Care scandal

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Care scandal is a catchphrase that is used in media reports for the neglect, abuse or repeated violation of the professional duties of nursing staff and their administrative management ( PDL ) towards patients and people in need of care as well as systematically caused harm to patients in clinics , old people's homes or customers in used in outpatient care .

The term

The word is not used consistently in newspaper and media headlines. It can be a single act or a recurring serious deficiency in an institution. In many articles, the idea is linked that the respective institution has not done everything possible to prevent these massive care errors or the criminal offenses . This term is about the meeting of individual and collective misconduct, which raises doubts in public as to whether the nursing facility does exactly the opposite of the care that is expected of it and is usually provided by it.

The chronically ill and the elderly in particular easily fall victim to such grievances, as they are particularly dependent on nursing staff. If they are on their own and no relatives or caregivers are active for them, neglect or even criminal offenses against them could go undetected. They usually do not call the police themselves and rarely go to court. To dementia ill people that over 60 percent of the residents of since 2000 nursing homes account for, a possible malfunction of the care institution and the staff are facing particularly helpless. Hardly a year goes by without at least one case of massive "deficiencies" or even crimes in an old people's home or clinic being reported somewhere in the German-speaking area. In contrast, it was an exception in the press landscape in September 2007 that and how structural deficiencies were reported and discussed in a large number of nursing homes or outpatient services (MDK report on the quality of care as a trigger).

Structural deficits

There are structural deficits in the healthcare system. A chronic shortage of staff is most frequently cited as the main cause for this in the care sector: While there were too few trained care workers in Germany in earlier years (“ nursing emergency ”), today there are usually insufficient staff allocations (“staff key”) as a result of inadequate general funding of the Health care system blamed for shortcomings in care. The discussion about the catchphrase welfare cuts also belongs in this area . Occasionally, however, the home supervisor intervenes too late in the case of known deficiencies.

In addition, according to the Home Law , up to half of the employees in nursing homes may be technically untrained caregivers. This and the often claimed inadequate professional guidance of these nursing assistants by trained personnel often leads to a reduction in the quality of care. If, for example, people in nursing homes have to endure pressure sores that are due to incorrect positioning (" decubitus "), this may be due to the fact that the staff is overburdened in terms of time and expertise. Therefore, as a rule, individual nursing staff are not accused, but lawyers speak of an organizational failure if the institution takes insufficient precautions against such failures.

Similarly, in recent years the medical service of the health insurance companies (MDK) criticized in reports on the quality of care that too many people in nursing homes are malnourished or that too few drinks are supplied.

Time and again, nurses or relatives also report of elderly people who have to lie in their feces and urine for many hours due to a lack of staff , or of people who are tied (" fixed ") in their beds without a judicial decision , a course of action that is legally considered Offense of deprivation of liberty fulfilled. Since the respective home management must actually be aware of this, they cannot simply assign the legal responsibility for this to the individual carers. The home managers themselves are named as part of the structural deficits because their training and professional experience are only required at a low level.

Hospitals and nursing homes have as their doctors nursing actions - and thus also its omissions - documented , so initially the follow-up is assured, but also so that subsequent inspections are possible. In the last ten years, however, there have been repeated discussions about whether this documentation requirement is sensible or not. There were allegations that it or certain characteristics unnecessarily tie up manpower.

Individual mistakes

When a nurse or geriatric nurse steals, insults or even abuses a patient, it is their individual criminal behavior. It was not ordered or even tolerated. Failure to provide assistance or theft in care facilities is not only a problem of clarification, but also means a breach of trust between the person being cared for and the institution. This becomes abundantly clear with any form of violence in care. In the extreme case of murder, the ambiguous term "angel of death" is repeatedly used. The question here is why it is always possible in individual cases to carry out such acts undetected over a longer period of time in an institution in which many people work closely together.

In the search for perpetrator profiles , forensics and psychology are now so far to say that there is no clearly delineated group of perpetrators. Prevention cannot therefore take place through the early identification of perpetrators, but only through prophylaxis in the case of potential victims. In the field of professional nursing, this can be through training, advanced training of nurses or e.g. B. the humane organization of everyday home life.

Contrary to older assumptions of lesser extent, Roth and Hormolova 2004 found for North Rhine-Westphalia that 1/4 to 1/3 of nursing staff in nursing homes confirm physical abuse for themselves or others. Inappropriately restricted freedom would be affirmed by approx. 5% to 28% of the nursing staff as own or observed actions. Violent acts in the home environment were reported significantly less, between 5 and 15%. However, the authors do not rule out a dark field.

