postcard

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
British postcard from 1890
Postcard with imprinted stamps (postal stationery) from the Kingdom of Bavaria, canceled on April 27, 1895 in Nuremberg, received in Munich on April 28, 1895 (Michel no. P44 / 1)
Postcard (postal stationery) of the Deutsche Reichspost at the turn of the century 1899/1900
Standard postcard of the Austrian Empire

Postcards are mostly rectangular cards, usually made of cardboard , that are sent as clearly readable messages by post . The postage fees are sometimes still lower than for a letter . After private cards had already been legally permitted in the USA in 1861, they were first introduced by post on October 1, 1869 in Austria-Hungary under the designation "Correspondenzkarte". At first, postcards could only be sent nationally and internationally on the basis of bilateral agreements. From 1878 they could be sent internationally to most countries in the world. A postcardis a postcard with a picture print or photo on the back. The picture postcard is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a picture postcard , as there is also a separate form of postcard with this name.

history

Prehistory and forerunners

In 1760, the private municipal postal company Petite Poste (Kleine Post) in Paris introduced readable messages, and in 1784 the privately operated Kleine Post in Vienna introduced cards with open messages. In both cases, however, no copies have survived. The first postage stamp appeared in England in 1840 and soon spread across the globe. That was a prerequisite for postcards and the postal system as it is today.

Lipman's Postal Card (1861)

On February 27, 1861, a law was passed by Congress in the United States that allowed privately printed cards weighing less than an ounce to be mailed. This is the first government approval to use postcards. Up to 1500 miles the postage was one cent and above two cents. On December 17, 1861, John P. Charlton of Philadelphia took advantage of the new US Postcard Act and had the postcard protected by copyright. He sold his idea to Hyman L. Lipman, also from Philadelphia, who then produced cards labeled "Lipman's Postal Card". The invention was also registered as a patent by Lipman, but this was ultimately not approved. On May 12, 1873, the official state postcards of the USA appeared, which cost one cent postage regardless of the shipping distance. From then on, privately printed cards were only allowed in the USA at the more expensive postage rate of two cents.

From 1865, there were postal orders in the form of cards in Germany, initially from January 1, 1865 in Prussia and soon in more and more postal areas.

Prussian "Open Map" from 1866

On June 1, 1865, the so-called “ open card ”, also known as “Aviskarte” or “printed matter card ”, was first introduced in Prussia as an openly sent message; it is the forerunner of the postcard in Germany. These cards were very rarely used for private purposes, they were often used to announce the visit of a sales representative, and for this reason they are now referred to as agent cards in collectors' circles. Some of these cards have images (e.g. factory buildings) on the back.

Heinrich von Stephan

The Prussian Secret Postal Councilor Heinrich Stephan proposed in a memorandum on November 30, 1865 at the 5th  Postal Union Conference in Karlsruhe that a so-called Postblatt should be allowed as an openly sent postcard, as the letter form at that time was not sufficiently simple and brevity. The back should have been used for written communications of any kind. Stephan was not allowed to officially introduce his proposal to the conference, so he distributed his copied writing to the participants outside of the meetings. Even before the conference, his proposal was rejected by the Prussian general post director Karl Ludwig Richard von Philipsborn (1818–1884) because of moral concerns and the open legibility of any correspondence. Because of the idea of ​​lower postage, it was also feared that the post office's income could decline.

In 1868 two Leipzig book trade companies, Friedlein and Pardubitz, allegedly independently of one another, submitted a proposal to the Berlin General Post Office to introduce a "universal correspondence card". Various messages should be preprinted on the back to be ticked. Despite the rejection, the term "correspondence card", which was used later, appears here.

On January 26, 1869, the Viennese daily newspaper Neue Freie Presse published an article with the title About a new kind of correspondence by mail from the professor of economics Emanuel Herrmann . In the article he suggested the introduction of the postcard, with a focus on economic aspects. He started from the idea that there were many messages for which a letter would be too cumbersome and, above all, too expensive (postage 5 Neukreuzer). Similar to a telegram , the number of words should be limited to 20 and conveyed for a small fee. The article soon came to the General Post and Telegraph Director Dr. Vincenz Freiherr Maly von Vevanović (1808–1878), he liked the idea and implemented it despite some resistance. There has been much speculation as to whether Emanuel Herrmann did not come up with his postcard indirectly through Heinrich von Stephan’s suggestion, probably partly influenced by the article by Grosse from 1896. The postcard is probably a multiple invention.

