Salish languages

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Spread of the Salish languages

Salish is a language family in North America that produced 23 languages. It occurs primarily in British Columbia , Canada and Washington State in the United States . It is one of the indigenous American languages .

The language code according to ISO 639-2 is "sal".

There are an estimated 2500 speakers left.

Classification of the Salish languages

Bella Coola

1. Nuxálk or Bella Coola / Bellacoola (the Nuxalk or Nuxalkmc , many took Lehnwörter of the dialect of the Heiltsuk (Bella Bella) and Haihai (Xai'xais) from the Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language , a northern Wakashan language )
  • Kimsquit dialect (the Sutslmc)
  • Nuxálk or Bella Coola dialect (the Nuxalkmc or Stuic (Stuie))
  • Kwatna dialect (the Kwalhnmc / Kwalnamx / Kwalhna of Kwatna - ″ place of the Kwalhnmc / Kwalnamx / Kwalhna people ″)
  • Tallheo / Taliomi or Talyu dialect (the Taliyumc / Talyumx from today's Tallheo (Talyu) - ″ place of the Taliyumc / Talyumx people ″)

Coastal Salish or Coast Salish

A. CENTRAL COAST SALISH (Central Coast Salish) or CENTRAL SALISH (Central Salish)
I. Northern Georgia Strait Coast Salish or Northern (Coast) Salish
2. Comox-Sliammon or Ay-Ay-Ju-Thum / Salhulhtxw (ʔayʔaǰuθəm / Saɬuɬtxʷ)
  • Island Comox (Island Comox) or Comox (Salhulhtxw / Saɬuɬtxʷ) dialect (the Comox (K'ómoks or Sathloot) around the present-day town of Comox , but later adopted the Liq'wala dialect of the Kwak'wala of the mighty Lekwiltok (spawn -kwil-tach) )
  • Mainland Comox (Mainland Comox) or Ay-Ay-Ju-Thum (ʔayʔǰuθəm) / Éy7á7juuthem (? Ay? Adzhúth @ m), also Sliammon (ɬəʔamɛn) dialect
3. Pentlatch or Puntletch / Puntledge (Pənƛ̕áč) (the Pentlatch (Puntletch or Puntledge) )
4. Sechelt or Sháshíshálh / She Sháshíshálhem (šášíšáɬəm) (the Sechelt (Shishalh) )
II. Central Salish or Central Coast Salish
5. Halcomelem
Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ') or Icelandic dialect, also Cowichan (in the southern Georgia Strait area, in the southeast of Vancouver Island , the Gulf Islands and along the lower Fraser River ; the tribes call themselves Hul'qumi' num Mustimuhw - "Hul'qumi'num-speaking peoples" or Xwulmuxw Mustimuxw - "indigenous people")
  • Stz'uminus / Shts'um'inus or Chemainus subdialect
  • Quw'utsun Mustimuhw, Khowutzun / Kw'amutsun (Quw'utsun) or Cowichan (Quamichan) subdialect (on the north bank of Cowichan Lake, in the Cowichan River Valley on the east coast of Vancouver Island)
  • Snanaimuk / Nanaimo or Nanaimuk subdialect
  • Malahat (Málexeł) (next to Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ') originally speak the Malchosen (also: Malahat, Samish ) dialect of the Northern Straits Salish, which is closely related to the SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən dialect of the other Saanich ( W̱SÁNEĆ) is related - or viewed as a subdialect, "MÁLEXEȽ" is the SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən or Saanich designation)
  • Penelakut (Penálaxeth ')
  • Qualicum
Hunquminum (H? N'q '? Min'? M ') or Downriver dialect, also Musqueam (the Stó: lō and neighboring tribes in the Lower Fraser River Vally from Matsqui downstream as well as Greater Vancouver , New Westminster , X̲á: ytem , Mission ( Hatzic) , Stave River , Pitt Lake and Pitt River )
