General election in South Korea 2020

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(List election votes)

 %

40

30th

20th

10

0

33.8

33.3

9.6

6.7

5.4

2.7

1.8

1.0

8.2

MHP ^a

DSP ^b

JP

GP ^d

YMP ^e

MSP ^f

GJP

MGP ^h

Otherwise.

Gains and losses

compared to 2016

 % p

 10

   5

   0

  -5

-10

-15

-20

-25

+0.3

+6.9

+2.4

+6.7

+5.4

-24.0

-0.8

+0.4

+2.7

MHP ^a

DSP ^b

JP

GP ^d

YMP ^e

MSP ^f

GJP

MGP ^h

Otherwise.

Remarks:

^a The Mirae tonghap party and the Mirae hanguk party came into being in February through the merger of the Jayu hanguk party, which was renamed in 2017,with smaller conservative parties. The results are compared with those of the Saenuri party.

^b The results are compared with those of the DMP and the Minju party (which joined the DMP in 2016).

^d Split from the Bareun mirae party .

^e Split from the Deobureo minju party .

^f The MSP emerged from an amalgamation of the Bareun-mirae party (which emerged from the Bareun party and Gungminui party ), the New Alternative and the Minju-peyonghwa party . The results are compared with those of the Gungminui party.

^h The MGP emerged from the merger of the People's Union Party and the Sae-minjung-jeong party . The results are compared with those of the Sae-minjung-jeong party.

6th

163

17th

3

5

3

19th

84

6th 163 17th 3 5 3 19th 84 

A total of 300 seats

• JP : 6
• DMP : 163
• DSP : 17
• YMP : 3
• Otherwise: 5
• GP : 3
• MHP : 19
• VZP : 84

The election was seen as an important test of mood for Moon Jae-ins's presidency

The 21st parliamentary election in South Korea took place on April 15, 2020. The South Korean population voted on the composition of the South Korean National Assembly (Gukhoe) with 300 seats. 253 members of parliament were directly elected in a simple majority vote in the constituencies, 47 in proportional representation via party lists .

About 44 million people were called to vote. These included around 170,000 South Koreans living abroad.

background

The building of the South Korean National Assembly

The election was seen as the first serious clash between Moon Jae-ins Deobureo-minju party (DMP) and the newly formed conservative opposition party Mirae-tonghap party (MTP). Because of its importance and timing, the general election has been compared to the mid-term election in the United States . In addition, the election was also dominated by politics to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea .

Electoral reform

The election was the first in what was often described as an extremely complicated electoral reform. 253 of the 300 seats were still awarded by a relative majority vote in single-constituencies, the rest via national party lists. However, while previously all 47 remaining seats were allocated proportionally among the parties with at least 3% of the votes nationwide, this was now only the case with 17 seats. The remaining 30 seats were allocated as compensation mandates to parties that received few seats in terms of their share of the vote. Parties with a relatively large number of direct mandates did not receive any of these compensatory mandates. In order to still be able to obtain compensatory mandates, the two largest parties competed pro forma with so-called "satellite parties" in the list election.

The voting age was reduced from 19 to 18 in advance.

execution

Parties

Establishing a political party in South Korea requires recruiting more than 1,000 party members in five cities or provinces in the country . Due to the massive and sometimes quickly and confusing party foundations and mergers, criticism of this practice quickly arose, as too many options on the ballot papers could also have a negative effect. In total, almost 50 parties have registered with the national election commission to vote. Many small parties began to use similar party names or even names of earlier parties (such as Saenuri or Hannara) again. In addition, a battle broke out over the choice of party colors before the election.

Due to the complicated South Korean electoral system, which was preceded by the aforementioned short-term change that favors smaller parties, both major parties are sending sister parties to the election so as not to run the risk of unnecessarily losing seats. For the Deobureo-minju party, the Yeollin-minju party and the Deobureo-shimin party, and for the Mirae-tonghap party, the Mirae-hanguk party . The DSP's logo is also very reminiscent of that of the DMP, which further underlines the party's satellite status and purpose. Especially within the government camp, the step towards the establishment of such satellite parties was viewed as critical, as it was feared that the population would lose confidence.