The judge's duty to be heard in the case of measures involving deprivation of liberty

According to press reports from the Stuttgart Public Prosecutor's Office on August 22, 2008 and further reports on November 14, 2008, a Nürtingen guardianship judge has been sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment for perverting the law under Section 339 of the Criminal Code . In a large number of cases, the convicted person had ordered measures involving deprivation of liberty against persons in care in retirement and nursing homes without a statutory hearing. As a rule, however, this cannot have happened without the knowledge of the responsible nursing staff.

The gray area euthanasia

The suicide is not punished in the Federal Republic. Anyone who kills others, even with the excuse given in the criminal proceedings to have done it out of pity, must expect the prosecutor and later the court to examine the circumstances and his motives carefully. Because there are no legal provisions in the Federal Republic of Germany that allow euthanasia within clearly defined limits, doctors or nurses who participate in it are almost regularly granted this in public as mitigating punishment.

The press often overlooks the difference between the killing of a person well known to the perpetrator as an individual act on the one hand and serial acts or killings or murders by professional nurses, possibly also to cover up other criminal acts by these perpetrators, on the other. However, the motive of compassion cannot be invoked by a professional caregiver in the case of “victims” whom they cannot yet know personally.

Deficiencies in the supervision of the homes

The “Medical Service of the Health Insurance” determines the level of care for elderly people in need and also checks the quality of homes in addition to the so-called state “ home supervision ”, which may not have been heard from for years. If significant grievances are discovered and their remedy is requested by the home operator, the public or relatives of the people cared for there initially do not learn anything about it. According to the law, the auditors have not yet been allowed to publish their reports. Only with the introduction of the transparency reports and the associated grading according to the “school grade principle” were these findings at least partially accessible to the public. The homes are allowed to comment on the reports of the home supervision / MDK. In this way, the individual reports no longer remain confidential between the care insurance funds, the district authority, the home association and the home operator.

Most of the regular visits from the medical service and home supervision are still announced inspections of wards, where staff often spend days “clearing the ship” in additional overtime (in 72 to 87 percent). Documentation can be added, food supplies checked for hygiene deficiencies , medicine cabinets and recipes compared with one another.

Nursing employees who turn to this supervisory authority in the event of grievances must not only expect the loss of their current job, but also fear that they will not find new employment as “black sheep”. This goes so far that even lawyers complain that there is little legal protection for “whistleblowers” ​​compared to the USA .

Since a corpse examination is only carried out as an exceptional case in the Federal Republic of Germany , there are no scientifically verifiable figures on the frequency of criminal acts directly before the death of a person cared for in institutions.

The home advisory board / home advocate according to the German home law is not as independent as an ombudsman in other countries, since usually someone close to him lives or has lived in the home. Another proposal therefore relates to the creation of a nationwide offer of provider-independent advice and crisis telephones for older people. So far, they are only available in Bonn, Munich, Kiel and Berlin, partly as an offer of help from associations and partly supported by a state's Ministry of Social Affairs.

Well-known scandals in recent years

11 of the following 14 listed scandal cases since 1989 resulted in the death of patients. This number of the most severe acts of violence appears to be low here because cases with less harm are not perceived as a scandal by the (national) press. It can be assumed, but not proven, that other violent attacks occurred during the same period or that serious damage occurred due to incorrect nursing care. Proof for or against this assumption of a gray area cannot be given for methodological reasons.

