Saddlebacks

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Saddlebacks
Yellow Saddle Toad (Brachycephalus ephippium)

Yellow Saddle Toad ( Brachycephalus ephippium )

Systematics
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Superfamily : Brachycephaloidea
Family : Saddlebacks
Scientific name
Brachycephalidae
Günther , 1858

As Saddle toads (Brachycephalidae) refers to a family of tiny frogs and toads (Anura), in forests of Brazil and North of Argentina are located.

features

Some species are bright yellow or orange in color. The yellow saddle toad ( Brachycephalus ephippium ) is the best known representative. In addition to its yellow color, it is distinguished by the presence of a bony dorsal shield , which is connected to the vertebrae . However, the degree of this ossification varies from population to population. Brachycephalus didactylus is one of the smallest adult amphibians and terrestrial vertebrates in the world, with a head-trunk length of less than one centimeter . Saddle toads have a reduced number of fingers and toes and no sternum .

distribution

The species in the Brachycephalidae family are often endemic to a very small area.

Way of life and reproduction

Terrarana

The characteristics of the Brachycephalidae also include the direct development of the eggs without an aquatic larval stage ( tadpole ). They have this feature in common with other frog families in South and Central America, with which they were combined to form the Terrarana . The term Terrarana, which indicates that the frogs can do without a developmental stage in the water, describes the same group of families that are phylogenetically combined in the superfamily Brachicephaloidea.

Fossil forms are also known. In Mexico , near the town of Simojovel, a 25 million year old toad was discovered. The toad, only 7.5 millimeters tall, was enclosed in a drop of resin .

Systematics and taxonomy

Genera and species

Brachycephalus hermogenesi
Ischnocnema henselii
Ischnocnema izecksohni
Ischnocnema verrucosa

After a revision of the system in 2008, a distinction is made between two categories. These two genera together comprise 74 species.

(As of December 15, 2019)

Ischnocnema paulodutrai (Bokermann, 1975), Ischnocnema ramagii (Boulenger, 1888) and Ischnocnema vinhai (Bokermann, 1975) can now be found in the genus Pristimantis (family Craugastoridae ). Ischnocnema bilineata (Bokermann, 1975) is placed by Canedo and Haddad incertae sedis between the genera Barycholos and Noblella within the subfamily Holoadeninae of the Craugastoridae, but Amphibiaweb sees the species most closely as Noblella bilineata .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ SB Hedges, WE Duellman, & MP Heinicke: New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, pp. 1-182, 2008. Quoted at: amphibiaweb.org: Brachycephalidae
  2. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Brachycephalus , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2015, accessed August 21, 2015
  3. ↑ JP de C. Monteiro, TH Condez, PC de A. Garcia, EJ Comitti, IB Amaral & Célio FB Haddad: A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura, Brachycephalidae) from the coast of Santa Catarina State, southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4407, pp. 483-505, 2018.
  4. ↑ MR Bornschein, LF Ribeiro, DC Blackburn, EL Stanley & MR Pie: A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. PeerJ, 4, e2629, 2016, doi : 10.7717 / peerj.2629 .
  5. ↑ a b L. F. Ribeiro, DC Blackburn, EL Stanley, MR Pie & MR Bornschein: Two new species of the Brachycephalus pernix group (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. PeerJ, 5, e3603, pp. 1–28, 2017, doi : 10.7717 / peerj.3603 .
  6. ↑ MR Pie, LF Ribeiro, AE Confetti, MJ Nadaline & MR Bornschein: A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Brazil. PeerJ, 6, e5683, pp. 1–27, 2018.
  7. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Ischnocnema , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2015, accessed August 21, 2015
  8. ↑ a b P. P. Taucce, C. Canedo, JS Parreiras, L. de O. Drummond, P. Nogueira-Costa & Célio FB Haddad: Molecular phylogeny of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) with the redefinition of its series and the description of two new species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 128, pp. 123-146, 2018
  9. ↑ a b P. P. Taucce, C. Canedo & Célio FB Haddad: Two new species of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southeastern Brazil and their phylogenetic position within the I. guentheri series. Herpetological Monographs, 32, pp. 1–21, 2018
  10. ^ A b C. Canedo & Celio FB Haddad: Phylogenetic relationships within anuran clade Terrarana, with emphasis on the placement of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest frogs genus Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 65, pp. 610-620, 2012
  11. ^ Noblella bilineata from Amphibiaweb, accessed March 3, 2014

Web links

Commons : Toads  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files
  • Brachycephalidae , list of species of the Brachycephalidae family at Amphibiaweb
  • Darrel R. Frost: Brachycephalidae , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2014, accessed June 13, 2015