Polyneoptera
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Various polyneoptera. Illustration from Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle. (Paris: Renard, 1841–1849), by Charles Émile Blanchard |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Polyneoptera | ||||||||||||
| Martynov , 1938 | ||||||||||||
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The Polyneoptera are a family group ( taxon ) of insects . They include the majority of the so-called hemimetabolic insects with direct development from the egg through various nymph stages to the sexually mature, mostly winged insect ( imago or adultus ). Their togetherness as a taxon was controversial for a long time, but is now considered certain , mainly due to phylogenomic studies.
features
The Polyneoptera are a morphologically diverse group within the Neuflügler or Neoptera , whose common features are primarily plesiomorphies , i.e. main group features, which are not relevant for the taxonomic togetherness according to the methods of cladistics .
The following morphological features are discussed as common derived features, i.e. autapomorphies :
- Construction of the wings . In the case of the Polyneoptera, the hind wings are usually enlarged in area by expanding their rear section, called the anal field or vannus. This feature is not developed in the wingless orders of the cricket cockroaches and heeled sandals and is secondary in the ground lice, tarry spiders and termites.
- The tarsi or foot members carry pillow-like, extended protrusions as holding devices for smooth surfaces, which are called euplantulae . Euplantulae are missing from some groups such as the ground lice and termites.
- The heart has valves ( ostia ) not only on the inflow but also on the outflow openings (exception: the ground lice).
- The special construction of the wing joint. Exceptions arise with some subgroups of cockroaches.
- The possession of Tegmina , partly as cover wings, reinforced leather-like rough fore wings. Since many groups lack this feature, it is highly controversial as a possible autapomorphism.
Phylogeny and Systematics
The togetherness of the group based solely on morphological features has traditionally been controversial. In his work, The Tribal History of Insects , which is fundamental for modern research, Willi Hennig excluded the stoneflies (and the ground lice) from the (then already known) orders of the "lower" Neoptera and summarized the rest in a taxon of the " Paurometabola ". Also Niels Peder Kristensen was in his long-time relevant work Phylogeny of Insect orders not break down the group. For a long time, however, the structure and sister group relationships within the Polyneoptera were particularly problematic . There have been numerous genetic and morphological studies with contradicting results and correspondingly many hypotheses.
Individual evidence
- ^ Rolf G. Beutel, Frank Friedrich, Si-Qin Ge, Xing-Ke Yang: Insect Morphology and Phylogeny. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2014. ISBN 978-3-11-026263-6 . Polyneoptera pp. 226-229.
- ↑ Kazunori Yoshizawa (2011): Monophyletic Polyneoptera recovered by wing base structure. Systematic Entomology 36 (3): 377-394. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2011.00572.x
- ^ Rolf G. Beutel, Benjamin Wipfler, Marco Gottardo, Romano Dallai (2013): Polyneoptera or "lower" Neoptera - new light on old and difficult phylogenetic problems. Atti Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia Anno LXI: 133-142.