Post office introduction

Emanuel Herrmann

On October 1, 1869, the Austro-Hungarian Post published the Dr. Emanuel Herrmann developed a correspondence card with printed postage stamps . For the sake of simplicity, the back of the 8.5 cm × 12.2 cm correspondence card could be freely written on when the cards appeared. The name "postcard" proposed by Herrmann was changed to "correspondence card" by the postal administration in Vienna. In contrast to the five-kreuzer expensive letter, the card only cost two kreuzers, which at the same time corresponded to the value of the printed stamp , and sold 1.4 million times in the first month. In Hungary, correspondence cards appeared almost exactly the same as in Austria, only with the difference of a Hungarian coat of arms instead of a double-headed eagle .

Copy of the first Austrian correspondence cards in the world with the double- headed eagle coat of arms

On April 26, 1870, Heinrich Stephan became General Post Director of the North German Confederation and introduced the postcard there. On June 6, 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister and Chancellor of the North German Confederation Otto von Bismarck signed the “Ordinance on the introduction of the correspondence card”, which came into force on July 1, 1870. At the same time Bavaria introduced the postcard, Württemberg from July 8th, Baden at the beginning of August and Luxembourg on September 1st. In Berlin and some other cities it was already sold from June 25, 1870. In addition to inland - the area of ​​the North German Confederation and the three southern German states mentioned - shipping was also possible to Austria-Hungary and Luxembourg. The format of the cards corresponded to that of the postal orders . At first, the correspondence card was only available in the German postal areas with postage stamps affixed to it; in Württemberg it was available as postal stationery . In Switzerland, the first "Carte-Correspondence" came out on October 1, 1870 as a postal stationery. The crimson value stamp was 5  cts and the card could initially only be sent within the country.

Introduction in other countries

Introduction of the postcard in other countries:

  • 1870 Finland, Great Britain
  • 1871 Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Canada
  • 1872 Sweden, Norway, Russia, Ceylon
  • 1873 USA, France, Serbia, Romania, Spain, Japan
  • 1874 Italy
  • 1875 Uruguay, Guatemala
  • 1876 ​​Greece
  • 1877 Turkey
  • 1878 Portugal, Persia, Argentina
  • 1879 Egypt, Bulgaria, Iceland, Mexico
  • 1880 Brazil, Newfoundland
  • 1881 Colombia
  • 1883 Peru
  • 1886 Congo
  • 1888 Montenegro

Postcard is becoming a medium of mass communication

Field post correspondence card from the Franco-Prussian War

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, postcards were first used on a large scale. After the mobile troops had been free of postage from July 17, 1870, around 10 million " field post correspondence cards" had been sent home by December 1870 .

Since October 12, 1871, correspondence cards could be used for printed matter , and since January 1, 1872 for advance mail ( cash on delivery ). On March 1, 1872, the correspondence card was renamed to postcard in Germany and 1879 in Switzerland. After an early period with a high number of postcards, the number of postcards decreased, until in July 1872 the postage was halved compared to the letter postage. At the beginning, the postage rate was identical to the letter postage in the German areas. Since January 1, 1873, postcards with imprinted postage stamps (postal stationery) have been sold by the post in the Kingdom of Bavaria and in the German Empire .

In international postal traffic, the postcard with the Bern Postal Treaty was approved in 21 countries from July 1, 1875, and the Universal Postal Treaty of June 1, 1878 extended the area of ​​validity over most of the world. Some countries had special world postcards for this. See also sub-item world postcard .

From around 1896, the picture postcard established itself on a large scale, not least due to the use of newer printing processes. From this time on, the multicolored printing process of chromolithography was mainly used; previously, postcards were almost always monochrome, often printed in sepia tones . The maps were available at a relatively low price and the images saved the need to write long descriptions of cities or landscapes. Postcards were for sale in many tobacco and stationery stores . From around 1900, photo printing processes and other more modern printing processes were increasingly used.