The third largest party with 20 seats in the National Assembly was the Minsaeng Party (Party for the Livelihood of the People) until the election . This was formed at the end of February 2020 in view of the elections as an amalgamation of the Bareun-mirae party , the Daean-shin Party and the Minju peyonghwa party .

The Jeongui party under Sim Sang-jung only had six seats in the Gukhoe after various departures before the election. Like the green Noksaek party, you are unlikely to have any serious prospects for the election.

Ahn Cheol-soo returned to South Korean politics in early 2020

Ahn Cheol-soo , who returned to South Korean politics after his failed campaign in the 2017 presidential election in South Korea , declared at the end of February 2020 that his newly formed Gungminui party would not run its own candidates in the 253 constituencies where majority suffrage applies . This move was seen as favoring the Mirae-tonghap party.

Some of the North Korean refugees in South Korea founded their own party at the beginning of March 2020 in order to run in the elections. The Nambuk-tongil party is considered right-wing extremist and vehemently anti-communist . Given its vision of liberating all North Koreans, it can be assumed that the party would support a first military strike against the regime led by Kim Jong-un .

At several pro- Park Geun-hye groups such as the Uri Gonghwa party around Cho Won-jin , the Chin Park shin party (New Pro Park Party) of Hong Moon-jong and the evangelical Gidok-jayu tongil party it was unclear for a long time whether these parties would run alone or in an alliance. You ultimately competed alone. Park Geun-hye himself spoke up in the run-up to the vote from prison with a handwritten letter and spoke out in favor of the Mirae-tonghap party. She also called on the other right-wing parties to unite with the MTP. While party chairman Hwang was delighted with Park's gesture, it was also criticized as Park's renewed interference in daily South Korean politics was seen as inappropriate and could have a negative impact on efforts to lead moderate voters into the conservative camp.

In addition, the left-wing Minjung party also had a seat in the National Assembly before the election .

The newly formed Yeoseongui Party ( Women's Party ) focused its election campaign on feminist positions and set itself the goal of overcoming the alleged patriarchy in Korean society.

Campaign issues

South Korean election campaigns

Candidates were allowed to start their official election campaigns from April 2, 2020.

Due to the fact that South Korea is one of the hardest hit states amid the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the election campaign was determined by it. Every voter was required to wear gloves and protective masks on the day of voting. The Chairman of the South Korean Electoral Commission Kwon Soon-il has called on the country's citizens to vote despite the current circumstances. As the crisis has overshadowed the usual controversial issues of daily South Korean politics, such as the progress of the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and how to deal with Park Geun-hye, rival parties have shifted the focus of their electoral strategy to how to respond to the virus outbreak.

The ruling party DMP urged voters to support the government's efforts to combat the coronavirus and minimize the economic impact of the pandemic. It therefore called for the additional 11.7 trillion won (about 9.61 billion US dollars ) budget to be increased by an additional 6 trillion won. The DMP is also committed to the expansion of free WiFi and wants to create 53,000 additional WiFi locations across the country by 2022. It also announced plans to provide home finance to one million households while expanding home purchase finance through the provision of with-profits mortgages, exclusively for young and recently married people.

The main opposition party, the MTP, meanwhile, highlighted the government's failure to contain the coronavirus in the early stages of the outbreak. Conservative politicians have condemned the government's reluctance to ban Chinese people from entering the country and criticized what they consider to be the inadequate distribution of face masks to citizens of the country. In addition, the MTP wants to achieve the abolition of the Ministry of Public Affairs and accelerate the expansion of nuclear energy in South Korea . The MTP wants to relax the rules for the refurbishment and rebuilding of old housing in order to build many houses in areas where there is a housing shortage. In addition, the mortgage regulations are to be relaxed so that people can easily buy houses. According to the MTP, the tax burden on the middle class should be reduced by adapting the standards for high-priced housing and the aim is to expand the range of housing for young and newly married couples.

After the former doctor and now politician Ahn Cheol-soo himself fought the virus on the front lines in the badly affected city of Daegu , his party won decisive approval in political opinion polls .

