Podhale

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Map from 1934
Podhale in Małe Ciche
Lecture pit with Zakopane from Gubałówka
Historical capital Nowy Targ
Landing approach to the sports airfield
Folklore wedding of the Podhalanie

The Podhale (literally: under the alpine pastures or alpine foothills ) is one of the southernmost regions of Poland , sometimes also called "Poland's highlands", in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship . It is located on the northern edge of the Tatra Mountains in the Carpathian Mountains and is characterized by a rich folklore tradition. The inhabitants are called Podhalanie who belong to the Górals . In winter, the Podhale with its ski slopes is one of the most important holiday areas in Poland. For some years now, the thermal springs in Podhale have also been developed and are often used as thermal baths in the ski resorts. The region's attractions include the popular winter sports resorts of Zakopane , Poronin , Bukowina Tatrzańska , Białka Tatrzańska , Małe Ciche , Murzasichle , Chochołów , Biały Dunajec , Szaflary . There are other ski resorts in the region of Spiš to the east . Nowy Targ is the regional capital and largest city in Podhale. Among other things, the region is known for oscypek , a cheese made from sheep's milk. The Polish national dog Polski Owczarek Podhalanski , a white breed of sheepdog , also comes from this region .

The term Podtatrze (literally: Under the Tatras or Tatravorland ) is broader and includes, in addition to the Podhale , the regions of Spiš, Liptau and Orava, i.e. all historical regions that are part of the Tatras or are in front of it.

location

The Podhale lies in the catchment area of ​​the Dunajec and its source rivers, the Czarny Dunajec and Biały Dunajec . It lies north of the main ridge of the High Tatras and Western Tatras , which separates it from the Slovak region of Liptov . In the west, the Orawicko-Witowskie Wierchy mountain range and the watershed in the Kotlina Orawsko-Nowotarska basin form the border with the Orava region , which belongs partly to Slovakia and partly to Poland. In the north, the Saybuscher Beskids , specifically the Orava-Podhale Beskids mountain range , and Gorce form the border to the Beskids . West of the Podhale is the Spiš region , which is also partly in Poland and partly in Slovakia, and which is separated from the Podhale by the Białka River .

Geographical breakdown

In the north of the Podhale is the Kotlina Nowotarska valley , also known as Kotlina Podhalańska, which forms the eastern part of the Kotlina Orawsko-Nowotarska valley. Here the two source rivers meet in the city of Nowy Targ and form the Dunajec. The valley basin is the oldest and most densely populated part of the Podhale. The Pieninen rock belt connects to the south of the valley and forms a step of limestone rocks in the Podhale, some of which are protected as nature reserves. To the south of the rocky belt, the highlands of the Pogórze Spisko-Gubałowskie mountains, formed by glacial moraines during the Ice Age, connect. This is divided in the Podhale from west to east by the rivers Czarny Dunajec, Biały Dunajec and Białka into the three mountain ranges of Orawicko-Witowskie Wierchy , Pogórze Gubałowskie and Pogórze Bukowińskie . To the south of the highlands lies the ravine Rów Podtatrzański , behind which the Tatra Mountains rise, to the west the West Tatras and to the east the High Tatras. The Vortragraben is densely populated. Among other things, the winter sports resort Zakopane is located here . The area south of the Vortatragraben is also known as the Skalne Podhale (in German: Felsiges Podhale ) and the area south of it as the Niżne Podhale (in German: Niederes Podhale ).

Political structure

The Podhale has two independent cities:

and three circles:

history

In the early Middle Ages up to the 12th century, the Podhale was only sparsely populated and overgrown with dense forests. The first planned settlement of the Podhale was made by the Cistercians from the Jędrzejów Monastery , who built a monastery in Ludźmierz at the beginning of the 13th century . In 1234 the village of Ludźmierz at the monastery was finally founded, making it the first officially established settlement in the region. In 1254 the Cistercians in Ludźmierz received the privilege of Bolesław V to found other villages in the region. The region experienced a setback during the Mongol storms of the 13th century. In 1336 the town of Nowy Targ was founded under the privilege of King Casimir the Great , according to Magdeburg law on 150 Franconian hooves , on the site of the settlement Stare Cło ( Antiquum Theoloneum ). In the early 14th century, there was a major settlement in this area, which was then named Długie Pole (Latin longus Campus or Longo Prato ). In 1350 the deanery "de Longo Campo" comprised the parishes: Novo foro (Nowy Targ), Antiquo Teloneo (Cło Stare), Chochowsow ( Klikuszowa ), Sewfler ( Szaflary ), Wasniwdo [Wasmundo] ( Waksmund ), Phyfer ( Ostrowsko ) , Nigro [fluvio] / Niger ( Maniowy ), Clessino ( Kluczkowce ), Sramovicz superiori ( Sromowce Wyżne ), S. inferiori ( Sromowce Niżne ), Wy (l) czsko ( Szczawnica ?), Krzesna, Villa Ivconis / Ywconis ( Tylmanowa ? ), later also Grywałd . Some of the names indicate German settlement (probably from Silesia).

