Case analyst

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A case analyst (also: Profiler and Profilersteller ) is usually a member of the police who conducts operative case analysis to solve serious crimes .

description

In the case analysis, the case analyst draws conclusions on the basis of criminal knowledge based on evidence , traces at the crime scene and the circumstances of the crime . In doing so, he draws conclusions about the behavior of the perpetrator and can, under certain circumstances, recognize patterns that can be linked to specific socio-economic characteristics on a statistical basis . It is therefore not necessarily the psychology , but rather it is first the forensics , and then the criminology and sociology , which are consulted as the most important auxiliary sciences. Case analysts use, among other things, DNA analysis and dactyloscopy to assist with criminalistic techniques .

A case analysis can, under certain circumstances, help in making decisions about the structure of an investigation, for example that an investigation should begin in the regional area and focus on men aged 20 to 40. A more specialized search can then be carried out, or mass DNA tests can be carried out with less logistical effort.

Demarcation

A case analyst does not create “psychological perpetrator profiles ” as is wrongly assumed. He also does not produce a characteristic appearance and personality image of an unknown criminal , as this is not possible. The term "Profiler" or "Profiling" is avoided for his work because the content is inapplicable. The US FBI also does not have a position or job description for “Profiler” or “Profiling”. Instead, it is called “criminal investigative analysis”, which is carried out by specially trained FBI detectives.

development

history

Typologies began to be developed in ancient times. Certain personality traits should explain and possibly predict crime. The first approaches can be found in the 5th century BC. At the founder of scientific medicine Hippocrates . The distinction between human personalities in phlegmatic , sanguine , melancholic and choleric was made by Galen (2nd century AD).

As a follower of Darwinism, the Italian physician and anthropologist Cesare Lombroso developed the doctrine of deliquento nato - the born criminal in 1876 . The “born criminal” should be recognizable by his facial features, social, emotional and physical characteristics. Lombroso's theories were already highly controversial during his lifetime.

In 1921 criminal biology was enriched by the constitutional biology of the German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer . Kretschmer assigned certain body types to a tendency towards certain criminal acts or offenses, such as homosexuality , which was still criminally prosecuted at that time. He differentiated the constitutional types pycnic, leptosome, athletic and dysplastic. In practice, these findings have not been confirmed, but this did little to detract from their dissemination.

In the early 1930s, the successful detective commissioner Ernst Gennat was already practicing case analysis.

Operative case analysis is not an American invention; Criminal police departments around the world have used criminal profiles in the past . The English synonym profiling was first coined in 1978 by Robert Ressler , head of the FBI's behavioral research department, in popular literary publications. The term is largely avoided within German investigative authorities.

Current developments

The operative case analysis is carried out by specially trained, experienced police officers , criminologists (not criminologists ) and some psychologists . They have the same police experience and have the same internal police training and further education. As a rule, these are detectives who, after completing their police training with a degree at a technical college, completed a degree in psychology at a university. In Germany, the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) and the State Criminal Police Office (LKA) have a number of operational case analysts . (Legal) psychological institutes at universities are also consulted as scientific experts, for example through research contracts (third-party funded projects) for evaluation . In doing so, however, criminological and social science institutes are consulted far more frequently, since these subjects represent much more important auxiliary sciences for case analysis than psychology. Psychiatry is rarely used as an auxiliary science, in contrast to forensic medicine .

In the United States, case analysts are trained by the FBI at the Quantico Academy. There are also a wide variety of private training institutes. Police departments are largely independent there and can decide for themselves whether to call in external forces in cases.

Situation in Germany

There are currently (as of October 2012) around 80 case analysts working in the Land Criminal Police Offices of the federal states in the Federal Republic of Germany, and eight at the Federal Criminal Police Office.

See also

literature

  • Oliver Bidlo : Profiling. In the river of signs . Oldib Verlag, Essen, 2011, ISBN 978-3-939556-21-3 .
  • Thomas P. Busch, Heiner Kleihege: Quality standards and practical use of written perpetrator profiles. In: Clemens Lorei (Ed.): Conference: Police & Psychology (= series of publications on police science). Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft, Frankfurt, 2003, ISBN 3-935979-12-6 , ISSN  1610-7500 , pp. 175-186.
  • Thomas P. Busch: Always again killing (review of: P. Fink (2001): Always again killing: serial killers and the creation of perpetrator profiles (2nd completely complete edition), Hilden: Verlag Deutsche Polizeiliteratur . In: Monthly magazine for criminology and Criminal Law Reform, 85 (4), pp. 319–329.
  • Thomas P. Busch, Oskar Berndt Scholz : The generation of empirical perpetrator profiles: A post-hoc classification using the example of the killing of the intimate partner. In: Wolfgang Bilsky, Cordula Kähler (Hrsg.): Professional fields of legal psychology. Documentation of the 9th working conference of the legal psychology department in the German Society for Psychology (DGPs) at the Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster from 13. – 15. September 2001 [CD-ROM] . Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, 2001, ISBN 3-00-008097-X .
  • Thomas P. Busch, Oskar Berndt Scholz : The rule-based generation of psychological perpetrator profiles: A post-hoc classification using the example of the killing of the intimate partner . Kriminalistik, 55 (8–9), 2001, pp. 549–556.
  • Harald Dern, Alexander Horn : Operative case analysis in homicides. A criminological and methodological inventory in 2008 . Kriminalistik 10/2008, pp. 543-549.
  • Christiane Gelitz (Ed.): Profiler & Co. Criminal psychologists on the trail of crime . Schattauer, Stuttgart, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7945-2962-9 .
  • Joachim Käppner : Profiler. On the trail of serial criminals and terrorists . Hanser, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-24368-2 .
  • Axel Petermann : On the trail of evil. A profiler reports . Ullstein Taschenbuch Verlag, Berlin 2010 ISBN 978-3-5483-7325-6 .
  • Heike Würstl: Analysis of a blackmail letter (= series of publications by the Thuringian University of Applied Sciences for Public Administration, Department of Police 1). Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft, Frankfurt / Main, 2004, ISBN 3-935979-43-6 .
  • Cornelia Musolff, Jens Hoffmann (ed.): Perpetrator profiles in violent crimes: Myth, theory and practice of profiling . Springer, Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-5406-7360-6 .
  • Alexander Horn : The logic of action . Droemer, Munich, 2014, ISBN 978-3-426-27626-6 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Police case analyst. Federal Criminal Police Office, archived from the original on March 31, 2001 ; accessed on August 6, 2016 (description of the “operational case analysis” in Germany).
  2. ↑ Michael Kraske: The Monster Hunter. Die Zeit 6/2012, October 9, 2012, accessed on October 9, 2012 .