The Jeongui Party wants every young man under the age of 20 to be given a starting capital of 30 million won. According to the party, it could be up to 50 million won in the absence of parents. The party wants to ban high-ranking government officials from owning multiple homes. The JP announced the introduction of a maximum wage system to eliminate wage inequality. In addition, the wages of political leaders are to be capped at five times the minimum wage, the maximum wage in public institutions to seven times the minimum wage and the maximum wage in private companies to 30 times the minimum wage. The JP also condemned the establishment of satellite parties for the election. The party filed a lawsuit against the Mirae hanguk party, seeking to have it canceled . However, this was rejected by a court in Seoul.

The Minsaeng party has asked the government to postpone the elections in the face of the corona pandemic. Several candidates from all camps had to temporarily stop their campaigns because of their own illnesses or because of the illness of campaign workers. It was also decreed that, under Article 38 of the Public Election Act, people with reduced mobility due to disabilities or people living in hospitals, nursing homes and prisons can vote from their place of residence instead of visiting polling stations. The National Electoral Commission stated that this law also applies to voters with COVID-19.

The Uri Gonghwa Party would freeze the minimum wage for five years and abolish the 52-hour workweek . The party wants to abolish oil taxes and lower corporate taxes. She is campaigning for the expansion of nuclear energy by 50 percent and would like to lower taxes on electricity. The party wants to strengthen relations with the United States , Hong Kong and Taiwan . At the same time, the UGP wants to achieve the denuclearization of North Korea.

Special occurrences

The Mirae-tonghap party expelled Kim Dae-ho, its candidate for Seat A in Seoul's Gwanak-gu neighborhood , after speaking negatively about people aged 30 to 40. According to Kim, they would not support the Conservative Party because they did not know how the country was built and were already used to a modern lifestyle.

Two days before the election, the MTP also ruled out Cha Myong-jin , a two-time Gukhoe MP and candidate for Seat C in Bucheon City, for speaking derogatory about families who were victims of the Sewol disaster .

Candidates

A total of 1,118 candidates, including almost 60 former advisers and employees of the presidential office and the government, ran in the elections. This value is considered unusually high. In addition, male candidates made up 81 percent of the total, while women made up only 19 percent.

For the MTP, Thae Yong-ho, a defected former North Korean diplomat in Gangnam-gu in Seoul, applied for a seat in the Gukhoe. This was seen as evidence that North Korean refugees are finding increasing acceptance in South Korean society. However, this move was also criticized by politicians from the government camp such as the political veteran Kim Chong-in , as Thae was accused of having no connections to South Korea other than his defector status. In addition, Kim described Thaes nomination as "national disgrace". Thae were given a good chance of gaining a mandate. The seat has been held by conservative politicians for three decades, and in a poll it was 42.6% vs 33.7% ahead of rival Kim Sung-kon. Kim Chong-in moved to the MTP camp himself shortly afterwards. Thae won the seat.

Yoo Seong-min , who after much back and forth with Hwang ultimately helped found a united conservative opposition party, did not run for a seat again.

Hong Jun-pyo originally sought to apply for a seat in Gyeongsangnam-do , but withdrew his intentions after the MTP wanted to nominate him in the Sudogwon region . Instead, he applied for seat B of the Suseong-gus of Daegu as an independent. Hong won his seat.

Prestigious clashes

In some constituencies there were particularly prestigious clashes of established politicians. Some of these election campaigns received a lot of attention in the Western media.

Lee Nak-yeon (DMP) versus Hwang Kyo-ahn (MTP)

In Jongno-gu capital Seoul two former met Prime Minister another. Lee Nak-yeon , who served as the country's 45th prime minister between 2017 and 2020, stood for the ruling Deobureo-minju party and met Hwang Kyo-ahn , the party leader of the largest opposition party and 44th prime minister of South Korea. Hwang also served as interim president of the republic after Park Geun-hye resigned . For a long time, Hwang's appearance in Jongno was considered unsafe. Lee is also said to have his own ambitions for the presidency. The fight for Jongno is considered to be particularly significant, since three of the former representatives of this entity later became President of South Korea: Yun Bo-seon , Roh Moo-hyun and Lee Myung-bak . Lee Nak-yeon's successor as Prime Minister Chung Sye-kyun also represented this constituency. Lee was given better chances of getting the seat. In a survey against Hwang, he led with 55.1% to 34.5%. Lee won the seat.

