Black
A black horse is a horse with black mane, tail, and fur.
etymology
The black horse owes its name to the raven , a black bird - so it is a "raven-black" horse.
Appearance
The classic black horse has both black long hair and black fur. Hooves and eyes are dark , markings disregarded. In addition to the "constant" black horses, which have black fur in every season of the year (shiny black horses or blue black horses), there are also summer black horses, which get a brownish or reddish coat in winter, and winter black horses, which have a brownish, grayish color (Kohlrappen) or in summer wear reddish fur.
Possible confusion
Cabbage foxes, black browns, and smoky blacks can be so dark they might be mistaken for blacks, even though they aren't genetically blacks.
- In black horses, the mane, tail and back are usually the most bleached. The area around the eyes, the mouth and the belly are really black if there are no marks there.
- In black-browns , legs, mane and tail are usually noticeably darker than the body. The eyes, the area in front of the starting point of the hind leg and sometimes the mouth, on the other hand, are noticeably brown.
- Cabbage foxes are usually no lighter on the back than on the stomach.
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| Completely black black horse | Black, faded by the summer sun | The fur around a black horse's eye remains black | Dark chestnut | Black-brown | The fur around the eyes of a black and brown is brown |
genetics
Genetically speaking, black is the melanism of the horse. There are two different ways in which this color can arise.
Recessive black color: the normal black horse
In order for a horse to become a black horse, it must have the recessive allele a for the black color twice on the agoutilocus and the dominant allele E at least once on the extension locus , which allows black color on the mane and tail.
Dominant black color
There is a dominant black color gene in Arabs that is assigned to the extension locus. A horse that carries this gene once, i.e. is heterozygous for it, becomes rapping independently of the other genes on extension and agoutilocus.
Influenced by other color genes
Horses that have one of the gene combinations for black color on the agouti and extension locus can be changed in color by other color genes:
The effect of leucistic color genes in rapping is that part of the fur is white because there the melanocytes, the dye-forming cells, are missing, while other areas of the fur retain the basic black color. The weakest form of leucism results in white markings. A black piebald develops when the black color is combined with one of the piebald genes . In stichelhaarigen horses a permanent Rappschimmel arises. These animals and similar fur drawings like the Rabicano , the Varnish Roan , the Frosty Roan , some Sabino Overos have a mixture of white and black hair on at least part of the fur. In the dominantly white horse , the black basic color can no longer be seen, as the melanocytes of the fur are missing on the entire body. A black horse lightened by the Champagne gene is called Classik Champagne .
Black horse with white markings on the head and legs
Black checker, Tobiano
Permanent black mold
Genes from the albinism spectrum lighten the fur on the entire body to gray or brown. Sometimes this leads to an evenly light color, in other cases a drawing can be seen. A horse that has been lightened from the black color to a brown by a simply present (heterozygous) cream gene is referred to as a bonfire or smoky black . The color of the affected animals ranges from black to dark brown. A horse that has been lightened to almost white by a homozygous cream gene from the black color is referred to as smoky cream . The wind color gene brightens black horses to gray or brown, sometimes with apple markings. The affected animals are called black wind colors or wind brown. White horses can be born as black horses. They are born with the basic color determined by the other color genes and get more and more white hair in the course of their life until they are finally completely white (atlas mold) or only have small colored spots (fly mold).
Foal of the color Smoky Black
Smoky Cream, which also shows a Tobiano check.
Blue horse: black horse that is starting to grow out
Rappwind-colored Rocky Mountain Horse
Classic Champagne horse: black color lightened by the Champagne gene
Races
Black is a rather rare color. Nevertheless, it is anchored in the breeding standard for some horse breeds - such as the Friesian , the fur pony and the Mérens horse - that they must be blacks.
Others
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Grünter Dodrowski, Paul Grebe u. a .: Etymology - dictionary of origin of the German language. Duden . Bibliographical Institute, Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Vienna / Zurich, 1963, ISBN 3-411-00907-1
- ^ Horse color genetics
- ↑ Horse breeding: genetic tests for the coat colors chestnut, bay and black. Results from a preliminary study in the Swiss Freiberger horse breed . In: Switzerland Arch Tierheilkd. , 2002 Aug, 144 (8), pp. 405-412, PMID 12224446 (German)
- ↑ H.-J. Wagner, M. Reissmann: New polymorphism detected in the horse MC1R gene . In: Animal Genetics 31 (4), 2000, pp. 289-290, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-2052.2000.00655.x
- ↑ L. Marklund, MJ Moller, K. Sandberg, L. Andersson: A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses . In: Mammalian Genome , 7, 1996, pp. 895-899, PMID 8995760 .
- ↑ Krista Siebel: Analysis of genetic variants of loci for the coat color and their relationship to the color phenotype and to quantitative performance characteristics in pigs . Institute for Livestock Sciences at the Humboldt University in Berlin, July 2001, inaugural dissertation to obtain the degree of doctor in veterinary medicine
- ^ DP Sponenberg, MC Weise: Dominant black in horses. In: Genetics Selection Evolution , 29, 1997, pp. 403-408