Periodization of sports training

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Periodization is the systematic planning and implementation of athletic training with the aim of achieving the best possible performance at the desired time. For this purpose, the training is created both long-term ( training planning over several years ) and in the annual cycle and up to the individual training week, the training is cyclical.

Carl Krümmel systematized training as early as 1930. The Soviet physiologist Lev Matveev is considered to be the inventor of the theory of periodization of athletic training. He analyzed the training and results in the quantifiable sports ( track and field , swimming , weightlifting ) of the Soviet Olympic teams in 1952 and 1956 to determine which training plans had led some athletes to perform at their best in the Olympics and others not . The training plans for the 1960 Olympic Games were developed from this. With the success of the Soviet teams, Matveyev's principles were initially applied throughout the Eastern Bloc , and since 1972 also in the Federal Republic. The early successes of the Federal Committee competitive sports as a coordinating body of the sport of the Federal Republic in the German Sports Federation with its director Helmut Meyer were mainly due to the consistent application of Periodisierungsprinzipien.

After the fall of the USSR , the principles of periodization were changed. While Matveev continued to follow Ivan Petrovich Pavlov , d. H. everyone is to be periodized in the same way that Platonov individualized the training by taking into account individual biological parameters. In the 1990s, block training (actually block periodization) also became increasingly popular. Here, special focuses are set in the individual cycles, whereby a motor stereotype can be broken. It is particularly suitable for strength training, as the different muscle groups can be addressed separately.

In training periodization, a distinction is typically made between three different cycles: micro cycle (usually one week), mesocycle (usually four weeks) and macro cycle (depending on the number of seasonal highlights, half a year or a whole year). There are also, in terms of overall career development, cycles through which e.g. B. Baby break or educational qualification can be integrated into the training (typically in the year after a high performance, e.g. Olympic Games ).

Periodization is particularly problematic in team sports with league operations, since the periods here must be particularly shortened. The cycles are wave-shaped and take supercompensation into account .

In recent years, block periodization (see block training ) has also become common. Certain elements within a mesocycle are particularly emphasized, whereby stereotypes are broken up and the athletic form can be better preserved. With the block periodization it becomes clear that the training is not only about the change / improvement of physiological parameters characterized by supercompensation , but also about learning and thus about learning curves that reach a plateau without supercompensation. With block training, the learning plateau can be broken up in the sense of massed learning .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Carl Krümmel (Ed.): Athletics: a handbook of vital physical exercises. Lehmann, Munich 1930.
  2. ↑ Arnd Krüger : Afterword. In: LP Matvejew: Periodization of sports training. Bartels & Wernitz, Berlin 1972, pp. 201-231.
  3. ↑ Vladimir N. Platonov, Peter Tschiene : Load - Fatigue - Performance: The modern training structure. Philippka-Sportverlag, Münster 1999.
  4. ^ S. Bartolomei, JR Hoffman, F. Merni, JR Stout: A comparison of traditional and block periodized strength training programs in trained athletes. In: Journal Strength & Conditioning Res. 28 (4), 2014, pp. 990-997.
  5. ↑ Arnd Krüger : How does block periodization work? Learning Curves and Super Compensation Curves: Special Features of Block Periodization. In: FD Snow. Trade journal for skiing. 32, 2, 2014, pp. 22-33.

literature

  • Nico Espig, Dirk Siebert: Periodization in Skiing - How Up-to-Date is Matveev's Theory? Stress and recovery in view of the requirements of the new competition structure. In: FD Snow. Trade journal for skiing. 32, 2, 2014, pp. 10-21.
  • Arnd Krüger : Periodization or Peaking at the right time. In: Track Technique. 54, 1973, pp. 1720-1724.
  • LP Matveev: Periodization of sports training. Bartels & Wernitz, Berlin 1972. Translated by Peter Tschiene , edited and afterword (pp. 201–231) by Arnd Krüger.
  • VI Platonov: General theory of training of athletes in Olympic sports. Olympic Books, Kiev 1997.