Red-brown milkling

Red-brown milkling
Red-brown milkling ( Lactarius rufus )
Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis) Order : Russulales (Russulales) Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae) Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius ) Type : Red-brown milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius rufus
( Scopoli  : Fr. ) Fr.

The red-brown milkling ( Lactarius rufus , syn. L. mollis ) is a widespread, medium-sized mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). The brick to red-brown colored and often hunched in the middle hats of the fruiting bodies are striking . Due to its pungent taste, it is considered inedible. The species grows in birch , spruce and pine .

features

Macroscopic features

If the fruiting body is injured, copious amounts of white milky juice will escape.

Older specimens of the red-brown milkling with wavy, bent hats

The hat measures 2–8 sometimes up to 10 centimeters in diameter and is dark brick brown, chestnut or reddish brown. It is initially convex and often has a small, pointed hump (umbo). Later, however, it becomes flatter and ultimately it takes on a funnel-shaped shape. The surface is dry and matt and smooth to slightly uneven. It becomes a bit sticky when wet, but even then hardly shines. The edge of the hat is often a little lighter in color and sometimes slightly grooved. It is smooth and curved for a long time.

The moderately crowded lamellas are slightly curved, cream-colored and later take on the color of the hat, only paler. They have just grown on the stem and only forked sporadically. The blade edges are smooth. The spore powder is creamy white with a light salmon pink tone.

The stem , which is the same color, but is slightly lighter , often becomes hollow with age. It measures 2.5–6 (8) × 0.6–1.2 (1.5) cm. The stem surface is whitish with a pink shade when young and completely white with frost. Later the stem turns increasingly orange to brownish. The flesh is whitish and red-brown under the cap skin and in the stem bark. Just like white milk, it tastes mild at first, but later very hot.

Microscopic features

The broadly elliptical spores are 6.8–9.5 µm long and 5.3–7.4 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.2–1.4. The spore ornament is up to 0.7 µm high and consists of individual warts and ribs that are almost completely networked with one another. The 35–42 µm long and 8–9 µm wide basidia are cylindrical to club-shaped and usually carry four sterigms .

The numerous, 28–42 µm long and 7–9 µm wide cheilomacrocystids are spindle-shaped to club-shaped and blunt at the upper end, or partially drawn out to a point. The pleuromacrocystids are shaped similarly. They are more or less cylindrical to club-shaped or spindle-shaped and some have a drawn-out tip. They measure 25–60 × 6–10 µm and are not very numerous.

The cap skin consists of hyphae lying parallel and radially to the cap surface, which are 2–6 µm wide, cylindrically shaped and in places irregularly intertwined. Many hyphae ends are ascending, that is, at the end they are bent upwards and protrude from the hyphae. Underneath are elongated, rounded cells and a few interspersed lactifera (milk or sap tubes).

Species delimitation

The red-brown milkling can be confused by the layman with many other brown-capped milklings. The relatively dark, red-brown hat color and the matt, dull skin are typical. It doesn't get greasy even in damp weather. Further characteristics are the seldom missing small hump (papilla) in the middle of the hat, as well as the white, unchangeable milk. In addition to the pungent taste, which usually only develops slowly, the location of the coniferous forest above acidic soil is a characteristic feature.

The fruit bodies of the brown-red milkling and the peat moss milkling can look very similar, but they do not have the typical papilla in the middle of the hat. While the peat moss milkling also grows on nutrient-poor, acidic soils, the brown-red milkling can be found in soils that are more alkaline. The milk of the two mushrooms is mild to pungent or bitter.

ecology

Like all Milchlinge , the red-brown milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that forms a symbiotic partnership with spruce and pine trees. But you can also find it occasionally under silver fir, birch and red beech.

The Milchling grows in spruce-beech, spruce-fir and spruce forests and in mossy and lichen-rich pine and heather forests or on the edges of intermediate and raised bogs. It is also found in spruce and pine forests and under scattered spruce or pine trees in acidic hornbeam and birch-oak mixed forests. The Milchling likes acidic, shallow to medium-sized soils that are moderately dry to moderately moist. They have to be low in bases and nutrients. Otherwise they can be loamy, silty or more or less sandy. The fungus only grows on neutral soils if they are covered by a thick layer of needle litter.