  • 1989: The conviction of the nurse MR to eleven years imprisonment for manslaughter in five cases, negligent homicide and homicide on request in one case each in 1989 by the Wuppertal district court . When her trial began, the prosecution assumed that the woman, who had been a nurse since October 1978 and later the head nurse's deputy in the surgical intensive care unit of the St. A. Clinics in Wuppertal, followed 17 patients each in two years her transfer to the intensive care unit.
  • In Vienna in 1991 a trial against four auxiliary nurses ( called Lainz's angel of death in the press ) ended with harsh sentences for multiple murders .
  • 1992 in Mosbach (Baden-Württemberg) a geriatric nurse (home manager) is convicted of physical abuse as willful bodily harm in 15 cases and negligent homicide with a suspended prison sentence of 2 years. It was not reported by staff or doctors who witnessed one or more offenses.
  • In July 1993, the nurse WL, who in 1990 killed ten seriously ill patients in Gütersloh by air injections, was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment by the Bielefeld Regional Court for manslaughter.
  • 1994 - A nurse had injected a terminally ill woman with a sedative in a clinic in Treuchtlingen in Central Franconia . The 85-year-old died shortly after the injection. The nurse was sentenced to three years probation. "The court has no doubt that the defendant will no longer commit a similar act," according to the verdict. Also referred to by the press as the Ansbacher “lethal injection trial” .
  • In 1996, a nurse in a military clinic in Berlin was charged with five-fold manslaughter of seriously ill patients. He initially gives "a kind of euthanasia" as a motive. He later revokes his confession and is acquitted.
  • 1999 - a care scandal in Munich
  • 2001 - A former geriatric nurse confesses to the murder of five old women in Bremerhaven in order to rob them of money. What they didn't know: the helpful nurse had been dismissed without notice a long time ago because he had embezzled money. The series of murders began on June 5, 2001. On June 14th he finally suffocated Anneliese K., 89, and drove from there directly to 82-year-old Martha N. She lost consciousness during the attack. He steals 3,700 marks from her and flees. She is found by her son shortly afterwards and can explain to the police who robbed her. The perpetrator is arrested shortly afterwards. The Bremen Regional Court sentenced him to life imprisonment, stating that the guilt was particularly serious. The appraiser sees the main reason: “He recognized the killing of old women as a new source of income for himself.” Because he had found a reference person in a prostitute whom he wanted to impress with more and more money.
  • In 2005, the Lucerne Criminal Court sentenced the 36-year-old male nurse Roger Andermatt to life imprisonment for murder in 22 cases, attempted murder in three cases and unfinished attempted murder in two cases of people with dementia between the ages of 66 and 95 in nursing homes in Central Switzerland between 1995 and 2001. The The crime was discovered after the home management of an elderly center called on the investigating authorities after a conspicuous increase in deaths.
  • 2003 - A Karlsruhe geriatric nurse is sentenced to 15 years imprisonment for manslaughter in one case and attempted murder with dangerous bodily harm in six cases . The district court regards it as proven that the convict has administered high doses of insulin to patients between the ages of 81 and 94 years without medical necessity.
  • In summer 2003 - Lainz care scandal (No. 2) in Vienna
  • 2004 - The proceedings against the "nurse von Sonthofen ", abbreviation SL - 27 years, began on February 6 and ended on November 20, 2006 before the 1st major criminal chamber at the Kempten Regional Court with a judgment in the first instance. It is about the largest known serial killing in Germany. On the basis of their investigations, the public prosecutor's office accuses him of killing a total of 29 patients - twelve men and 17 women between the ages of 40 and 94 - in a hospital in Sonthofen between February 2, 2003 and July 10, 2004. A confession has been made for only some of the killings. The Kempten district court has sentenced the so-called death warder to life imprisonment for multiple murders and manslaughter. The court saw a particular gravity of the guilt as proven.
  • Care scandal in 2004 in Schleswig-Holstein at a national agency, whose executive committee resigns because of this. "After the negative headlines of the past few weeks, various institutions are to receive new sponsors."
  • 2005 - An untrained nursing assistant was arrested in Bonn on suspicion of killing six patients . The woman had attracted attention because in the past few months she had reported in four cases during her service in a nursing home near Bonn that the patient had died of natural causes in her presence. The Bonn Regional Court announced the judgment on February 22, 2006. The Federal Court of Justice upheld the verdict of quadruple murder, quadruple manslaughter and homicide on request and imposed life imprisonment as a punishment. The particular gravity of the guilt was determined and the professional ban for life was pronounced.

Consequences of individual care scandals

After a scandal, the question always arises as to how far similar damage situations were or could be prevented in the future. Scandals also have a preventive effect. In the care sector, following the scandals outlined above, there have been and still are individual changes to the rules on home supervision and the care laws , which now provide for more documentation requirements as part of quality assurance than before.

In April 1999, the first cross-association initiative against violence in care facilities in Germany was founded in Bonn, which with a joint memorandum on human dignity in inpatient care for the elderly - (not) a problem. Memorandum 1999 15 called for improvements in the everyday work of nursing homes, but also in nursing research and from political authorities. Carriers were u. a. the social association Reichsbund e. V., Bonn and the Kuratorium Deutsche Altershilfe . Cologne. This initiative also pointed to the need for research on the subject in Germany, which until now has only been pursued in the USA since 1988 by a state-run institution.

