San Crisogono
| San Crisogono
|
|
|---|---|
| Patronage : | St. Chrysogonus |
| Consecration day : | |
| Rank: | Basilica minor |
| Medal: | Trinitarians |
| Cardinal priest : | Andrew Cardinal Yeom Soo-young |
| Address: | Piazza Sidney Sonnino 44 00153 Roma |
_-_Interior_Diliff_edit.jpg)
The Basilica of San Crisogono ( Latin Sancti Chrysogoni ), completely Basilica di San Crisogono in Trastevere , is a church in Rome . It is the parish church of the same parish and titular church of the Roman Catholic Church . It has the rank of a minor basilica and was the national church of the Sardinians and Corsicans .
Location and overview
The basilica is on the right side of the Tiber in the XIII. Roman Rione Trastevere ; that was at the time of construction on the inner-city section of the Via Aurelia and today about 200 meters south of the Ponte Garibaldi , with the main facade on the Piazza Sidney Sonnino ; the north aisle borders the Piazza San Giovanni de Matha .
The sacred district of San Crisogono includes:
- the remains of an ancient house from the 2nd century,
- Establishment of a sacred space in this domus at the beginning of the 4th century,
- Extension to a single-nave hall church in the middle of the 5th century,
- Reconstruction and enlargement of this church around 735 (lower church),
- New construction of today's basilica from 1129.
Patronage
In the Roman synodal acts, a titulus Chrysogoni is mentioned as early as 499 , which was then changed in the 6th century to titulus sancti Chrysogoni and titulus beati martyris Crisogoni . The life of the martyr Chrysogonus of Aquileia is not assured; he is said to have lived in Rome at first, u. a. as spiritual companion of St. Anastasia , captured during the persecution of Christians under Emperor Diocletian and executed in Aquileia around 303 . Because his memory was already celebrated in Aquileia in the middle of the 4th century, it is assumed that his cult and probably also his relics were transferred from Aquileia to Rome to the church in Trastevere in the 5th century at the latest. But it is also conceivable that in the 5th century in Trastevere it was a donor Chrysogonus of the same titulus , who was then regarded as a saint in the 6th century and was included in the Roman mass canon .
Building history
According to the results of the archaeological excavations, it can be assumed that the hall (34 × 18 m) of a residential building ( domus ) from the 2nd century was set up as a sacred space at the beginning of the 4th century .
In the middle of the 5th century, this hall was expanded into a single-nave hall church (approx. 50 m long). This early Christian church had a horseshoe-shaped apse to the west and a narthex and portico to the east . Next to the apse there were two side rooms ( pastophoria ) that were probably taken over from the Byzantine church building system. The left room contained a baptistery with a baptismal font that was round on the inside and hexagonal on the outside ; the sacristy was housed in the right room . The walls of the apse were clad with marble slabs, the long walls were decorated with gathered curtains. Around the year 600 a confessio for the veneration of relics and a Schola cantorum were built in.
Pope Gregory III (731–741) arranged for a ring crypt to be built under the presbytery , which was raised at the same time , with the crypts of Alt-St. Peter and San Pancrazio are among the oldest in Rome. It contained a passage on the inner rounding of the apse with access from the apse apse to the confessio above the martyr's grave. In addition to the church, Pope Gregory III founded a Benedictine monastery, which the hll. Stephen , Laurentius and Chrysogonus was consecrated. In the middle of the 11th century the nave was decorated with frescoes depicting the life of St. Treating Benedict of Nursia .
Pope Calixt II (1119–1124) had a new three-aisled basilica with a campanile built on the north side of the now dilapidated early Christian church , which was completed in 1129. The floor slab had to be raised by 5 meters to adapt it to the now raised floor level.
The basilica was decorated in baroque style between 1620 and 1623 , although the medieval structure was largely retained. The baroque facade is by Giovanni Battista Soria.
Basic structure
The medieval building is a basilica with a wide central nave and narrow aisles (approx. 58 × 23 m), with a retracted apse in the west and a portico in the east, as well as a transept that is flush with the aisles.
Exterior
The current facade was built in 1626 based on a design by Giovanni Battista Soria. In the vestibule, four Tuscan columns (from the medieval vestibule) and four pilaster pillars support an architrave with a segmented gable , on the edge two arched portals. The architrave is crowned by flame vases made of travertine as well as an eagle and a winged dragon (heraldic animals of Scipione Borghese ). The church wall behind is designed as a simple facade with a triangular gable and window opening.