The area was developed from north to south along the river valleys. On Dunajec to secure the southern border of Poland and the trade routes from were Krakow to Hungary the Dunajec castles created. Settlers were Polish górals from the Beskids , German Saxons and Wallachians from Wallachia . The settlers mainly pursued alpine farming, crafts, mining and wood extraction. Wood, salt, copper and other products from the region were brought on rafts across the Dunajec to the Vistula and further via Gdansk , where the wood was often used for shipbuilding, and the Baltic Sea . The region suffered another setback during the Hussite invasion in 1433. However, as early as the 16th century, settlement penetrated the mountain valleys of the Tatra Mountains. During this time Zakopane was also founded as a shepherd's settlement. After the First Partition of Poland , Podhale, like all of Galicia, came to the Habsburgs in 1772. Tourism began in the region in the 19th century. Zakopane in particular was valued as a health resort beyond the Imperial and Royal Monarchy. In 1846 there was an uprising of the Podhalanie against the Habsburg rule. After the First World War , the area became Polish again. During the Second World War and Stalinism , the region was a refuge for resistance fighters .

people

Known people connected to the Podhale:

Culture

The inhabitants of the Podhale are Góralen , who call themselves Podhalanie, and their culture is similar to that of the other Gorals in the Spiš and Beskydy Mountains. However, they have their own costume, which they wear on carriage rides in the Tatra Mountains and Zakopane, among other things. The architecture of the Podhalanie is also unique. The churches are often, but not always, made of wood, such as the Archangel Michael Church in Dębno Podhalańskie , which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , whereas the Spiš Góralen mostly built their churches from stone. From the architecture of the Podhalanie Stanisław Witkiewicz developed the Zakopane style at the end of the 19th century . The village of Chochołów is considered a living open-air museum of podhalany wood construction. However, almost every village in the region has its own medieval ornate wooden church.

The most typical musical instrument for the region is the slender fidel złóbcoki . The traditional shepherds' instruments include the wooden natural trumpet trombita and bagpipes .

tourism

Numerous hiking, riding and cycling trails lead through the mountain ranges of the Podhale, especially in the Tatra National Park . From the peaks and passes there are panoramic views of the surrounding mountains. Water sports can be practiced on the rivers.

There are numerous ski areas in Zakopane , Kościelisko , Witów , Małe Ciche , Białka Tatrzańska , Bukowina Tatrzańska and many other places:

There are numerous thermal baths in Zakopane , Białka Tatrzańska , Bukowina Tatrzańska , Szaflary and Chochołów :

See also

Web links

Commons : Podhale  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

literature

  • Witold Henryk Paryski, Zofia Radwańska-Paryska: Wielka encyklopedia tatrzańska. Wydawnictwo Górskie, Poronin 2004, ISBN 83-7104-009-1 .
  • Józef Nyka: Pieniny. Przewodnik. 9th edition. Trawers, Latchorzew 2006, ISBN 83-915859-4-8 .
  • Pieniny polskie i słowackie. Mapa turystyczna 1:25 000. Agencja Wydawnicza "WiT" sc, Piwniczna 2008, ISBN 978-83-907671-3-0 .

panorama

Tatravorland in Podhale

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bogusław Krasnowolski, Zasady lokacyjnego rozmierzenia wsi podhalańskich [Principles Applied for the Measuring out of Podhalanian Villages Founded between Nowy Targ and Krościenko], [in:] Późne średniowiecze w Karpatach polskich , Rzeszów 2007, Rzeszów 2007, Rzeszów 2007.
  2. ↑ Tomasz Jurek (editor): DŁUGIE POLE ( pl ) In: Słownik Historyczno-Geograficzny Ziem Polskich w Średniowieczu. Edycja elektroniczna . PAN . 2010-2016. Retrieved April 22, 2019.