Halqemeylem (Halq'eméylem) or Upriver dialect, also Stó: lō / Upper Stó: lō (the Stó: lō and some neighboring tribes in the Upper Fraser River Valley and Fraser Canyon, upstream from Sumas to Spuzzum)
  • Tait subdialect of the Tít (Tait) tribe of the Stó: lō
  • Pilalt subdialect of the Pilalt tribe of the Stó: lō
  • Ts'elxwéyeqw tribe of the Stó: lō (formerly also called Ch-ihl-kway-uhk or Chilliwack )
6. Nooksack or Lhéchelesem / Lhéchalosem (ɬə́čələsəm / ɬə́čælosəm) (the nooksack (Noxws'áʔaq) )
7. Squamish or Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim / Skwxwu7mesh (the Squamish (Skwxwú7mesh) )
III. Straits Salish or Straits
8. Klallam (Clallam) or Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən (also: Southern Straits Salish) (the Klallam (S'Klallam) )
  • Elwha Klallam dialect
  • Becher Bay Klallam dialect
  • Jamestown Klallam dialect
  • Little Boston Klallam dialect
9. Northern Straits Salish
  • Xwlemiʼchosen / xʷləmiʔčósən or Lummi dialect
  • Malchosen / Malahat or (rarely also) Samish dialect (the Malahat (Málexeł) , closely related to the SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən dialect, therefore often regarded as a subdialect, also speak the Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ') - Dialect of Halkomelem)
  • SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən or Saanich dialect (the Saanich (W̱SÁNEĆ) )
  • Siʔneməš or Samish dialect (the Samish (sʔémǝš) )
  • Tah-tu-lo or Semiahmoo dialect (the Semiahmoo )
  • Tʼsou-ke, c̓awk or Sooke dialect (the T'sou-ke (Sooke) )
  • Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ / Lekwungen or Songhees / Songish dialect
IV. Southern Salish or Southern Coast Salish
10. Lushootseed (Puget (Sound) Salish) or Xʷəlšucid / Dxʷləšúcid
Northern Lushootseed (Northern Puget Sound Salish)
  • Upper Skaǰət dialect (the Upper Skagit )
  • Suiʼaẋbixʷ or Sauk-Suiattle dialect (the Sauk-Suiattle , a former group of the Upper Skagit)
Southern Lushootseed or Whulshootseed (Xʷəlšuʔcid) / Twulshootseed (Txʷǝlšucid) (Southern Puget Sound Salish)
  • Dxʷ'Dəw? Abš subdialect (the Dxʷ'Dəw? Abš - "the People of the Inside")
  • Xacuabš subdialect (the Xacuabš - "the People of the Lake")
  • s-tah-PAHBSH or Sammamish (Samena) subdialect (the Sammamish , are often considered a sub-tribe of the Xacuabš)
  • Kikiallus dialect (the Kikiallus (Ki Ki Allus) on Fir Island in the Skagit River Delta, are counted among the Skagit)
  • Bəpubšł / Bǝqǝlšuɫucid or Muckleshoot dialect (the Muckleshoot (Buklshuhls) )
  • Txʷǝlšucid / Twulshootseed or Puyallup-Nisqually dialect
11. Twana or Skokomish
B. TSAMOSAN (Olympic Peninsula) or SOUTHWEST COAST SALISH (on the Olympic Peninsula and adjacent areas)
I. Inland (inland) tsamosan
12. Cowlitz (Lower Cowlitz) or Sƛ̕púlmš (the Lower Cowlitz or Kwalhiokwa )
13. Upper Chehalis or Q̉ʷay̓áyiłq̉ (the Upper Chehalis or Kwaiailk - not to be confused with the Chehalis (Sts'Ailes) )
II. Maritime (sea) Samosan
14. Lower Chehalis or Łəw̓ál̕məš (the Lower Chehalis - not to be confused with the Chehalis (Sts'Ailes) )
15. Quinault or Kʷínayɬ
C. TILLAMOOK (along Oregon's northwest and central Pacific coasts )
16. Tillamook or Hutyéyu
  • Nehalem-Tillamook sub-dialect
  • Garibaldi-Nestucca (Nestucka) subdialect
  • Salmon River (Nechesnan) subdialect
  • Siletz dialect or southern dialect (the Siletz , the southernmost group of the coastal Salish)