With effect from October 1, 1907, the requirement to print the word postcard in the respective national language no longer applies.

In all industrialized countries, mail was delivered to cities at least three times a day until 1914, and often even more frequently in large cities. So it was possible to make an appointment for the same day by postcard.

Official picture postcards appeared in Switzerland in 1923, followed by their introduction in Germany in 1925 and in Austria in 1927 . During the First World War , especially during the time of National Socialism and the Second World War , postcards and picture postcards were used for propaganda purposes; today they can serve as historical sources. In the Second World War, postcards in Germany no longer had nearly the same meaning as in the First World War, at least not as field post.

From 2009 to 2019, postcard prints in the European Union fell by 41 percent; in 2019, 59.5 million postcards were printed.

features

Classification of the address side of a picture postcard as a scheme

division

Front (address side)

The front of the postcard is the address side. This definition applies to German philatelic and philocartistic terminology for all types of postcards, including picture postcards. On this side there are mostly lines for dividing the fields for the postage stamp, for the recipient address and a space for messages. There is space for written messages on the left-hand side of the address side, with the picture postcard there is also a picture on the left-hand side. With postal stationery postcards there is often a field for the sender address.

From 1905 the address side of the viewing postcard was split in Germany, with the left side being available for messages. Until then, the messages had to be written on the picture side of the postcards, since the undivided address side could only be used for address and postage. In the case of postcards without an illustration, the address side was not split until 1907. As early as 1900, France and Switzerland stipulated that messages could be made on the address side of the cards.

back

The backs are either blank and can be freely written on, or there are pictures, then mostly postcards . Before the address side was divided, there was usually some unprinted writing space for messages on the picture side of postcards. Postcards with an illustration on the back and an imprinted value stamp as franking are special postal items .

measures and weight

At first there were smaller formats (also called small format) for postcards. The Universal Postal Congress in Paris in 1878 set an international maximum size of 14 cm × 9 cm, which was changed at the Universal Postal Congress of 1924 to 10.5 cm × 15 cm. The DIN A6 format, which is similar to the format adopted in 1925 (often referred to as normal format in connection with postcards), was introduced in Germany on October 1, 1927 and slowly gained acceptance in the 1930s and 1940s. In international traffic, a length of 140 to 235 mm, a width of 90 to 125 mm and a weight per unit area of 150 to 500 g / m² are permitted. Common formats are DIN A6, DIN A5 and DIN long .

colour

Early postcards, as well as the correspondence card officially published for the first time in 1869, were often printed on yellowish (others sometimes with brownish) cardboard. These colors were therefore chosen so that any discoloration due to use or soiling was less noticeable. The so-called moonlight cards were partly printed on bluish cardboard in order to imitate the night darkness with this background color.

Shapes of the postcard

postcard

It is primarily used for written, illustrated correspondence, but is also used and collected as a souvenir or historical image document. The heyday of postcards between 1897 and 1918 is known as the "golden age of postcards". Postcards are now often sent to friends and relatives while traveling or on excursions. Practically since the beginning of these maps, topographical images, i.e. cities, places or landscapes, were the most common motifs. The images typically show famous buildings, well-known places, sights or characteristic views of the area visited and are intended to give an impression of where you are.

World postcard

World postcard with the prescribed imprint and an address page already divided, sent by post from Mannheim to Prague

On the basis of the Bern Postal Union Treaty of July 1, 1875, the postcard was approved for international mailing in 21 countries and the universal postal treaty of June 1, 1878 expanded the area over most of the world. At that time, these postcards had to have the French inscription "Carte postale" . Often times the word postcard appeared on the address side of postcards in several different languages. Since July 15, 1878 there have been world postcards with paid replies. These cards with the appropriate postage rate intended for international mailing were usually printed in French (= official language of the Universal Postal Union ); z. B. "Postcard with reply - Carte postale avec réponse payée" .

In the case of the world postcard as with an attached reply card, only the reply part had to be sent separately, which was not always fulfilled in practice. The postage stamp imprinted on the reply part was therefore stamped by the posting post office abroad. Many a time have world postcard answer parts with additional stamps franking occurred that was unnecessary because it was not known that the printed with a foreign postal stamps answer part was returned without additional postage. In addition to double franking, there were sometimes additional stamps stuck on e.g. B. because of postage increases or additional services (airmail, registered mail, etc.).

