Poporanism

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The poporanism (of Romanian popor , German  nation was) with the Sämänätorismus an ideological and artistic flow in the Kingdom of Romania by the end of the 19th century to about the interwar period beyond which a revaluation of the rural and traditional rural world against the European-influenced modern urban civilization at its core. It manifested itself around the Moldovan politician and publicist Constantin Stere (* 1864, † 1936) and in the magazine Viața Românească, which has been published since 1906 .

The peasantry , economically subordinate to the landowners , made up around 80 percent of the Romanian population at that time and suffered from the state tax and levy burden.

Main features

Constantin Stere, 1895

At the beginning of the 1890s, Constantin Stere was the founder of Poporanism, which he understood as peasant socialism , whereby he saw the peasants and life in the countryside as the social basis of a political system. He urged a vote for all Romanians and sought a reform of the parliamentary system and farm to a farming cooperative s democracy at. With the formation of agricultural cooperatives, farms should be created for farmers who should free the agricultural sector in Romania from the control of the large landowners. The poporanism focused mainly on expanding the power of the farmers, but was also in relation to the Romanian language and the care of the Romanian spirit nationalistically oriented.

The political activist Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea , who brought the idea of ​​the social revolutionary movement of the Narodniki ( German  folk stumpers ) from the Russian Empire to Romania, influenced Poporanism with his rejection of capitalism and Marxism . However, unlike the Narodis, Stere saw no need for a revolution in Romania. The bloody peasant uprising in Romania in 1907 triggered a rethink.

Ultimately, opinions split on issues such as anti-Semitism and liberalism . Dobrogeanu-Gherea later participated in the establishment of the Partidul Social Democrat Român , and the Poporanists often turned to the Partidul Național Liberal . In 1910 Dobrogeanu-Gherea criticized Poporanism in his study "Neoleibeigenschaft". In it he analyzed Romania as a "feudal-capitalist system in which the peasants were exposed to modern serfdom".

Poporanism also influenced the formation of the Partidul Țărănesc ( German  peasant party ) in 1918, which combined agrarian-socialist demands with a commitment to parliamentarianism .

The Marxism and internationalism of the 1950s changed into a neo-Poporanism in the 1980s , whose national and social populist formulas lived on in the transformation ideologies of the post-communist era after the Romanian Revolution in 1989 .

art

Ion Theodorescu-Sion: Străjerii.
Oil on canvas, 151.5 × 106 cm, 1925

literature

The literary historian and critic Garabet Ibrăileanu , co-editor of the magazine Viața Românească , assigned the socially critical, anti-sentimental and anti-idyllic prose works of Gala Galaction or Ion Agârbiceanu to poporanism.

The critical examination of Poporanism later produced some of the great peasant novels , such as Liviu Rebreanus Răscoala ( German  Der Aufstand ) from 1932, Zaharia Stancus Desculț ( German  Barefoot ) from 1948, and Marin Predas Moromeții ( German  The Morometes ).

painting

The current of Poporanism in Romanian painting, with the peasants as the dominant dimension of the Romanian concept of the nation after the peasant uprising of 1907, was described by Anca Monica Gogîltan from the Babeş-Bolyai University in Cluj :

“Building on these intellectual changes, the young artists not only introduced a new style, but also changed the way they looked at the farmers and their landscapes. In their work, the farmers are presented as massive and imposing, while the landscape in which they are placed appears to be a processed, ordered, human-dominated nature. At the same time, the meaning of geography is minimized and only provides the framework for the representation of man and, above all, of the peasant. […] Theorists and artists such as Francisc oderirato or Camil Ressu came to the conclusion that the language of the artist is deeply related to geography of the country is connected. Their efforts to create a Romanian national style led to more and more emphatic, decorative representations in which the peasants were stylized into symbols devoid of any individuality. Examples would be the paintings by Ion Theodorescu-Sion (1882–1939). Nature has also been reduced to a theatrical aspect. Their depiction fluctuated between images of the soil cultivated and ordered by the farmers through agriculture and organic spaces with veins and arteries with which the farmers were in a symbiotic relationship. "

literature

In German language:

  • Dietmar Müller: Agrarian populism in Romania: program and government practice of the peasant party and the national peasant party of Romania in the interwar period . Gardez! Verlag, Remscheid 2001, ISBN 3-89796-068-0 , p. 193 .

In Romanian:

  • George Călinescu, Al Piru: Istoria literaturii române de la origini și pînă în prezent . Editura Vlad & Vlad, Bucharest 1982, p. 1058 .
  • Dumitru Micu: Poporanismul și "Viața românească" . Editura pentru literatură, Bucharest 1961, p. 208 .
  • Zigu Ornea: Poporanismul . Minerva, Bucharest 1972, p. 531 .
  • Marian Popa: History of Romanian Literature . Publisher Univers, 1980, X: Poporanism and the Viața Românească , p. 365 .
  • Henri H. Stahl: Gânditori și curente de istorie socială românească . Ed. Univ. din Bucureşti, Bucharest 2001, ISBN 973-575-600-5 , p. 249 .
  • Poporanismul în literatura română. Contribuții bibliografice . Biblioteca Centrală Universitară din Bucureşti, Bucharest 1972, p. 175 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Georgeta Daniela Oancea: Myths and Past, Romania after the fall of the Wall . (PDF; 1.9 MB) 2005, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, accessed April 12, 2011
  2. ↑ a b c Anca Monica Gogîltan: The Influence of Agrarianism on Romanian Painting at the Turn of the Century (1880–1920) . (PDF; 943 kB), final report project Agrarianism in East Central Europe 1890–1960, 2010, p. 88, here p. 35, accessed April 12, 2010
  3. ^ Poporanismul - doctrina politica și program cultural . news20.ro (Romanian), accessed April 12, 2011.
  4. ↑ a b c Keno Verseck : Romania, Volume 868 von Beck'sche Reihe, Edition 3 . CH Beck, 2007, ISBN 3-406-55835-6 , pp.  226, here p. 167 .
  5. ↑ Maria-Laura Comsa: Institutional Change in Romania from 1866 to 2005. An institutional economic analysis on the role of path dependency for the transformation and integration of the country into the European Union . , University of Siegen , October 24, 2006, p. 247, here p. 88, accessed April 14, 2011.
  6. ↑ Helga Schultz, Dagmara Jajeśniak-Quast, Torsten Lorenz, Uwe Müller: economic nationalism in East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries . (PDF; 445 kB) European University Viadrina , Research Report 2006, p. 42, here p. 7, accessed April 13, 2011.
  7. ↑ a b Larisa Schippel: Cultural change as a request: the discursive negotiation of history on television, Volume 1 of Forum: Romania . Frank & Timme, 2009, ISBN 978-3-86596-249-2 , pp. 472, here p. 56 .
  8. ^ Horst G. Klein, Katja Göring: Romanian country studies . Gunter Narr, 1995, ISBN 3-8233-4149-9 , pp. 179, here p. 165 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  9. ^ Lebensgeschichten.org ( Memento of October 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Romanian Literature, 20th Century, accessed April 12, 2011.