Reginald Pole

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Cardinal Reginald Pole (Portrait of Sebastiano del Piombo , around 1540)

Reginald Pole (born March 3, 1500 in Stourton Castle , † November 17, 1558 in London ), son of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury , and Sir Richard Pole , was an English cardinal . He was the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury (1556–1558) and chief executive of the Tridentine .

Life

Pole came from the Plantagenet house through his mother . After the early death of his father in 1505, he was appointed clergyman and grew up in the Carthusian monastery Sheen Priory near Richmond . He studied at Oxford University and in Padua . At a young age he received an office in the pre-Reformation Church of England, but without having been ordained a priest. In 1525 Pole returned to England. In 1530, outraged by the policies of his second cousin, King Henry VIII , and the Privy Councilor Thomas Cromwell , he refused the office of Archbishop of York and moved back to Italy in 1532.

Ordained a deacon in Italy in 1536 , Pope Paul III. Reginald Pole in December d. J. to cardinal. In January 1537 the Pope appointed him cardinal deacon of Santi Nereo ed Achilleo , in May 1540 he moved to the titled deaconry Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia to become cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in December 1540 .

As the papal legate for England since 1536, Pole consulted with representatives of the opponents of the English king. His work pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione , in which he denied the legality of Henry VIII's rule and marriages, criticized his detachment from the papal church and called on the European princes to depose him, led Henry VIII to issue a parliamentary penal order against Poles and one Price suspended on his capture. His family was suspected of treason. They were charged with supporting the Pilgrimage of Grace , an insurrectionist movement that opposed royal ecclesiastical policy and the dissolution of the monasteries . Allegedly, his mother also intended to marry Reginald to the Catholic Princess Mary in order to bring the House of Plantagenet back to power through the connection with the ruling House of Tudor . In 1539 his eldest brother Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu and in 1541 his mother was executed.

At the first session of the Council of Trent (1545–1547) he took over the leadership of the church assembly as one of three papal legates together with the Cardinals Del Monte and Cervini . All three were papabile in the subsequent papal elections . After the death of Paul III. (1549) Poles were missing only four votes for a two-thirds majority in the conclave 1549–1550 . His followers then tried to install him as the new Pope per modum adorationis . When asked if he would accept the election, he remained silent and went to his cell. The following day he lacked the one decisive voice. The conclave continued until the majority elected Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte pope, who named Julius III. assumed. After the death of Edward VI. 1553 became Pole by Pope Julius III. sent to England to assist Mary I , Edward's sister and new Queen of England, in the reconciliation of the kingdom with the papacy. Mary reintroduced Catholic worship in England. On November 30, 1554, Reginald Pole acquitted the parliament and the country from the division of the church . Pope Paul IV appointed Cardinal Pole in December 1555 pro hac vice as cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Cosmedin (1555–1558). It was not until March 20, 1556, a day before Archbishop Thomas Cranmer was executed and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury , that Pole was ordained priest and two days later by Archbishop of York , Nicholas Heath , episcopal ordination . Reginald Pole died in London on November 17, 1558, just hours after the death of his Queen Mary the Catholic. Through his work in the re-Catholicization of England , Pole became known beyond England's borders.

Since 1552 and especially from 1555 under Paul IV, the Roman Inquisition was interested in Poles, who were accused of being close to the Lutheran doctrine of justification and the Italian evangelismo / Valdesianismo . A regular process, as it took place at the same time against the later council legate Cardinal Giovanni Morone , could not be completed because of the absence of Pole from Rome and his early death.

Research history

One of the foremost experts on Reginald Pole was Thomas F. Mayer , Professor of History at Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois. Mayer caused a certain stir with the thesis that Pole had been linked to Alvise Priuli in a homosexual marriage for twenty years , which was also a factor in the persecution by the Inquisition. A student of Joseph Ratzinger , Martin Trimpe, received his doctorate in 1972 in Regensburg on the basic motifs of the theology of the papal primacy in Reginald Pole's thought . Trimpe's work is the only theological monograph on Poles that appeared in German in the 20th century. It was “the only serious treatment” of Poles De Summo Pontifice , judged Thomas F. Mayer. None of Pole's writings have yet been translated into German. An English translation of Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione appeared in 1965, and a French translation in 1967.

Works

  • Thomas F. Mayer (Ed.): The correspondence of Reginald Pole , Ashgate, Aldershot,
  1. A calendar 1518-1546. Beginnings to legate of Viterbo , 2002, ISBN 0-7546-0326-1 .
  2. A calendar 1547-1554. A power in Rome , 2003, ISBN 0-7546-0327-X .
  3. A calendar 1555-1558. Restoring the English Church , 2004, ISBN 0-7546-0328-8 .

literature

Web links

Commons : Reginald Pole  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Küng : Theologie im Aufbruch - An ecumenical foundation. Piper Verlag, Munich 1987, p. 32
  2. ^ Claus Arnold : The Roman censorship of the works of Cajetans and Contarini (1558-1601). Limits of theological confessionalization. Schöningh, Paderborn 2008, pp. 179-184.
  3. ↑ Dr. Mayer remembered as historian, scholar , Augustana College, January 21, 2014, accessed August 5, 2016
  4. ^ Review by GW Bernard on Mayer Prince and Prophet .
  5. ↑ Thomas F. Mayer: Reginald Pole: Prince and prophet. New York 2000, p. 176.
predecessor Office successor
Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury
1556–1558 		Matthew Parker
personal data
SURNAME Pole, Reginald
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English clergyman, Archbishop of Canterbury
DATE OF BIRTH March 3, 1500
PLACE OF BIRTH Stourton Castle
DATE OF DEATH November 17, 1558
Place of death London