Postal stationery postcards

Sometimes there are postcards as so-called postal stationery with stamp imprint , as an alternative to franking with postage stamps. There are many different examples of this.

Reply card

Both sides of a reply card from German Cameroon from around 1900

On January 1, 1872, reply cards came on the market in the area of ​​the Deutsche Reichspost, Bavaria and Württemberg. At first they cost more than the price of the postage stamp, but they were soon sold at the price of the postage stamp. It was not until the Postal Congress in Vienna in 1891 that the reply card was made compulsory in all postal union countries. The postage was paid in advance by the first sender for the outward and return journey. They were folded two-part cards, consisting of a connected question and answer card part. The two parts hung together at the top on the long sides. When unfolded, the question and answer section was twice the size of an ordinary postcard and the address side of the response card was inside the folded card. First, the original sender describes the part of the question and sends the two-part, folded reply card to the recipient. The recipient separates the question part and returned the now separate answer card part. Both the question and the answer section had a corresponding stamp impression .

By a resolution of the Universal Postal Congress in Tokyo in 1969 , these cards were no longer permitted in international postal traffic since July 1, 1971.

In 1992 the general management of the Deutsche Bundespost Postdienst ordered the termination of the orders for reply cards. The remaining supplies were still used up. Reply cards that were not yet detached for the reply were not provided or approved, but were mistakenly used in some cases.

In Switzerland reply cards were available nationally from 1874 and for foreign countries from 1879, where the sale of reply cards was discontinued in the 1970s.

Picture postcard

Example of a German picture postcard from 1931

So-called picture postcards were introduced in Switzerland as early as 1923 to advertise the promotion of tourism . In 1925, the Deutsche Reichspost, under the leadership of the Society for Postal Advertising, as a subdivision of the former Reichspost, had its introduction. Municipalities or tourism associations could apply for picture postcards for their city / town. The respective clients were allowed to determine where the cards were to be sold and in what proportion. They were initially available as drawn prints and later as photos. These pictures were on the left half of the address pages, either at the top or at the bottom. In order not to compete with the local stationery trade, it was not allowed to sell them in the respective places until the end of the 1970s.

Perforated postcard

From June 1, 1913, the German Reichsdruckerei issued perforated or pierced postcards as postal stationery . Perforated postcards also appeared in Bavaria , Switzerland (1912) and Württemberg (1913). They were either in booklet form, in strips or as sheets. From 1924 there were also perforated reply cards in a sheet in Germany. The cards were sold at the imprinted stamp price and the minimum sales quantity was 1,000, in Switzerland initially 800 (100 strips of 8 cards each).

Newer forms

With the advent of the new media , new technical possibilities arose. In the case of postcards, new techniques were combined with conventional ones, creating new services.

Cellular postcard (cell phone postcard)

A new form of postcard was created with the help of the cellular and camera technology of modern cellular phones. Image and text are created with the mobile phone and sent to the service provider. There, a postcard is printed from the transmitted text and the photo and forwarded to the desired recipient by conventional mail.

Postcards from the Internet

With this type of postcard, similar to the mobile phone postcard, your own photos can be uploaded to various providers on the Internet together with a greeting text you have written yourself. As an alternative, there is often the option of selecting a map motif from the providers' existing stock of images. The postcards are then printed, franked with a real postage stamp and sent by post to the specified recipient.

Postcards via smartphone app

With this form of postcard, similar to the Internet postcard, you can upload your own photos together with a self-written greeting text with various providers via smartphone app. As an alternative, there is often the option of selecting a map motif from the providers' existing stock of images. The postcards are then printed, franked with a real postage stamp and sent by post to the specified recipient.