In the Lainz II case (Austria), after the introduction of a further supervisory authority , it was abolished again after a certain time lag (Nursing Ombudsman Vienna). Since then, complaints centers and emergency telephones have been introduced almost nationwide, partly on a private basis.

Since the spring of 2001, the Federal Republic of Germany has had to answer to the UN for its grievances.

In 2006 the first World Elder Abuse Awareness Day took place ( June 15 , the first day of reminder against abuse and violence against older people).

Differentiation of the term from the use of force by patients

It makes sense to differentiate the term “nursing scandal” or the term “violence in care” from forms of violence emanating from patients. There are disturbances in the behavior of patients that are associated with aggression or violence on the part of the patient / person being cared for. In part this is due to psychotic or schizoid illnesses . In people with dementia, regressive developments can also contribute to excessive violence against nursing staff. All of this is based on misrecognition of situations and people in the context of delusional experiences and hallucinations of the patients. The endangerment of others or even the violent behavior can also affect other patients / roommates in the nursing home etc. As far as is known in advance, they are to be protected from such hazards and damage.

There is not only behavior that deviates verbally from the norm, but can also include targeted attacks on the health and life of professional nurses. In the context of psychiatric care , the nursing staff must be trained to deal with it and isolated situations with such patients must be strictly avoided. The early recognition of triggers of aggressive behavior is one of the necessary knowledge of the nursing staff. But these acts of violence are usually not covered by the terms “care scandal” or “violence in care”. To make the behavior descriptions clear, they should not be confused with them.

The employer of nursing staff is obliged to do everything in good time to protect his employees from such attacks. However, the necessary self-protection of the nursing staff must not lead to the uncontrolled exercise of power and hidden forms of violence. The administration of psychotropic drugs instead of restraints requires the same judicial review as any restriction of freedom. Self-defense situations are very rare in nursing and are not meant by what is described here.

If the use of force emanating from patients were treated or published under the term care scandal, this would obscure the inherently unequal position in life and power of carers and those being cared for in an institution. This relationship is usually characterized by a hierarchical gradient to the detriment of customers / patients. Only in exceptional cases will the elderly, who are in need of care, systematically abuse the professional caregivers from a position of power. With the term care scandal, however, the specificity of the institution and the dependencies that usually prevail there are assumed.

Violence by caregivers

Violence by caregivers can be both psychological and physical in nature. In a survey by the Center for Quality in Nursing , forty percent of family caregivers stated that they had intentionally acted violently against the person in need of care at least once within the last six months. Relatives who felt they had no time for themselves or others reported being physically violent more often (40 percent) than people who did not feel that lack of time (26 percent). Reasons for violence by relatives can include excessive demands or the break-up of previous conflicts.

Anonymized error reporting systems are being set up

This article or section needs to be revised. More details should be found on the only EN from 2007. Either there is something to write about today or the structure has failed, so the paragraph is useless in any case. - V ¿ 22:42, 21 Jun. 2016 (CEST). Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

Reports on individual, massive maintenance errors are made either in the institution's internal documentation and reporting system or via a report to an external body - e. B. to the police or home supervision. In the best case scenario, this makes it possible to settle a claim. In the worst case, there is silence. The individual institution should also take precautions against repetition. How successful this is can only be assessed in-house.

The Kuratorium Deutsche Altershilfe (KDA) has also been offering caregivers an error reporting system since 2007 , which aims to provide positive impulses for the development of the quality of geriatric care (derived from the English term Critical Incident Reporting System ). It offers the possibility of anonymously - that is, without the possibility of backtracking - to report critical events from the practice of elderly care beyond the facility boundaries. This means that important information about the actual error, which is otherwise only accessible to a single person or care facility, is made available to many users of the system and, through disclosure, also to their colleagues.

Frequent errors should then be counteracted by a procedure that successfully helps avoid the error. But this also applies to serious events that are rare for individuals or individual institutions - it becomes possible to familiarize oneself with their framework conditions and prevention. Such systems are in the technical field, e.g. B. aviation, has been successfully introduced for a long time.

In addition to the description of the respective incident, a statement from the (KDA) care experts can also be associated with it. Any reports submitted here, however, are no substitute for mandatory or damage reports within the facility, nor are they a substitute for reporting criminal acts to the judiciary.