Ko Min-jung (DMP) versus Oh Se-hoon (MTP)

In Seat B of Seoul's Gwangjin-gu , the former mayor of the metropolis, Oh Se-hoon (Mirae-tonghap party) competed against the former television presenter of the Korean Broadcasting System and government spokeswoman Moon Jae-ins Ko Min-jung . With an interruption of four years, the seat was represented for a total of 20 years by the current Minister of Justice of the country, Choo Mi-ae . Oh were initially given slightly better chances of victory. Both led an election campaign focused on younger voters. Oh promised, for example, that he would build a "help center" for those who live alone in studio apartments or multiplex units in order to be able to offer a parcel delivery service there. Ko said she would build a single-person community platform called Gwangjin One Town , which would provide common spaces such as a kitchen, garage, and an online platform for people to share information. Oh is harshly criticized by the progressive side, which led to his having to cancel campaign appearances. He is also accused of illegal campaign funding. Ultimately, Ko won the seat.

Na Kyung-won has represented her seat in Dongjak-gu with interruptions for a total of more than 13 years

In seat B of the Seoul Dongjak-gu , the long-time Conservative MP, former parliamentary group leader and former judge Na Kyung-won met the progressive judge Lee Soo-jin , who was sent by the ruling party. Due to their similar personal backgrounds, both are seen as graduates of Seoul National University and as judges as identical candidates who differ only in their political attitudes. Both also attracted attention during major political crises. Lee was seen as a vehement critic of the former presiding judge of the Supreme Court of South Korea Yang Sung-tae , who fell into twilight in the affair of Park Geun-hye ; Na led the critics around the scandalous former justice minister of the Moon government Cho Kuk . Polls saw Lee at an advantage over Na and gave her a good chance of pushing the longtime politician out of office. The two candidates officially registered their candidacy on March 26, 2020. A few days before the election, Oh Se-chan, the candidate of the Uri Gonghwa party, announced his withdrawal from the election in Dongjak-gu for health reasons. At the same time he called for the election of Na. Still, Lee won the seat.

Survey

Majority vote

Institute	date	MTP	DMP	MSP	JP	MGP	HGP	UGP	CPP	Otherwise.
Gallup	7th-8th April	28.0	53.7	0.9	7.3	0.7	-	0.9	0.4	1.2
Real meter	6-8 April	32.7	46.1	2.8	5.3	1.7	1.8	1.2	2.2	1.6
Real meter	March 30–3. April	31.6	47.5	2.4	5.9	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.9	1.8
Gallup	March 23–2. April	29.5	52.6	0.1	5.1	0.4	-	0.6	0.4	1.3
C&I	28-30 March	33.3	44.7	1.3	4.5	2.0	-	1.6	1.9	3.7
Research & Research	28-29 March	34.8	52.2	1.2	4.7	1.4	-	2.7	-	5.8

Proportional representation

Institute	date	MHP	DSP	MSP	JP	MGP	HGP	YMP	GP	UGP	CPP	Otherwise.
Gallup	7th-8th April	30.7	32.1	3.6	18.1	-	-	11.2	8.4	1.4	-	2.8
Real meter	6-8 April	30.8	26.8	3.3	9.0	2.1	1.9	13.6	5.9	1.1	2.7	3.0
Ipsos	4th-6th April	28.8	27.6	1.4	14.9	-	-	10.2	8.8	1.8	-	6.5
Real meter	March 30–3. April	28.5	24.8	3.2	9.7	1.8	1.8	16.4	5.4	2.2	2.4	4.2
Gallup	March 23–2. April	30.7	28.0	2.7	14.7	-	-	13.3	6.7	1.3	-	2.7
Real meter	March 30–1. April	29.0	24.0	3.4	9.5	1.4	2.0	16.5	6.1	2.3	2.1	3.7
C&I	28-30 March	31.9	22.5	2.4	7.7	1.8	-	15.5	5.3	2.2	1.6	3.4
Research & Research	28-29 March	34.8	26.3	1.4	13.6	-	-	14.4	5.4	2.1	-	1.8
Real meter	23-27 March	30.8	33.4	2.5	6.6	1.3	-	13.1	4.8	2.2	2.6	2.8

Results

The first exit polls already showed that the ruling Deobureo-minju party was able to achieve a majority.

