukraine ”, had allied himself with the Crimean Tatars against Poland. In the Treaty of Andrussovo , 1667, the state of the Zaporog Cossacks , the Hetmanat , which emerged from parts of Polish Ukraine in 1649 , was divided into a Polish-dominated Ukraine west of the Dnieper (right-bank Ukraine) and a Russian-dominated Ukraine east of the Dnieper ( left-bank Ukraine ). Ukraine then sank into the chaos of a civil war between various Cossack parties, which were either Pro-Polish, Pro-Russian or Pro-Criminal-Ottoman for decades . It was a period known in Ukrainian historiography as "the time of ruin". In the fight against Poland, Petro Doroshenko tried to gain control of the entire right bank of Ukraine. His attempt failed and, in the face of the military and political defeats, was forced to enter into negotiations with the Ottoman Sultan from 1667 onwards. He concluded a treaty with him that formally made the right-wing Cossack-Ukrainian hetmanate with the capital Tschyhyryn a vassal state (protectorate) of the Ottoman Empire.

The Polish-Lithuanian Republic was weakened by the Khmelnyzky uprising 1648–1654, the Russo-Polish War 1654–1667, the Swedish-Polish War 1655–1660 and an internal rebellion directed against the Polish king by Prince Lubomirski 1665–1666, to fight any Cossack revolts or just to regain full control of the Ukrainian territory, which has remained a constant trouble spot since 1648.

Since 1654, the Khanate of Crimea was allied with Poland against Tsarist Russia and Ataman Bohdan Khmelnyzkyj . In order to capitalize on Poland's weakness, the Crimean Khanate, under the leadership of the new Khan, Adil Giray, changed sides again in 1666 ("Crimean Tatar alternation") and entered into an alliance directed against Poland with Hetman Doroshenko. Both allies were initially successful and defeated a 6,000-strong Polish army under Sebastian Machowski in the battle of Ściana and Brajłów in Podolia on December 19, 1666, but the Cossack-Crimean Tatar offensive was launched the following year by the armed forces of the field hetman the Polish crown , Jan Sobieski , stopped and the Doroshenko Cossacks in league with the Crimean Tatars themselves routed several times. After the Battle of Podhajce , which was victorious for the Poles , in 1667, Poland concluded armistice agreements with the Crimean Khanate on October 16, 1667 and with Doroshenko on October 19 of the same year.

When Doroshenko demanded extensive autonomy for Ukraine in 1669 , he was removed from office by order of the Polish king and replaced by Hetman Mychajlo Chanenko . When the khan of the Crimea, Adil Giray, who had been friendly towards the Poles since 1667, made an alliance with the new hetman of the right-bank Ukraine without first asking his suzeran for permission, the latter was overthrown in May 1671 by the Ottoman sultan and by a more loyal vassal, Selim I. Giray . Doroshenko then renewed the alliance of 1666–67 with the new Crimean Khan. In August 1671 the war broke out again, but this time the unequal alliance partners were militarily defeated by the troops of Jan Sobieski. Thereupon Selim asked his suzerain, the Turkish sultan, for military assistance, who used the "request" of his vassal as a pretext to declare war on Poland-Lithuania in order to conquer Ukraine for the Ottoman Empire, which was disputed between Poland, Russia and the Crimean Khanate .

The campaign of 1672

Andreas Stech :
Grand Hetman of the Crown, Jan Sobieski, in the Battle of Chocim

The Ottoman armed forces (up to 100,000 combat troops excluding the convoy ) under the leadership of Grand Vizier Köprülü Fâzıl Ahmed under Sultan Mehmed IV entered the territory of the Polish Ukraine in August 1672, took the Kamieniec Podolski fortress on August 26 of the same year, which finally the siege of Lemberg followed on September 20 . The Crimean Tatars, who had not previously participated in the siege, began their raids between the Wieprz , San , Bug and Wislok rivers , in an area that included the cities of Zamość , Lemberg , Biecz and Drohobych . Sobieski chased them with a private cavalry of up to 4,000 men ("Sobieskis campaign against the Tatar raids", in Polish "Wyprawa Sobieskiego na czambuły tatarskie") from October 5 to October 14. However, Sobieski's “war campaign” had little influence on the end result of the 1672 campaign, although up to 44,000 people were freed from captivity (Jasyr) of the Crimean Tatars who had been driven into slavery on the Crimean peninsula . The Polish troops were too weak and in 1672 could not cope with the Ottoman army in the open air. Due to internal disagreements between King Michael Wisniowiecki , who had come to power in 1669 through the mass of the small nobility , and the magnates who wanted to force the inactive king to abdicate, weakened Poland was completely unprepared for another war Liberum veto in the first half of 1672 blocked the Polish Diet twice (by the supporters of the king) not to order higher taxes to increase the troop contingent in the face of the Ottoman declaration of war. After several military defeats, the king's representatives were forced to sign the pre-peace treaty of Buczacz with the representative of the Ottoman Empire, Kaplan, Paşa , Wesir and Beylerbey of Eyalet Aleppo on October 18, 1672, which gave the Ottoman Empire Podolia with the fortress Kamieniec Podolski and almost the entire right bank of Ukraine awarded the Doroshenko Cossacks as vassals of the Sublime Porte , and the Polish crown undertook to pay the Turkish sultan an annual tribute of 22,000 "Czerwony Złoty".