statistics

Diagram: Number of postcards in Switzerland between 1870 and 1914
Switzerland
year Postcards in millions swell
1870 0.22
1871 1.73
1872 2.35
1878 6.80
1880 8.60
1890 16.90
1895 21.30
1900 55.20
1905 83.70
1910 102.30
1911 109.50
1912 109.30
1913 112.50
1914 76.70
Germany
year Letter in millions Postcards in millions Total in millions Share of postcards in% swell
1875 498.2 61.9 560.1 11
1880 575.3 141.0 716.3 20th
1885 736.0 230.5 966.5 24
1890 972.2 330.3 1302.5 25th
1895 1226.0 443.8 1669.8 27
1900 1689.8 954.9 2644.7 36
... ... ... ... ...
1954 ... 920.0 ... ...
1982 ... 877.0 ... ...
1997 ... ... 20023 ...
1998 399.5 15020
1999 15452
2000 16585
2001 16505
2002 16533
2003 16641
2004 17005
2005 16892
2006 225.0 17346
2007 17708
2008 18022
2009 17300

Since they were a cheap alternative to letters and phone calls for a long time, the proportion of postcards that could be written on without an illustration was comparatively high in the past: in 1900, for example, the proportion of postcards in relation to all postcards was only 46 percent. Only when this form of written communication shifted to the gradually emerging telecommunication did such postcards gradually lose their attractiveness, which at the same time increased the proportion of postcards. In countries with an underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure, on the other hand, such as the GDR, written messages by postcard (with a postage of 10 pfennigs, see illustration) have remained a widely used form of communication until the recent past.

With the spread of the Internet and mobile telephony at the end of the last century, the postcard continued to retreat as a communication medium. In 1954, for example, the West German Federal Post Office generated 920 million postcards, and in 1982 there were still 877 million, of which 43 million were postcards that were sent abroad from Germany and 132 million that came to Germany from abroad. In 2008, on the other hand, just 38 million postcards from abroad arrived in Germany.

Something similar can be observed in Italy: In 2004, 52 million postcards were sent there, compared to 45 million in 2006.

Situation since the end of the 20th century

In the digital age, the postcard has lost its former importance as an image and communication medium. It has already passed the high point of its product life cycle and is increasingly being displaced by more modern products. Shipping has been falling sharply since the early 2000s. According to a UK survey by ITV.com , the number of postcards sent dropped by 75 percent between 1997 and 2007. The reasons for this are that greetings and holiday pictures have been switched to faster transmission channels, mainly e-mail , SMS and social networks on the Internet. If postcards are still used today, it is because of their special individual touch.

In 2018, Deutsche Post AG still transported around 155 million postcards to, through and to Germany. The numbers fall annually, most recently by around 5 percent. A spokesman for the Post stated: "We are still a long way from extinction" because the postcard has "a loyal fan base."

Collect

Collecting and researching postcards and picture postcards is referred to as philocartie. In Germany there was a passion for collecting early on, which abroad was referred to as the German epidemic . The retrospective collecting of postcards became popular from the late 1970s and a market for old postcards emerged. Postcards with imprinted postage stamps are referred to as postal stationery , in philately or philately they are an independent collection area.

Literature (selection)