See also

These lists are not intended for association blasters; The last two entries in particular should be moved to the appropriate place in the running text. And either incorporate all the others in the appropriate context or remove them if necessary, as they are not overriding topics or self-explanatory, but merely "similar". See WP: Associative References . This needs to be revised. Details should be given on the talk page. Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

Movies

  • David Greene : Circle of Violence: A Family Drama (A film about violence by caregivers)
  • Thomas Reutter, Gottlob Schober: The nursing emergency. on: SWR . (The authors followed up the calls from the Bonn emergency telephone . First broadcast January 24, 2005)
  • Manfred Uhlig: The dead have no lobby. Two-part film 2. The geriatric nurse. D, WDR , 45 min. (First broadcast January 11, 2006)
  • Norbert Siegmund: sister death - murder in the intensive care unit. 29 min, D - RBB first broadcast July 4th 2007 9.45pm - 10.15pm. (The court case against the Charité nurse 2007. Documentation and feature, based mainly on statements by KH legs)

literature

Prevention

  • Katharina Brandl: Possibilities for violence prevention in elderly care. A challenge for training. Bonn series Violence in old age , Volume 12. Mabuse-Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-938304-27-8
  • Dieter Deiseroth : Soiling of the nest or indispensable information: What are the benefits of whistleblowing employees? In: ProAlter. 3/2006, ISSN  1430-1911 , pp. 16-23 ( Whistleblowing , English, corresponds roughly to the German word whistling , but has a positive connotation in the sense of "alert in time". The German section of the IALANA lawyers' association honors outstanding courageous personalities with the Whistleblower Prize : print edition or online )
  • Barbara Hiss u. a .: Case histories of violence. Recognize beginnings, develop alternatives. Care series at Vincentz Verlag, Hanover 1999, ISBN 3-87870-616-2
  • Günther Roth, Garms-Homolová: Occurrence, causes and avoidance of lack of care. (Expert opinion on behalf of the Study Commission Situation and Future of Care in North Rhine-Westphalia ). Berlin / Göttingen 2004, short presentation (PDF)

Aggression, power and other emotions as conflict material

  • Karl-Heinz legs : murders against suffering . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt , 104 (2006), pp. 2328–2332.
  • Theo Kienzle, Barbara Paul-Ettlinger: Aggression in nursing. Handling strategies for persons in need of care and nursing staff. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000. Care compact series, ISBN 3-17-015997-6 .
  • Claudio Kürten, Klaus Dörner (eds.): Treating successfully - dying poorly. Power and powerlessness in the hospital and home. 3. Edition. Verlag Die Brücke, Neumünster 1999, ISBN 3-926200-71-5 .
  • Cordula Schneider: Violence in care facilities. Nursing experiences. Schlütersche, 2005, ISBN 3-89993-149-1 .

Care of the elderly in institutions as a problem situation

  • Dieter Deiseroth: Inventory: Where are serious grievances in inpatient care? In: ProAlter . 3/2006, pp. 23-28.
  • Klaus Dörner : Deadly pity. On the social question of the unbearable life. 4th edition. Paranus Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-926200-86-3
  • Mervyn Eastman (1984): Old Age Abuse. Age Concern England, Mitcham Surrey 1984, ISBN 0-86242-030-X
  • Claus Fussek , Sven Loerzer: Old and deported. The nursing emergency and human dignity. 2nd Edition. Herder, Freiburg 2005, ISBN 3-451-28411-1 ( Sven Lind review from December 20, 2005 in socialnet)
  • Claus Fussek, Gottlob Schober: In the network of the care mafia. How business is done with inhumane care. C. Bertelsmann, 2008, ISBN 978-3-570-01009-9
  • Johannes Kemper: Aging and their younger helpers. On the change in therapeutic reality. With the collaboration of Helga Geiger, Anette Helmrich, Josef Seyfried. 2nd Edition. Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-497-01529-6
  • U. Reus, H. Huber, U. Heine: Care assessment and decubitus. A data collection from the care report of the MDK-WL. (MDK WL) In: Journal for Gerontology and Geriatrics. 38: 3 2005, pp. 210-217
  • G. Roth, Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (Ed.): Quality defects and regulatory deficits in quality assurance in outpatient care - national and international findings. Research report on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth. Institute for Gerontology at the University of Dortmund

