R4bia
R4bia (from Arabic رابعة, DMG Rābiʿa 'fourth') is an emblem that was circulating in many social networks at the time of the state crisis in Egypt in 2013 . It shows a black hand with four outstretched fingers and a folded thumb, underneath the word "R4bia". The emblem has become a symbol of the protest movement in Egypt and the demonstrations in Rabaa al-Adawiya Square against the takeover of power by the military. The "R4bia" emblem is also understood as a reminder of the killing of hundreds of demonstrators by Egyptian security forces in front of the Rabia-al-Adawija mosque on August 14, when the military-backed Egyptian transitional government carried out a “massacre by the security forces of around 1000 pro -Mursi demonstrators ” in the largest of the three mass killings to date since the military coup on July 3 against Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi , the two Cairo protest camps on Rabia-al-Adawija Square and on Nahda Square were dissolved by force of arms .
Origin and Distribution
The origin or authorship of the symbol is unclear. The origin could have been the events of August 14th in Egypt, where (a few hours before the storming of the protest camps) the protesters are said to have raised four fingers to emphasize their demands.
The mark is used by international activists, including on a website published in Turkey cited by Al-Arabiya .
The sign became famous when the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan greeted the protesters in Egypt with this sign during a speech in Bursa . He also used the symbol after the attempted coup in July 2016 . Many other well-known people show solidarity with the movement, such as the captain of the football team Fenerbahçe Istanbul , Emre Belözoğlu , who gave the Rābiʿa sign after a penalty goal in the Süper Lig opening game at Konyaspor .
The Mayor of Istanbul , Kadir Topbaş , recently announced at an opening ceremony that Dörtyol-Platz in Istanbul's Esenler district would be renamed “Rabia-Platz”.
Turkish actor and singer İbrahim Tatlıses posted a photo on his Twitter account showing the R4bia symbol.
Egyptian soccer player Ahmed Abdel-Zaher was banned from his club, al Ahly Kairo, on November 11, 2013 for mixing sport and politics because he had used the show of hands in a game the previous day. The Egyptian sports minister Taher Abu Zeid said in a statement that he expected Abdel-Zaher to be banned and fined by the Egyptian Football Association just like the Egyptian Wushu fighter Mohamed Yousuf Ramadan, who received the gold medal wore a T-shirt with the R4bia symbol at the World Combat Games in St. Petersburg at the end of October .
National and international political significance and prohibition in Egypt
With the official classification of the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization by the military-backed transitional government of Egypt on December 25, 2013, the use of the R4bia symbol in Egypt was accordingly made a criminal offense. The sentence was sentenced to five years in prison on December 27, 2013 as a sentence for using the R4bia mark on social media.
Cilja Harders, Head of the Middle East Politics Unit at the Free University of Berlin , emphasizes that the sign “is de facto understood as a declaration of solidarity for the Muslim Brotherhood, at least in Egypt. From a political point of view, however, it does not only include the Islamists, but has to be classified more broadly. "The Islamic and political scientist Thorsten Gerald Schneiders emphasizes:" The symbol comes from the Islamist spectrum, but is not a dedicated sign of Islamic radicalism. It has definitely expanded in meaning towards protest against dictatorship and arbitrary rule in general. "
R4bia.com
Although the sign has no clear background, the website r4bia.com was started by Turkish activists.
The r4biaplatform.com page provides information about numerous member organizations and sponsors of the movement. In addition to the IHH , which is banned in Germany, these include the Alperen Ocakları Eğitim, Kültür ve Dayanışma Foundation of the Islamist-nationalist Büyük Birlik Partisi, and the Al-Eslah Society based on the Persian Gulf, which is part of the Muslim Brotherhood. Sponsors include the Jamaat-e-Islami and the Türkiye newspaper .