An account of this campaign is recorded in the chronicle of Hacı Ali .

A representation of the starting situation of the Battle of Chocim in 1673 from the 17th century.

The campaign of 1673

Since the Treaty of Buczacz was not ratified by the Polish Reichstag due to its "shameful character" (considerable territorial losses, tribute payments) , the war continued the next year. The Polish parliament ordered the increase of taxes in order to raise a force of 43,000 men (the crown of Poland 31,000 men, the Lithuanian part of the empire 12,000 men). Grand Hetman Sobieski took over the leadership of the new army, which succeeded in defeating the Ottomans in the field several times. Large parts of Moldova and the disputed Ukrainian areas (with the exception of the Turkish Kamieniec Podolski, which was besieged by Polish troops ) were evacuated by Ottoman troops. In the Battle of Chocim , on November 11th, 1673, Sobieski took the Ottoman war camp and the Chocim fortress , while the garrison of up to 35,000 men stationed there under the command of Hüseyin (Hussein), Paşa of Silistria , was attacked by the hussars was almost completely worn out. After taking Chocim the Polish king moved the war events on the territory of Moldova and even took its capital Jassy a short term, but he had to because of desertion and unauthorized withdrawal of hetman Michael Casimir Pac , who commanded the Lithuanian military unit and him back to Lithuania took to withdraw quickly from there. When King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki died on November 10, 1674 Hetman Sobieski was for his military successes and achievements for the fatherland king of Poland-Lithuania elected . The victory at Chocim changed nothing in the further course of the war, nor could it be "cannibalized" politically against the Sublime Porte. The war continued with undiminished severity over the next few years.

The campaigns from 1674 to 1675

The defense of Trembowla against the Turks and Tatars under the leadership of Jan Samuel Chrzanowski and his wife Anna Dorota Chrzanowska, who in the painting vigorously urges her husband, who is thinking of the city's surrender, to fight the attackers (Aleksander Lesser 1814– 1884)

In the years after 1674, in the face of Ottoman defeats, the Polish Reichstag, ruled by the magnates, refused to raise taxes to pay the army again, which led to high desertion within the unpaid Polish-Lithuanian army. In addition, the Grand Hetman of Lithuania, Michael Kasimir Pac , attacked his intimate enemy Sobieski, which encouraged intrigues within the Polish-Lithuanian army, while the Ottomans reorganized and strengthened their armed forces. Nevertheless, the Poles remained on the offensive from 1674 onwards, also favored by a Russian-Cossack-Ottoman rift that became apparent from 1674 (war of the Cossacks from left-bank Ukraine in league with Russia against the Ottoman vassal Doroshenko and his Cossack in Tschyhyryn). The Poles regained the entire right bank of Ukraine (except for Kamieniec Podolski) and ruled it from autumn 1674 to spring 1675; however, the Ottomans again put an army on the march against Poland and responded in June 1675 with a counter-offensive. The Ottoman army, up to 30,000 strong, led by Serdar Şişman Ibrahim, Paşa of Buda and a son-in-law of the Sultan, crossed the Dniester near Tighina , where it was joined by a Crimean Tatar force of almost equal manpower near Manaczyn. Şişman took the bar , followed by Zbaraż on June 27 and Podhajce on September 11 , and began the siege of Trembowla on September 20 . After the Battle of Lesienice, which was victorious for the Poles, on August 24 near Lemberg against the Crimean Tatars (up to 20,000 men) of Nuradin Safa Giray, Sobieski organized a relief army for the besieged city. Hearing reports of the coming relief army, Şişman broke the siege of the city on October 11 and withdrew behind the Dniester.

Romeyn de Hooghe :
The Siege of Trembowla by the Ottoman-Tatar forces in 1675

The campaign of 1676

In August 1676, the Ottomans began again in league with the Crimean Tatars (up to 60,000 men under the leadership of Şajtan Ibrahim, Paşa of Damascus and Selim I. Giray ) with a new offensive against Poland. They entered Poland via Pokutien and marched in the direction of what is now Ivano-Frankivsk . After the battle of Wojniłów of 24 September Sobieski put something back into the interior, where he met with about 20,000 men in the war camp Żurawno, south of Lviv in Halych , an Ottoman-Tatar siege for three weeks was held (from September 25 to October 14, 1676), until both parties finally, exhausted, agreed to an armistice.

graduation

After the Battle of Żurawno, both warring parties concluded the Treaty of Żurawno on October 17, 1676 . In it, the Ottoman Empire kept direct control over Podolia with Kamieniec Podolski (Ottoman Eyalet Podolya 1672 / 76-1699). Poland received part of the lost territories ( Biała Cerkiew ) in the "right-wing Ukraine", the rest went to Hetman Doroshenko as vassal of the Sublime Porte (after his disempowerment by the Russian tsar in 1676 to Jurij Khmelnyzkyj , a son of Bohdan Kmelnyzkyj ), as Hetman 1677-81, also prisoners of war were exchanged. The content of the Żurawno treaty found its recognition under international law in the Treaty of Constantinople in 1678 , in which the Turkish sultan, at the “request” of the Crimean Khan, additionally waived the tribute to be paid by the Poles, but never paid .

See also

literature

Web links