Inland Salish or Interior Salish

A. NORTH
17. Lillooet / St'át'imcets (the St'at'imc (Lillooet or Lilwat) )
  • St'at'imcets or Fountain dialect (Upper St'at'imcets) (the Upper St'at'imc, also known as Upper Lillooet or Fraser River Lillooet )
  • Ucwalmícwts / Lil'wat7úlmec or Mount Currie dialect (Lower St'at'imcets) (the Lower St'at'imc, also known as Lower Lillooet or Mount Currie Lillooet )
18. Shuswap or Secwepemctsín / Səxwəpməxcín (the Secwepemc (Shuswap) )
  • Eastern dialect
  • Kinbasket (Kenpesq't) subdialect
  • Shuswap Lake / Secwepemc (Qw7ewt / Quaaout) -subdialect
  • Western dialect
  • Canim Lake (Tsq'escen) subdialect
  • Chu Chua (Simpcw) subdialect
  • Deadman's Creek (Skitsestn / Skeetchestn) –Kamloops (Tk'emlups) subdialect
  • Fraser River (Splatsin, Esk'et) subdialect
  • Pavilion (Tsk'weylecw) -Bonaparte (St'uxtews) -subdialect
19. Thompson (River) Salish or Nlaka'pamuctsin / Nɬeʔkepmxcín (the Nlaka'pamux (Thompson (River) Salish) )
  • Nlaka'pamuctsin dialect (of the Nlaka'pamux groups in Fraser Canyon and Thompson Canyon)
  • Scw'exmxcin dialect (the Scw'exmxim (or Nicola) Nlaka'pamux groups in the valley of the Nicola River)
B. SOUTH
20. Coeur D'Alene or Snchitsu'umshtsn / Snčícuʔumšcn (also Skitswish ) (the Coeur d'Alene (Schitsu'umsh or Skitswish) )
21. Columbia-Moses or Nxaảmxcín, often also Columbia-Wenatchi (also: Moses-Colombia Salish , Columbian , Chelan , Wenatchee )
22. Colville-Okanagan , Syilx'tsn or Nesilextcl'n / Nsəlxcin (Nsyilxcn) (also Okanagon, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən )
I. Colville dialect group
  • S? Altikwet or (Arrow) Lakes subdialect
  • Senickstx or Slocan subdialect
Former tribal area of ​​the Flathead and Pend d'Oreille and today's reservation in Montana
II. Okanagan dialect group
Northern Okanagan or Northern Okanogan
  • Suknaqinx or actually. Northern Okanagan dialect (two regional idioms around Douglas Lake ("Spaxomin") and Nicola Lake ("Quilchena"), the Okanagan (Head of the Lake Indian Band), Osoyoos, West Bank (Stqaʔtkʷníwt) and Upper Nicola Band of the Northern Okanagan (Syilx) )
  • Smelqmix or Similkameen Okanagan dialect (the Lower and Upper Similkameen (also: Lower and Upper Smelqmix) and Penticton Indian Band of the Northern Okanagan (Syilx) )
  • Methow Okanagan dialect (the Methow or Mitois )
Southern Okanagan or Southern Okanogan
23. Montana Salish or Salish (Séliš) ( npoqínišcn-qlispé-séliš , also: Kalispel – Pend d'Oreille , Kalispel – Spokane – Flathead or Spokane – Kalispel – Bitterroot Salish – Upper Pend d'Oreille )
  • Npoqínišcn dialect (the Spokane (Sqeliz) )
  • Qlispé / Qalispé or Kalispel dialect

See also

literature

  • Laurence C. Thompson: Salishan and the Northwest. In: Lyle Campbell , Marianne Mithun (Eds.): The Languages ​​of Native America. Historical and comparative assessment. University of Texas Press, Austin TX 1979, ISBN 0-292-74624-5 , pp. 692-765.
  • Hendricus F. Nater: The Bella Coola Language (= Canadian Ethnology Service. Paper 92, ISSN  0316-1862 ). National Museums of Canada, Ottawa 1984.
  • M. Dale Kinkade: Salish Evidence Against the Universality of "Noun" and "Verb". In: Lingua. Vol. 60, No. 1, 1983, ISSN  0024-3841 , pp. 25-40, doi : 10.1016 / 0024-3841 (83) 90045-1 .
  • Brent D. Galloway: A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem (= University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 96). , Berkeley CA et al. 1993, ISBN 0-520-09619-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Northern Georgia Strait Coast Salish
  2. ^ Coast Salish Languages
  3. ^ Simon Fraser University - Central Coast Salish
  4. ↑ Éy7á7juuthem - Language of the spoken by the Sliammon (ɬaʔaʔmɛn), K'omoks, Klahoose, and Homalco First Nations
  5. ↑ First Peoples` Languages ​​Map - MÁLEXEȽ (Malahat)
  6. ↑ First Peoples` Languages ​​Map - MÁLEXEȽ (Malahat)
  7. ↑ First Nations Relations: Resource Guide - Fraser Valley Aboriginal Relations Committee (PDF; 2.7 MB)
  8. ↑ The Ts'elxweyeqw Tribe Members ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / tselxweyeqw.ca
  9. ↑ Tribes Speaking Lushootseed / Whulshootseed
  10. ↑ Twana Indians
  11. ↑ When Indians Plied Its Waters ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.0 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / web.kitsapsun.com