  • Germany in old views 10,000 postcards from Flensburg to Lake Constance. DVD digital library , The Yorck Project. Directmedia Publishing , Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-936122-24-5 .
  • The archive . Issue 4/2007; focuses on postcards and picture postcards
  • Anett Holzheid: The medium postcard. A linguistic and media history study. 2011, ISBN 978-3-503-12252-3 .
  • Günter Formery: The large encyclopedia of postcards: an encyclopedia of the Philokartie. Phil Creativ, Schwalmtal 2018, ISBN 978-3-928277-21-1 .
  • Babett Forster (Ed.): Valuable. Objects of art mediation: plaster casts, photographs, postcards, slides. VDG, Weimar 2015, ISBN 978-3-89739-829-0 .
  • Hanspeter Frech: Postcard Handbook. The postcards from the former postal union countries and the German Empire . Self-published, Hausach 1991.
  • Dan Friedman: The Birth and Development of American Postcards . Classic Postcard Press, West Nyack NY 2003, ISBN 0-9719637-0-3 .
  • Horst Hille: Postcard is enough. A cultural-historical-philatelic foray . 1st edition. R. von Decker, Heidelberg 1988, ISBN 3-7685-0188-4 (license from Urania Verlag, Leipzig).
  • Gerhard Kaufmann, Robert Lebeck (Ed.): Many greetings. A cultural history of the postcard (=  The bibliophile paperbacks . No. 458 ). 2nd Edition. Harenberg, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-88379-458-9 .
  • Michael Krüger : Unexpected reunion. Reading cards . (= Marbacher Magazin. 157). German Schiller Society , Marbach am Neckar 2016, ISBN 978-3-944469-23-2 .
  • Arnold Linke, Wolfram Richter: Guide for postcard collectors. Salzwasser Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-86741-091-5 .
  • Michel postal stationery catalog Germany . Schwaneberger, Unterschleißheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-87858-639-5 (used as a source for the sub-items: reply card, picture postcard, perforated postcard and world postcard).
  • Heike Pauschardt: In a nutshell - Stephen's invention of the postcard . In: Klaus Beyrer (Hrsg.): Kommunikation im Kaiserreich. Postmaster General Heinrich von Stephan. A publication by the Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication on the occasion of the exhibition “Communication in the Empire. The Postmaster General Heinrich von Stephan ”in the Museum for Post and Communication Frankfurt am Main (23.10.1997 to 15.2.1998) . Edition Braus, Heidelberg 1997, ISBN 3-89466-211-5 , p. 215–220 (catalog of the Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunications Volume 2).
  • Anna Spiesberger: Postcards . In: Südwestdeutsche Archivalienkunde. Discover regional studies online (leo bw), 2017
  • Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards . Zumstein, Bern 1996, ISBN 3-909278-13-2 .