Political party		Constituency mandates				Proportional representation						Total seats	+/-
						Party list		Parallel		compensation
		be right	%	Seats	+/-	be right	%	Seats	+/-	Seats	+/-
	Deobureo minju party	14,345,425	49.91	163	+53	-	-	-	-13	-	-	163	+40
	Deobureo shimin party	-	-	-	-	9,307,112	33.35	6th	(New)	11	11	17th	(New)
	Mirae tonghap party	11,915,277	41.45	84	-21	-	-	0	-17	-	-	84	-38
	Mirae hanguk party	-	-	-	-	9,441,520	33.84	7th	(New)	12	12	19th	(New)
	Jeongui party	487,519	1.69	1	-1	2,697,956	9.67	2	-2	3	3	6th	± 0
	Gungminui party	-	-	-	-	1,896,719	6.79	1	(New)	2	2	3	(New)
	Yeollin minju party	-	-	-	-	1,512,763	5.42	1	(New)	2	2	3	(New)
	Minsaeng party	415.473	1.44	0	-25	758.778	2.71	0	-13	0	0	0	-38
	Gidok-Jayu-Tong-il party	7,663	0.02	0	0	513.159	1.83	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Minjung party	172.239	0.59	0	0	295,612	1.05	0		0		0	0
	Uri Gonghwa Party	47,603	0.16	0	(New)	208.719	0.74	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	Women's party	208,697	0.74	0	(New)	208,697	0.74	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	National Revolutionary Dividend Party	208.324	0.72	0	(New)	200,657	0.71	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	Chin Park shin party	1,884	<0.01	0	(New)	142,747	0.51	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	Jayu-ui-Saebyeog party	-	-	-	-	101,819	0.36	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	Saenuri party	269	<0.01	0	(New)	80.208	0.28	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	Mirae party	1,574	<0.01	0	(New)	71,423	0.25	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	Mirae Minju Party	-	-	-	-	71,297	0.25	0	(New)	0	0	0	(New)
	Noksaek Party (Green Party)	-	-	-	-	58,948	0.21	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Hanguk gyeongje party	-	-	-	-	48,807	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Nodongdang (Labor Party)	15,752	0.05	0	0	34,272	0.12	0	0	0		0	0
	Other parties	8356	0.03	0	-	148,573	0.49	0	-	0	-	0	0
	Independent	1,124,167	3.91	5	–6	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	–6
Invalid / blank ballot papers		-	-	-	-	1,226,532	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
total		29,127,637	100	253	0		100	17th	-30	30th	+30	300	0
Registered voters / participation		43,994,247	66.2	-	-	43,994,247		-	-	-	-	-	-
Source: National Electoral Commission , Naver

• 

  Constituencies won: Deobureo minju party (163) Mirae tonghap party (84) Jeongui party (1) Independents (5)
  
  
  
  