At the end of August 2013, Jürgen Bock spoke for the newspaper publisher Waiblingen (ZVW) on the occasion of a demonstration planned for downtown Stuttgart “in connection with the international R4bia movement, which,” says Bock, “is against the takeover of power by the Egyptian military, but also Anti-Israel goals, the destruction of Western values and the unification of all Muslim states as motives ”from an“ official homepage of the movement ”. The movement uses the R4bia symbol and is assigned to the Muslim Brotherhood by the Office for the Protection of the Constitution . The Office for the Protection of the Constitution stated that the movement was assessed as anti-Zionist , but nothing further was known about it, "because it is a very young phenomenon". The event in Stuttgart, registered by an individual, was criticized because, among other things, the Islamic society Millî Görüş promoted it. The German-Israeli Society Stuttgart and Mittlerer Neckar opposed the approval of public rallies by the R4bia movement in Stuttgart, which in their opinion cultivated “a bad anti-Israel enemy image”, which is why it was to be feared “that the rally was also too anti-Semitic Propaganda could come ”. The city administration, however, could not see any signs of conflict potential and approved the demonstration.
- Gallery (anti-coup demonstration in Maadi / Cairo, September 20, 2013)
The R4bia emblem on stickers, buttons, balloons, ...
... flags, ...
... hats, ...
... signs, ...
... or as a show of hands with a Guy Fawkes mask .
- Gallery (anti-coup demonstration in Nasr City / Cairo, October 11, 2013)
The R4bia emblem with Vuvuzela and on T-shirts, flags, ...
... headbands, ...
... and with a Mursi portrait.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Report on worldbulletin.net (accessed on 22 August 2013).
- ↑ Egypt - wave of arrests in Egypt shows effect ( memento from August 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 23, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ^ State of emergency - one dead during protests in Egypt ( memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 13, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: resentment towards Brotherhood fuels crackdown support ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, August 16, 2013 by Ian Black and Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ^ Egyptian police storm second Islamist stronghold ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, September 19, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ^ Report on the al-arabia website (accessed August 22, 2013).
- ↑ Report on habermonitor.com (accessed on 22 August 2013).
- ^ Elisabeth Kimmerle: Referendum in Turkey: Four fingers for an "Evet" . In: The daily newspaper: taz . March 9, 2017, ISSN 0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed March 19, 2018]).
- ↑ Report on EUROSPORT.COM (accessed on 23 August 2013).
- ↑ Report on the website of the German-Turkish journal (accessed on August 22, 2013).
- ^ Report on the website of the magazine Hürriyet (accessed on August 22, 2013).
- ↑ Report on ardahanhaberi.com
- ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/egypt-player-suspended-over-islamist-salute-20131111194052134471.html
- ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/video/middleeast/2013/11/egypt-kung-fu-star-punished-over-protest-sign-20131111798306561.html
- ↑ http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131028/egypt-suspends-kung-fu-gold-medallist-over-pro-islamist-shirt
- ↑ "We are now officially terrorists": The hunt for the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kurier.at, December 28, 2013, by Karoline Krause, archived from the original .
- ↑ R4bia symbol: “It's not a scandal” ( Part 1 ( memento from January 15, 2014 on WebCite ), Part 2 ( memento from January 15, 2014 on WebCite )), Prenzlauer Berg Nachrichten, January 15, 2014, from Christiane Abelein, archived from the original ( part 1 , part 2 ) on January 16, 2014.
- ↑ Four-finger salute: Egypt rivals use 'Rabaa hand' to turn Facebook yellow by Eman El-Shenawi on the Al-Arabiya website, accessed August 23, 2013
- ↑ a b http://www.r4biaplatform.com/members-and-sponsors R4biaplatform.com - Member Institutions ( Memento from October 22, 2013 on WebCite ), archived from the original .
- ↑ Aharq al-Awsat
- ↑ Saturday in Stuttgart - Controversial demo for Muslim Brothers ( Memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeitungsverlag Waiblingen (ZVW), August 27, 2013, by Jürgen Bock, archived from the original .
- ↑ Saturday in Stuttgart - Ordnungsamt approves demo for Muslim Brothers ( Memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeitungsverlag Waiblingen (ZVW), August 28, 2013, by Jürgen Bock, archived from the original .