Web links

Commons : Postcards  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Postcard  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: Correspondence card  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ↑ Cf. Grosse: Contributions to the history of the postcard. In: Archives for Post and Telegraphy. 1896, pp. 674 to 689.
  2. ↑ Cf. F. Stransky: 100 Years of the Russian Postcard. (Continuation article) In: Collector Express. from issue No. 7/1972, p. 154.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i In the current German postal statistics, postcards are recorded together with the letter stream, which is why there are no separate figures for this.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A standard letter in Germany cost € 0.80 in 2020, a postcard € 0.60. See products and prices at a glance, ed. by Deutsche Post and DHL, as of May 1, 2020.
  2. ^ The archive - magazine for communication history, issue 3/2009, p. 51.
  3. ↑ View postcard. In: Large encyclopedia of philately. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, 1973, p. 23.
  4. ^ Arnold Linke, Wolfram Richter: Advice for postcard collectors. Salzwasser Verlag, 2007, p. 8 ff.
  5. ↑ Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 5.
  6. ↑ a b About the history of the Philokartie ( memento of January 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), website operator: Manfred Richter, accessed on September 6, 2009.
  7. ↑ a b metropostcard.com , accessed on September 6, 2009.
  8. ↑ a b US Postcard Chronology ( Memento December 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), The Postcard Web, accessed September 6, 2009.
  9. ^ A b Dan Friedman: The Birth and Development of American Postcards. Classic Postcard Press, West Nyack, NY, 2003, p. 11.
  10. ^ Dan Friedman: The Birth and Development of American Postcards. Classic Postcard Press, West Nyack, NY 2003, p. 27.
  11. ↑ See postcard-collector letter (bulletin of the postcard-interest community), No. 172, September 2009, p. 6.
  12. ↑ Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 6.
  13. ↑ Wolfram Grallert: Lexicon of Philately. Verlag Phil * Creativ, 2nd edition 2007, p. 103 (keyword: printed matter card)
  14. ↑ Horst Hille: Collect postcards. Phil * Creativ Verlag, Schwalmtal 1993, p. 19.
  15. ↑ A. Left: Stephen's proposal to introduce a “Postblatt” in spring 1865. In: AnsichtsKarten-CollectorBrief (Bulletin of the Postcard-Interests-Community), No. 174, March / April 2010, p. 4.
  16. ^ Karl Ludwig Richard von Philipsborn ( memento from January 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), website operator: German Society for Post and Telecommunications History e. V., accessed December 5, 2009.
  17. ↑ Working Group North German Post District ( Memento from October 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on September 6, 2009.
  18. ↑ Robert Lebeck, Gerhard Kaufmann: Many greetings ... A cultural history of the postcard. 2nd Edition. Harenberg Kommunikation, Dortmund 1988, p. 401.
  19. ↑ Grosse: Contributions to the history of the postcard. In: Archives for Post and Telegraphy. 1896, p. 681 ff., With a detailed description
  20. ↑ a b c Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 8.
  21. ↑ a b postcard. In: Ullrich Häger: Large encyclopedia of philately . Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, 1973, p. 360 f.
  22. ↑ Heike Pauschart: Short and sweet - Stephen invention of the postcard. In: Klaus Beyrer (Hrsg.): Kommunikation im Kaiserreich. Postmaster General Heinrich von Stephan. Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunications, 1997, p. 216 f.
  23. ↑ Andrea Reisner, quoted from: Herbert Wöber. In: Wienerzeitung. March 5, 2010 ( ( page no longer available , search in web archives: abo.wienerzeitung.at ), accessed on July 7, 2010)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / abo.wienerzeitung.at
  24. ↑ Horst Hille: Collect postcards. Phil * Creativ Verlag, Schwalmtal 1993, p. 20.
  25. ^ Maly from Vevanović. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 6, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1975, ISBN 3-7001-0128-7 , p. 44.
  26. ^ Herbert Leclerc: Views on picture postcards. In: Archive for German Postal History. Volume 2, 1986, p. 13.
  27. ↑ Double Invention & Innovation ( Memento from May 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Postcard Blog, accessed on May 26, 2010.
  28. ↑ The invention of the postcard. an obituary for E. Herrmann. In: Vossische Zeitung . July 29, 1902.
  29. ↑ Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards . Zumstein Verlag, Bern 1996, p. 7.
  30. ↑ a b Heike package: In a nutshell - Stephen's invention of the postcard. In: Klaus Beyrer (Hrsg.): Kommunikation im Kaiserreich. Postmaster General Heinrich von Stephan. Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunications, 1997, p. 216.
  31. ^ Günter Garbrecht: How the postcard and picture postcard came about. Bremen, July 1998. ( http://www.avgcard.de/-AVG-KartenEntentwicklung.htm ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) , accessed on September 6, 2009)
  32. ^ Franz Kalckhoff : The invention of the postcard and the correspondence cards of the North German Federal Post Office . Publisher by Hugo Krötzsch , Leipzig 1911, p. 14.
  33. ↑ Robert Lebeck, Gerhard Kaufmann: Many greetings ... A cultural history of the postcard. 2nd Edition. Harenberg Kommunikation, Dortmund 1988, p. 402.
  34. ^ Arnold Linke, Wolfram Richter: Advice for postcard collectors. Salzwasser Verlag, 2007, p. 10.
