Philip of Jolly

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Johann Philipp Gustav von Jolly (born September 26, 1809 in Mannheim , † December 24, 1884 in Munich ) was a German physicist and mathematician .

Life

He was born in 1809 as the son of Ludwig Jolly , merchant and 1836–1849 mayor of Mannheim, and Marie Eleonore Jolly, née Alt (1786–1859). His brother was Julius August Isaak Jolly , professor of law in Heidelberg and from 1861 a Baden politician.

He studied mathematics, physics and technology in Heidelberg from 1829–1831 and in Vienna from 1832–1833 , finally in Berlin . In autumn 1830 he solved the question of the philosophical faculty de Euleri meritis de functionibus circularibus .

In Heidelberg he became a member of the Corps Hassia in 1830 . He supplemented the subject matter with self-study. Since none of the universities he visited offered students an opportunity to acquire experimental practice, he volunteered with mechanics and glass blowers and acquired manual skills. After completing his studies, he worked for about a year with Heinrich Gustav Magnus in Berlin, who was setting up a first physical teaching laboratory in his apartment. There he decided to pursue an academic career. After receiving his doctorate in Heidelberg (1834) and the subsequent habilitation in mathematics, physics and technology, he became an associate professor of mathematics there in 1839 and a full professor of physics in 1846 .

Since there was no physics laboratory in Heidelberg, he was given two rooms in the apartment of his predecessor Munke for the establishment of a laboratory and was able to train a small number of students there from 1847–1854.

In 1854 he moved to Munich as the successor to Georg Simon Ohm , where he was involved in the reorganization of the Bavarian technical schools.

Jolly (from 1854: von Jolly; Bavarian personal nobility) is known primarily as an experimental physicist (among other things by measuring the location factor with the help of precision scales , see also Jolly spring scales ) and as an instrument maker. Significant apparatus emerged from his internship, in addition to the spring balance, the air thermometer, the copper eudiometer and the mercury air pump. He determined the specific gravity of liquid ammonia, studied the expansion of water due to heat, calculated expansion coefficients of oxygen and other gases. The training he received as a mechanic in his youth was helpful for the construction of his experimental devices. In experiments lasting several years, he perfected the spring balance to such a degree that its accuracy was 0.001 mg per kilogram weighed. In this way he was able to determine specific weights very precisely. Another area of ​​work was osmosis .

Among his students in Munich was Max Planck , whom Jolly advised against studying physics in 1874, however, not because of Planck's lack of talent, but because of the assumption that theoretical physics no longer offered far-reaching perspectives.

On October 1, 1839, he married Luisa Wüstenfeld (born June 29, 1821 in Heidelberg, † January 24, 1874 in Munich ), daughter of Dr. jur. Johann Friedrich Wüstenfeld (1791–1833); This marriage resulted in five sons and a daughter, including Ludwig von Jolly (1843-1905), professor of administrative law in Tübingen, Friedrich Jolly , professor of psychiatry in Strasbourg, and Julius Jolly , professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics in Würzburg.

As a Bavarian authorized representative, he was involved in the introduction of the meter system in the German Confederation in the Federal Assembly in Frankfurt / Main in 1861. In letters he wrote to his wife from Frankfurt, he complained about the slow progress of the negotiations. He brought himself in as the secretary of the 25 meetings and used his office to speed up the deliberations. In 1872 he took part as a delegate of the Munich Royal Academy of Sciences in negotiations of the Commission Internationale du Métre in Paris, which led to the international meter convention in 1875 .

In 1872 he was a member of the German Central Commission for the Vienna World Exhibition.

With the help of a lead ball with a weight of 5775.2 kg and a diameter of almost one meter, which is exhibited in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Jolly 1879-1880 proved the correctness of the law of gravitation, according to which the gravity of each object with the square of the distance decreases from the center of the earth.