After the election

Hwang Kyo-ahn announced his resignation as party chairman just hours after the defeat of his Mirae-tonghap party.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ https://news.naver.com/main/election/nation2020/result/proportional.nhn
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Federal Agency for Civic Education: Parliamentary Elections in South Korea | bpb. Retrieved April 12, 2020 . 
3. ↑ South Korean 2020 Legislative Election: A Mid-Term Test for Moon Jae-In. Retrieved March 25, 2020 (American English). 
4. ↑ ^{a b} 김수연: Coronavirus rattles S. Korean politics 30 days before April elections. March 15, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
5. ^ ^{A b} South Korean primaries could make or break Moon Jae-in's presidency . In: The Japan Times Online . February 24, 2020, ISSN  0447-5763 ( Online [accessed March 27, 2020]).
6. ↑ ^{a b c} 김한주: (LEAD) Parties focus on virus responses for April elections. March 27, 2020, accessed on March 27, 2020 . 
7. ^ ^{A b} The Korea Herald: [Kim Myong-sik] Ridiculous election system breeds disposable parties. March 24, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
8. ↑ Yonghap: National Assembly passes electoral reform bill amid opposition lawmakers' protest
9. ↑ Official election campaign for parliamentary elections begins. Retrieved April 9, 2020 . 
10. ↑ ^{a b} 이원주: First political party of NK defectors launched. March 6, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
11. ↑ ^{a b} Too many parties confuse voters. March 24, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
12. ↑ Battle for National Assembly seats starts with party colors. March 28, 2020, accessed on March 28, 2020 . 
13. ↑ The Korea Herald: Parties draw up proportional candidate lineup. March 24, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
14. ↑ Ruling DP's Satellite Party Confirms 34 Proportional Candidates. Accessed March 27, 2020 (English). 
15. ↑ Ruling party in dilemma over 'satellite party' creation. March 5, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
16. ^ The diminishing influence of S. Korea's minor political parties. Retrieved March 26, 2020 . 
17. ^ Ahn Cheol-soo joins forces with United Future Party for April 15 elections. Retrieved March 25, 2020 (English). 
18. ^ North Korean defectors create political party. March 12, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
19. ^ Andrew Salmon: N Korean defectors form S Korean political party. March 6, 2020, accessed March 27, 2020 (American English). 
20. ↑ The Korea Herald: [Kim Myong-sik] Park stirs up politics in epidemic-stricken nation. March 10, 2020, accessed on March 26, 2020 . 
21. ^ Park Geun-hye appeals to supporters to join mainstream conservative opposition with letter from prison. Retrieved March 26, 2020 . 
22. ^ Park Geun-hye and UFP. March 5, 2020, accessed on March 26, 2020 . 
23. ↑ Ex-President Park Geun-hye sharply criticized for writing. Retrieved March 26, 2020 . 
24. ↑ 'Chairman Hwang was determined to unify the split opposition camp'. Retrieved March 27, 2020 . 
25. ^ South Korea's new feminist party aims to shake up patriarchal nation. Retrieved March 27, 2020 (UK English). 
26. ^ Campaign Period for General Elections to Kick off Thurs. Retrieved April 12, 2020 (English). 
27. ↑ 더불어 민주당. Retrieved March 27, 2020 (Korean). 
28. ↑ 더불어 민주당. Retrieved March 27, 2020 (Korean). 
29. ↑ 미래 통합 당: [국민 과 함께 하는 2020 희망 공약 개발단] 공정 하고 정의 로운 사회 를 위한 개혁 (1). Retrieved March 27, 2020 (Korean). 
30. ↑ 미래 통합 당: [국민 과 함께 하는 2020 희망 공약 개발단] '희망 경제 공약' 발표. Retrieved March 27, 2020 (Korean). 
31. ↑ The Korea Herald: Ahn Cheol-soo's party surges in polls. March 9, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
32. ^ The Korea Herald: Ahn Cheol-soo's volunteer work in Daegu earns praise. March 2, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
33. ↑ Ahn Cheol-soo praised for volunteering as doctor to fight COVID-19 spread. March 3, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
34. ↑ 김수연: Minor party chief Ahn does medical volunteer work in coronavirus hit Daegu. March 3, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
35. ↑ 정의당: 공약 1 호 - 청년 기초 자산 제 도입 (1 월 9 일). Retrieved March 27, 2020 . 