The ornamental forms of the campanile from the 12th century begin at the bottom with flat blind arcades (2 floors), above arched windows (twice) and on the top floor two biforic windows with marble columns. The pyramid roof dates from the 17th century.
Interior
In the central nave, 22 ancient spoli columns made of red and gray granite support the baroque decorated architrave. In the upper storey, the original arched windows have been replaced by baroque rectangular windows. The triumphal arch is supported by two particularly large antique porphyry columns with Corinthian capitals; they are said to be the largest of their kind in Rome.
Furnishing
Originally a Schola cantorum with two marble pulpits, choir screens and Easter candlesticks belonged to the furnishings of the presbytery .
A specialty is the floor covering in rich cosmat work , which is one of the most beautiful in Rome. It is made from marble parts from imperial wall coverings and most of it dates from around 1129. In the main axis there is a large circular disk made of porphyry .
The magnificently decorated coffered ceiling (around 1620) contains, among other things, the coat of arms of Cardinal Scipione Borghese and a copy of the painting San Crisogono in Gloria by Guercino .
apse
Little remains of the medieval decoration of the apse. The mosaics , created around 1280, show the Madonna with the baby Jesus on a throne between St. Sebastian and St. Chrysogonus ; they are ascribed to the school of Pietro Cavallini .
The Altarmensa , still with parts of the medieval altar , is crowned by a baroque ciborium . Relics of the martyr Chrysogonus are kept under the altar.
Sacrament chapel
The sacrament chapel (on the right side of the high altar) was rebuilt around 1653 according to a design by Gian Lorenzo Bernini .
Redeemer Chapel
In the chapel to the left of the high altar is a relic of Giovanni de Matha , the founder of the Trinitarian Order.
Lower church
The previous building of today's basilica, accessible via a staircase in the sacristy, was excavated in three excavation campaigns, 1907, 1914 and 1923-24 and is now called the lower church. The floor plans of the churches of the 5th and 8th centuries as well as fragments of wall paintings from different centuries from the 8th to the 11th century can be recognized. There are u. a. Fresco depicting Saints Benedict , Pantaleon , New Year's Eve and Catherine of Alexandria from the mid-11th century. The client is unknown, but due to the proximity to the Gregorian reform and Montecassino, an origin from the reform circles is possible. The cardinal priest of S. Crisogono, Friedrich von Lothringen, the later Pope Stephen IX come into question. , as well as his successors as cardinals of S. Crisogono, Stephanus and Peter II.
Cardinal priest
literature
- Hugo Brandenburg : The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2013, pp. 174f.
- Walther Buchowiecki / Brigitte Kuhn-Forte: Handbook of the Churches of Rome. The Roman sacred building in history and art from early Christian times to the present. Volume 4, Hollinek, Vienna 1997, pp. 365-401.
- Marco Bussagli (Ed.): Rome - Art & Architecture. Könemann, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-8290-2258-1 .
- Anton Henze u. a .: Art guide Rome . Reclam, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-15-010402-5 , pp. 167f.
- Roberto Luciani / Silvia Settecasi: San Crisogono. Palombi, Rome 1996.
- Serena Romano: Storie di San Bendetto e altri santi sulla parete destra della navata (La decorazione pittorica della basilica inferiore di San Crisogono) . In: Maria Andaloro, Serena Romano (ed.): Riforma e Tradizione (1050-1198) (= La pittura medievale a Roma (312-1431), Corpus e atlante, Corpus IV). Jacca Book, Milan 2006, ISBN 88-16-60374-7 , pp. 79-87.
- Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian sacred buildings from the 4th to the 9th century - A Vademecum . Herder, Freiburg 2016, pp. 195–198.
- Johann M. Wiesel: Rome. Kohlhammer art and travel guide . 7th edition, Stuttgart 1980.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Diocese of Rome
- ↑ Walther Buchowiecki / Brigitte Kuhn-Forte: Handbook of the Churches of Rome. The Roman sacred building in history and art from early Christian times to the present , Volume 4, Vienna 1997, p. 366f.
- ^ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, p. 174f.
- ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Volume 2, Herder, Freiburg 2006, Sp. 1190f.
- ↑ Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian Sacred Buildings from the 4th to the 9th Century - Ein Vademecum , Freiburg 2016, pp. 195ff. with floor plans of the early Christian and medieval churches.
- ↑ Marco Bussagli (Ed.): Rom - Art & Architecture , Cologne 1999, p. 229
- ↑ Serena Romano: Storie di San Bendetto ... (2006), pp. 86-87.
Coordinates: 41 ° 53 ′ 20.9 ″ N , 12 ° 28 ′ 24.5 ″ E