The fruiting bodies usually appear from August to the beginning of November, with appropriate weather they can be found earlier.

distribution

Distribution of the red-brown milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The red-brown milkling is widespread in North Asia (Armenia, Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan, Korea), North America (Mexico, USA and Canada, especially in the area around the Great Lakes) as well as in Greenland and Europe. In Europe the species is distributed submeridional to boreal , that is, the distribution area extends from the northern Mediterranean area to the northern coniferous forest areas . In southern Europe it is widespread from Spain to Bulgaria, in western Europe it ranges from France, across the Benelux countries and England to the north to the Shetland Islands and in the east from Ukraine via Belarus to the Baltic states. In the north it is widespread throughout Fennoscandinavia. The Milchling occurs in Central Europe both in the lowlands and in the higher mountains. In the Swiss Central Alps you can still find it at an altitude of 2300 meters above sea level under mountain pines . In the tundra zone , in boggy locations under bog and dwarf birch trees, an unhumped shape should occur.

The Milchling is common and widespread in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Systematics and taxonomy

The mushroom was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli as Agaricus rufus . In 1838 Elias Magnus Fries , the father of modern mycology, placed it in the genus Lactarius in his work "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici" , so that it got its scientific name, which is valid today. The species attribute ( epithet ) rufus ( Latin : (fox) red) refers to the red-brown color of the hat.

Inquiry systematics

Marcel Bon places the red-brown Milchling in the Rufi section. The representatives of the section have frosted to fluffy hat skin and white and abundant flowing milk. The meat is more or less odorless. At Maria Basso he is in the Colorati section . In Heilmann-Clausen's case , the red-brown Milchling is also in the Colorati section , but separates it from the other representatives of the section in the Rufini section.

meaning

Food value

The red-brown milk ling is generally regarded as inedible. In some areas (for example in the Baltic States), however, it is used after a special treatment (boiled down and marinated) and the mushroom expert David Arora notes that the reddish-brown milkling is eaten as a preserve in Scandinavia. Arora also argues that there may be differences in edibility between the North American and European subspecies of this mushroom.

Care should be taken when tasting the mushroom for purposes of determination. The delayed effect of the milk masks an extremely hot (perhaps the hottest) milkling.

Web links

Commons : Rotbrauner Milchling ( Lactarius rufus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• LR Hesler & Alexander H. Smith .: North American species of Lactarius . In: University of Michigan (Ed.): University of Michigan Herbarium Fungus Monographs . 1979, ISBN 0-472-08440-2 , pp. 441 ff . ( quod.lib.umich.edu [accessed October 22, 2011]).
• Russula rufus - Funghi in Italia. In: funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on November 16, 2011 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Rotbraunen-Milchling). 
• Russula rufus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved November 16, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis). 

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b} Synonyms of Russula rufus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed November 16, 2011 .  
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . Paul Parey, Hamburg, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-490-19818-2 , pp. 88 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 98.
4. ↑ Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Pilze . tape 1 : Lamellar fungi, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 297 .
5. ↑ ^{a b} German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 421.
6. ↑ ^{a b} Lactarius rufus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .  
7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius rufus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 .
9. ^ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne and Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann, Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 .
10. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online (PDF; 592 kB)).
11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( online [accessed January 9, 2012]). Online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on January 17, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
13. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved September 20, 2011 .  
14. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed November 16, 2011 .  
15. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 16, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
16. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 .
17. ↑ David N. Pegler: Mushrooms . Hallwag, Bern, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-444-70136-5 , pp. 24 .
18. ^ Roger Phillips: Mushrooms . Pan MacMillan, 2006, ISBN 0-330-44237-6 .
19. ↑ David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkeley / California 1986, ISBN 0-89815-169-4 ( Google Books ).