  35. ↑ Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 9.
  36. ↑ Unger: History of the Postcard, with special consideration of Germany. In: Archives for Post and Telegraphy. 1881, pp. 353 to 372.
  37. ↑ Illustration of a correspondence card on which the introduction of postcards in different countries is noted: Otto Wicki: History of Postcards and Postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 8 below
  38. ^ Zumstein special catalog: The postal stationery of Switzerland. Verlag Zumstein & Cie., Bern 2002, p. 39.
  39. ↑ Amand von Schweiger-Lerchenfeld : The new book of the universal mail. Vienna / Pest / Leipzig 1901, p. 429 ff.
  40. ↑ Heike Pauschart: Short and sweet - Stephen invention of the postcard. In: Klaus Beyrer (Hrsg.): Kommunikation im Kaiserreich. Postmaster General Heinrich von Stephan. Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunications, 1997, p. 217 f.
  41. ↑ a b c d Robert Lebeck, Gerhard Kaufmann: Many greetings ... A cultural history of the postcard. 2nd Edition. Harenberg Kommunikation, Dortmund 1988, p. 404.
  42. ↑ Unger: History of the Postcard, with special consideration of Germany. In: Archives for Post and Telegraphy. 1881, p. 362.
  43. ↑ Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 11.
  44. ↑ See Michel Deutschland-Spezial-Katalog 2007. Volume 1: 1849 to April 1945. Verlag Schwaneberger; this also includes the respective postage
  45. ↑ a b Unger: History of the Postcard, with special consideration of Germany. In: Archives for Post and Telegraphy. 1881, p. 365 f.
  46. ↑ Robert Lebeck, Gerhard Kaufmann: Many greetings ... A cultural history of the postcard. 2nd Edition. Harenberg Kommunikation, Dortmund 1988, p. 409.
  47. ↑ cf. B. Gérard Silvain, Joël Kotek: La carte postale antisémite, de l'affaire Dreyfus à la Shoah . Berg International, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-911289-82-X .
  48. ↑ Wolfgang Till: Old postcards. Weltbild Verlag, Munich 1994, p. 23.
  49. ↑ Do you still send postcards? Eurostat, December 4, 2020, accessed on December 19, 2020 .
  50. ^ Herbert Leclerc: Views on picture postcards. In: Archive for German Postal History. Volume 2, 1986, p. 24.
  51. ↑ Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 12.
  52. ^ A b Arnold Linke, Wolfram Richter: Advice for picture postcard collectors. Salzwasser Verlag, 2007, p. 31.
  53. ↑ Robert Lebeck, Gerhard Kaufmann: Many greetings ... A cultural history of the postcard. 2nd Edition. Harenberg Kommunikation, Dortmund 1988, p. 416.
  54. ^ Deutsche Post website ( memento from September 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on September 9, 2012.
  55. ↑ World postcard. In: Wolfram Grallert: Lexicon of Philately. 2nd Edition. Verlag Phil * Creativ, 2007, p. 421.
  56. ↑ Unger: History of the Postcard, with special consideration of Germany. In: Archives for Post and Telegraphy. 1881, p. 362 f.
  57. ↑ Postcards with a reply card. In: Concise dictionary of the postal system . 2nd Edition. Frankfurt am Main 1953, p. 532.
  58. ↑ Reply postcard. In: Ullrich Häger: Large encyclopedia of philately. Volume 1, Bertelsmann Lexikon-Verlag, 1978, p. 78 f.
  59. ^ Zumstein special catalog: The postal stationery of Switzerland. Verlag Zumstein & Cie., Bern 2002, p. 42.
  60. ↑ a b Zumstein special catalog: The postal stationery of Switzerland. Verlag Zumstein & Cie., Bern 2002, p. 43.
  61. ↑ a b c d e Zumstein special catalog: The postal stationery of Switzerland. Verlag Zumstein & Cie., Bern 2002, p. 41.
  62. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Otto Wicki: History of postcards and picture postcards. Verlag Zumstein & Cie, Bern 1996, p. 19 f.
  63. ↑ a b c d e f (Numbers are probably meant for the German Empire) Herbert Leclerc: Views on postcards. In: Archive for German Postal History. Volume 2, 1986, p. 30.
  64. ↑ Consistent Annual Report of Deutsche Post AG 1997 ( Memento of December 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 2.21 MB) p. 29 and Annual Report of the Federal Network Agency 1998 (PDF; 225 kB) p. 48.
  65. ↑ According to the general management of Deutsche Post AG. In: Helmut Gold , Georg Heuberger (Hrsg.): Canceled: Postcards hostile to Jews. Catalog for the exhibition in the Jewish Museum Frankfurt. Verlag Museumsstiftung Post und Telekommunikation & Jüdisches Museum, Frankfurt 1999, p. 19.
  66. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Letters up to 1000 g, Federal Network Agency Annual Report 2010 (PDF; 5.17 MB)
  67. ^ S. Kippenberger: Everything on one card . In: Der Tagesspiegel . July 20, 2008; Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  68. ↑ Deutsche Post Group Management Report 2008 Corporate Divisions Letter p. 4. ( investors.dp-dhl.de ( memento of July 9, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on July 26, 2010)
  69. ^ Herbert Leclerc: Views on picture postcards. In: Archive for German Postal History. Volume 2, 1986, p. 31.
  70. ↑ Galileo of August 11, 2009 ( Memento of December 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on July 26, 2010.
  71. ↑ E-mail and SMS are replacing postcards , accessed on September 6, 2009.
  72. ↑ a b Fewer postcards on the way - but "loyal fan base". (No longer available online.) In: Berliner Morgenpost . August 11, 2019, archived from the original on August 26, 2019 .;
  73. ^ Website: View cards-interests community , accessed on September 6, 2009, website operator: Alfred Kruse
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 13, 2009 .