36. ↑ 정의당: 공약 2 호 - 서민 주거 안정법 + 부동산 투기 끝장 법 (1 월 15 일). Retrieved March 27, 2020 . 
37. ↑ 정의당: 공약 3 호 - 최고 임금제 도입 (1 월 29 일). Retrieved March 27, 2020 . 
38. ^ Future Korea Party to Retain Official Party Status. Retrieved March 28, 2020 (English). 
39. ↑ COVID-19 patients to vote from home, hospitals. March 10, 2020, accessed on March 26, 2020 . 
40. ↑ 김수연: April election candidates halt conventional campaigning due to coronavirus. February 28, 2020, accessed on March 27, 2020 . 
41. ↑ 우리 공화당. Retrieved March 27, 2020 . 
42. ↑ 우리 공화당. Retrieved March 27, 2020 . 
43. ↑ UFP candidate sacked over remarks disparaging people in 30s-40s. April 7, 2020, accessed April 9, 2020 (English). 
44. ↑ The Korea Herald: Main opposition party expels candidate over controversial remarks. April 13, 2020, accessed on April 14, 2020 . 
45. ^ Choe Sang-Hun: Ex-North Korean Diplomat Runs for South Korean Parliament . In: The New York Times . February 19, 2020, ISSN  0362-4331 ( Online [accessed March 27, 2020]).
46. ^ North Korean defector Thae Yong-ho will run for parliament in South. February 10, 2020, accessed on March 27, 2020 . 
47. ^ The Korea Herald: First political party of NK defectors launched. March 6, 2020, accessed on March 27, 2020 . 
48. ↑ Thae Yong-ho denounces politician's derogatory remarks. Accessed March 27, 2020 (English). 
49. ↑ ^{a b} Ex-PMs go head-to-head in South Korea as election campaign starts. Retrieved April 2, 2020 (UK English). 
50. ↑ Parties bring 'old boys' back, criticized for failing to make generational shift. March 27, 2020, accessed on March 28, 2020 . 
51. ^ N Korean defector wins seat in South Korea . In: BBC News . April 16, 2020 ( bbc.com [accessed April 17, 2020]).
52. ↑ 황교안 - 유승민 통화 사실 공개 되자 시끌… 보수 통합 첫발 부터 삐걱. November 8, 2019, accessed March 27, 2020 (Korean). 
53. ↑ 방현덕: 통합 당 공천 윤곽… 친박 '퇴장' · 유승민 계 '약진' · 친황 '고전'. March 22, 2020, accessed March 27, 2020 (Korean). 
54. ↑ ^{a b} 'Battle of Jongno' between former prime ministers not likely to happen. February 6, 2020, accessed on March 27, 2020 . 
55. ^ S. Korea's early voting in National Assembly election produce record voter turnout of 26.7%. Retrieved April 15, 2020 . 
56. ↑ [Photo] Lee Nak-yeon current favorite as next presidential candidate. Retrieved March 27, 2020 . 
57. ^ Two former prime ministers fight for Jongno and beyond. March 25, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
58. ↑ The Korea Herald: Magnates to fight key battle in Jongno. March 22, 2012, accessed March 27, 2020 . 
59. ↑ Parliamentary election: Lee Nak-yeon from the ruling party wins in the Seoul constituency of Jongno. Retrieved April 17, 2020 . 
60. ^ Mitchell sheet: Key Races for Control of South Korea's National Assembly. March 17, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
61. ^ ^{A b} Parties to clash on contested election constituencies. March 15, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
62. ↑ Ex-spokeswoman, ex-mayor in tight match in Gwangjin. March 26, 2020, accessed on March 26, 2020 . 
63. ↑ South Korea's opposition says disruptive protesters interfering with campaign. Retrieved March 26, 2020 (English). 
64. ↑ NEC accuses ex-Seoul mayor of paying voters. Retrieved March 26, 2020 . 
65. ↑ Fmr. Presidential Spokesperson Beats Fmr. Seoul Mayor in Gwangjin. Retrieved April 17, 2020 . 
66. ↑ Progressive ex-judge challenges opposition bigwig in Dongjak B. March 25, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (English). 
67. ↑ 이수진 47.1% vs 나경원 35.4%… 李 “교육 특구” - 羅 “강남 4 구”. March 20, 2020, accessed March 26, 2020 (Korean). 
68. ↑ [포토] 후보 등록 하는 나경원 - 이수진. Retrieved March 26, 2020 (English). 
69. ↑ 동작 을 우리 공화당 오세찬 사퇴… 나경원 으로 보수 단일화. April 11, 2020, accessed April 11, 2020 (Korean). 
70. ^ The Korea Herald: Former opposition chief Na loses to political novice. April 16, 2020, accessed on April 17, 2020 . 
71. ^ South Korea's ruling party is projected to win majority in parliamentary election: exit polls . In: Reuters . April 15, 2020 ( reuters.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
72. ↑ 김수연: Main opposition chief steps down over parliamentary election defeat. April 16, 2020, accessed on April 15, 2020 .