Penjwin
Penjwin (Arabic / Persian بنجوين, Kurmanji Pencwen ), occasionally Penjawin, Penjwen or Panjwin or Banjwin or Baynjiwayn transcribed, the main town is a district of the same name in the Kurdish autonomous region belonging Province Sulaymaniyah in northern Iraq near the border with Iran .
geography
Penjwin is located 291 kilometers northeast of the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 65 kilometers north of Halabja and 46 kilometers east of the provincial capital Sulaimaniyya in the far east of the province, but only a few kilometers from the Iranian border town of Khav in the Iranian district of Marivan . Penjwin lies at the foot of the northern foothills of the Zāgros Mountains at an altitude of 1429 meters above sea level.
Population development
From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, Penjwin was the summer camp of the then still nomadic Jaf Kurds.
The city, which is predominantly inhabited by Kurds (and by the middle of the 20th century also by a few Jews), has been repeatedly fought over between the British and Kurds or Iraqis and Kurds as well as between Iraqis and Iranians or Kurdish militias since the fall of the Ottoman Empire . During the decades of fighting and again during the US invasion of 2003, Kurds and Iraqis repeatedly fled the surrounding area into the city, so that the population is said to have risen to up to 80,000 and 100,000 respectively. In 2016 Penjwin is said to have had around 31,000 residents.
history
As part of the former Sanjak Sulaymaniyah in the former Mosul Vilayet Penjwin was the latest since 1926, officially part of the under British mandate standing Kingdom of Iraq , but initially remained until 1927, the last stronghold of the rebel forces of the British Kurdish Sheikh Mahmud Barzandschi . During a renewed uprising, the city was bombed by the British Royal Air Force in November 1930 and Barzanji was finally defeated at Penjwin in May 1931 (surrender in Penjwin). Iraqi troops and the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) fought for the region in 1961 and 1966, but fighting also broke out within the KDP in 1964. During renewed fighting, Penjwin was partially destroyed in 1978. During the Iraqi-Iranian War , Penjwin was the target of Iran's Operation Dawn 4 in October and November 1983 . Iraqi troops were able to maintain most of the city, but most of the surrounding district remained occupied by Iranian troops and KDP rebels allied with them until 1986. Another Iranian attack failed in 1988. For decades afterwards, there were an unknown number of landmines in the area. After renewed fighting in 1991, the Iraqis were finally ousted by Kurdish PUK rebels, but the PUK in turn lost the area to KDP militias in 1996 and was only able to assert itself with the help of newly summoned Iranian troops.
Individual evidence
- ↑ TipTopGlobe.com: Penjwin
- ↑ Abdul Mabud Khan: Encyclopaedia of the world Muslims - tribes, castes and communities , Volume 2, page 609. Global Vision Pub. House, Michigan 2001
- ↑ a b National Geographic : Kurdish women family camps among the ruins of "Penjwin" ( Memento of the original from August 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Middle East Watch (Organization): Hidden Death - Land Mines and Civilian Casualties in Iraqi Kurdistan , pages 50-55. Human Rights Watch , Washington 1992
- ↑ Tageo.com: Penjwin
- ^ Naval Intelligence Division: Iraq & The Persian Gulf , page 309. Routledge, London / New York 2014
- ^ Ian Philpott: The Royal Air Force , Volume 2 (An Encyclopedia of the Inter-War Years 1930-1939). Pen and Sword, Barnsley 2006
- ↑ a b Pesach Malovany: Wars of Modern Babylon - A History of the Iraqi Army from 1921 to 2003 . University Press of Kentucky, Lexington 2017
- ↑ Gettyimages.com: Mine hunters clear land mines in Penjwin, Iraq