Fonts

  • Specimen primum ad doctrinam de machinarum effectu pertinens, pro munere professoris extraord. in fac. phil. etc. Rupertu-Carolae rite susipiendo scr. Habilitation thesis, Heidelberg 1841.
  • Instructions for differential and integral calculus. Heidelberg 1846.
  • The principles of mechanics presented in common terms. Stuttgart 1852.
  • Experimental studies on endosmosis. 1849, Poggendorff's Annalen Volume 78.
  • About the physics of molecular forces. Speech at the public meeting of the Academy of Sciences on March 28, 1857, Munich.
  • About the heat sources on earth. 1850, collection of the lectures in Liebig's lecture hall.
  • About the specific gravity of liquid ammonia. Presented at the meeting of the natural science class of the Academy of Sciences in Munich on November 10, 1860.
  • A new bathometer and graphic thermometer used for depth measurements and temperature determinations in Königssee, Walchensee and Starnberger See. 1862, meeting area. d. Academy of Science.
  • Expansion of the water between 0 ° and 100 °. 1864, report of the meeting of the Academy of Sciences. Digitized Univ. Heidelberg
  • A spring balance for exact measurements. 1864, report of the meeting of the Academy of Sciences. Digitized Univ. Heidelberg
  • Annual reports of the Munich geographic society: About the color of the seas. 1871; About the nature of the seabed according to the results of the cable laying. 1871; About the work of the rivers and the change in the river beds. 1872; Report on recent geographic expeditions and advances in Earth physics. 1874.
  • Via the expansion coefficients of some gases and via air thermometers. 1873, Poggendorff's Annalen, jubilee ribbon.
  • The application of the balance to problems of gravity. In: Annalen der Physik , Vol. 241 (1878), pp. 112-134. Digitized Univ. Heidelberg
  • The application of the balance to problems of gravity. Second treatise. In: Annalen der Physik , Vol. 250 (1881), pp. 331-355. Digitized Univ. Heidelberg
  • The variability in the composition of the atmospheric air. and The application of the scales to problems of gravity. In: Treatises of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Munich. Math-physical. Class 13 (1880) and Class 14 (1883)

literature

  • Gottfried Boehm: Philipp von Jolly. A picture of life and character. Munich 1886. ( New digital edition Univ. Heidelberg, 2011)
  • Walther Gerlach:  Jolly, Philipp von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, ISBN 3-428-00191-5 , p. 592 ( digitized version ).
  • Christa Jungnickel, Russell McCormmach: Intellectual mastery of nature. Volume 1: The torch of mathematics. University of Chicago Press, 1986, ISBN 0-226-41581-3 , 0-226-41582-1 Volume 2: The now mighty theoretical physics. 1870-1925. University of Chicago Press, 1986, ISBN 0-226-41584-8 , 0-226-41585-6.
  • Fritz Lohmann: Our ancestors Jolly and Böhm. Family tables, notes and pictures. Bergisch Gladbach, December 2009. Private print, available for inspection in the library of the Deutsches Museum, 80306 Munich and in the Nördlingen city archive, Rathausplatz, Marktplatz 1, 86720 Nördlingen.
  • Carl von Voit: Philipp Johann Gustav von Jolly. In: Meeting reports of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences / Mathematical-physical class. 15 (1885), pp. 119-136. ( New digital edition. Univ. Heidelberg, 2012)
  • Friedrich von Weech: Philipp Jolly. In: Baden biographies . Vol. 4. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung, Karlsruhe 1891, pp. 199–204. Digitized Univ. Heidelberg
  • Editing of the ADB:  Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 55, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1910, pp. 807-810.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Fritz Lohmann, 2009
  2. ↑ a b c Editing of the ADB:  Jolly, Philipp von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 55, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1910, pp. 807-810.
  3. ^ Kösener corps lists 1910, 114 , 110
  4. ^ Rudolf Stichweh: On the emergence of the modern system of scientific disciplines. Physics in Germany 1740-1890. Suhrkamp Verlag, 1984, ISBN 3-518-57688-7 , p. 382.
  5. ↑ Max Planck: Paths to Physical Knowledge. Speeches and Lectures, Volume 1. Leipzig 1943. In it, Planck says that von Jolly described physics “as a highly developed, almost fully developed science which, after it has been crowned by the discovery of energy, will soon be finally stable Would have taken shape. Perhaps there might still be a speck of dust or a vesicle to be examined and classified in one corner or the other, but the system as a whole is fairly secure, and theoretical physics is noticeably approaching the degree of perfection that geometry has been doing since Centuries ”.
  6. ↑ J. Hoppe-Blank: From the metric system to the international system of units. - 100 years of the meter convention. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt: PTB - Report PTB-ATWD-5. Braunschweig, August 1975. doi : 10.7795 / 110.20150519H
  7. ↑ Gisela Oittner-Torkar: Philipp von Jolly and the secret of the lead ball. In: Deutsches Museum München, Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch 1990. pp. 72–81.
personal data
SURNAME Jolly, Philipp von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Jolly, Johann Philipp Gustav von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German physicist and mathematician
DATE OF BIRTH September 26, 1809
PLACE OF BIRTH Mannheim
DATE OF DEATH December 24, 1884
Place of death Munich