Patient killings by nursing staff

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ So also in a collective review Holger Jenrich: Critics in Criticism. In: Altenpflege , No. 5/2007, pp. 50–52.
  2. ↑ Erkens Fred (1998): Inquired: Just lock up? In Süddeutsche Zeitung of March 19, 1998 (sociologist, head of the consulting office acting instead of mistreating in Bonn; further literature since then at HSM - see web links)
  3. ↑ BAGSO position paper on violence against the elderly from 2002 ( Memento of March 10, 2005 in the Internet Archive ). Bagso is a German umbrella organization for many senior citizens' associations
  4. ↑ See literature Eastman (classic on the subject; from the USA), Fussek and Hiss
  5. ↑ The International Hospital Performance Study is part of a collaboration between the USA, Scotland, Canada, England and Germany: Hundreds of patients died - because there were no nurses . In: Spiegel Online from October 24, 2006 (death rate in hospitals with insufficient nurses increased by 26 percent; Original: International Journal of Nursing, 2006)
  6. ↑ Outrage about deficiencies in Magdeburg nursing home - Landtag criticizes the city After the ordered closure of a Magdeburg nursing home due to severe care deficiencies, the parliamentary social committee points out that the Magdeburg city ​​administration is responsible for the scandalous conditions in the home. According to: Naumburger Tageblatt of February 13, 2008
  7. ^ See in literature D. Deiseroth - inventory, p. 24f.
  8. ↑ Reference to the MDK article, which names the MDS site with the studies.
  9. ↑ See Fussek and Hiss in literature
  10. ^ Sigrid Pilz: Nursing emergency in care for the elderly ( Memento from July 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive ). June 23, 2006
  11. ↑ See in the case of literature legs, Görgens
  12. ^ Sigrid Pilz: Ways out of the nursing emergency . August 29, 2006
  13. ↑ Main proceedings against judges for perversion of justice opened. on: lgstuttgart.de , August 22, 2008.
  14. ↑ The magistrate has to go to jail. ( Memento of December 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) at: stuttgarter-zeitung.de , November 14, 2008.
  15. ↑ Comprehensive literature list on the web links: N3 u. a.
  16. ↑ There are two national report summaries of the MDS (according to § 118 Abs. 4 SGB XI) on the quality in outpatient and inpatient care:
    November 11, 2004: 1st report on the quality of care ( Memento of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
    August 31, 2007: 2nd nursing quality report ( Memento from September 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (press release and download as PDF file, 4 MB)
  17. ↑ See in literature D. Deiseroth - nest pollution, p. 22 f.
  18. ↑ See in literature D. Deiseroth - inventory, p. 27.
  19. ↑ Thomas Görgen: Advice and Crisis Telephones for Older People (February 2003) ( Memento from October 4, 2006 in the Internet Archive ). Publ. Also via the BMFSFJ's brochure office .
  20. ^ Bonn, Acting instead of mistreating e. V.
  21. ↑ Crisis hotlines, advice and complaint centers for the elderly Kiel, Munich a. a.
  22. ↑ The Berlin senior telephone
  23. ↑ The latest care scandal in Munich shows: improving the situation of the elderly remains a permanent political task! Press release of the parliamentary group of csu-muenchen.de from March 4, 1999. Original in the archive
  24. ↑ Julia Jüttner: The case of the "grandma killer" - "Young boy, take the money and go!" In: spiegel.de from December 15, 2008
  25. ↑ Die Grünen Wien on the care scandal ( Memento from February 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ KDA : Action against violence in care ( Memento from January 18, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (KDA Hrsg.): Human dignity in inpatient care for the elderly - (not) a problem. Memorandum 1999
  27. ↑ ncea.aoa.gov ( Memento from October 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) The nat. National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA; founded in 1988) of the US Administration on Aging (AoA)
  28. ↑ Starvation-in-Home
  29. ↑ Barbara Höft, State Doctors for Gerontopsychiatry: Recommendations for Performance Standards in Gerontopsychiatric Nursing. Psychiatrie-Verlag, Bonn 1999-2003 3. A, ISBN 3-88414-318-2 .
  30. ↑ Caring relatives overloaded - often experiences of violence .
  31. ^ Aggression and violence in informal care .
  32. ↑ Violence in care .
  33. ↑ A detailed description of the system can be found under Information on the system. ( Memento of September 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) An editorial team checks before publication and cannot publish reports if the report was apparently written with the intention of defaming or harming individuals or the care of the elderly in general. The content of the persons and institutions involved is anonymized.
  34. ↑ Residents are washed on night duty. Example of the statement on the question of washing home residents at night on October 11, 2007
  35. ↑ Sabine Rückert: The dead have no lobby. The number of unreported murders covered up. Hoffmann and Campe Verlag, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-455-11287-0 . Served as a template for Uhlig's film
  36. ^ Karl legs: Seeing, hearing, silence (review). In: Pflegewiki . Retrieved March 30, 2017 .