Ship crew
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A ship's crew (also called manning) is the entirety of all seafarers on a boat or ship . The crew includes the captain , the nautical officers and technical officers as well as - depending on the vehicle - other employees such as decks , machinery and service personnel.
The term is mainly used in commercial shipping , less often in airships and in space travel (see space travelers ).
Regulations
The scope and qualifications of the crew are based on the regulations for the sailing area and area of operation. Here, some roles are explicitly defined, while other positions are included in the crew, but are not mentioned in the official statements. The German Ship Occupation Ordinance (SchBesV) of 2013 is directed in Section 1 to all German merchant ships that fly the federal flag . There, in addition to the captain and the officers - depending on the size of the ship - ship mechanics and seafarers qualified to watch are mentioned. Special professions such as radio operator , ship's doctor , sailor , machinist , electrician , cooks and stewards can be on board, but are not further regulated there. There are also statutory, country-specific manning requirements for other forms of operation, for example for the navigation of commercially used pleasure craft or the operation of traditional ships . The various manning regulations are often dependent on the length of the ship, the area of travel and daily sailing time. The basic rule is that the crew must be composed in such a way that the ship can always be safely navigated under all conditions .
Examples of ship crews
Over the centuries, various demands were made on the ship's crew. In the galley or sailing age, for example, it was considerably more labor-intensive to operate a ship safely and to initiate all the steps necessary for movement than is required for today's largely automated and mechanized shipping. In addition, the trips lasted considerably longer and could drag on for months or even years, whereas nowadays the same route can be traveled within days or weeks thanks to the wind-independent machine drive.
Against this background, ship crews and ships from that time were also equipped with a different staffing structure, which also had to perform complex tasks in their functions. Compliance with on-board discipline, long-term stocking of the crews, repair and maintenance of the ship with on-board resources during the voyage had a different role than is the case today.
Military ship crews differed in the seamen for the technical service , led by nautical officers , naval artillerymen for the operation of the ship's guns and marines for the close combat ship to ship in earlier times and the military order on board, these were housed separately from the ship's crew.
In order to give an overview of the ship's crews from different epochs and an insight into the individual functions on board, some exemplary ship's crews are listed below.
Sailing warship in 1690
The functional composition of the crew of a Hamburg sailing warship ("convoyer") from 1690 is as follows:
| number | Function (rank / grade) | Salary (month) / note |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | captain | 150 thalers |
| 1 | Lieutenant | 150 thalers |
| 1 | Helmsman | 150 thalers |
| 1 | Skipper | 150 thalers |
| 1 | Commander of the soldiers | 30 thalers |
| 60 | soldiers | 12 thalers |
| about 140 | Cabin boys | 7 ½ thalers |
| 2 | Küper | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 1 | Cook's mate | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 4th | Quartermaster | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 2 | Sailmaker | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 1 | Under barber | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 1 | Chief Boatswain's Mate | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 8th | Büssenschütte (r) | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 1 | Schimmannsmaat (also: Schiemann) | between 7 ½ and 24 thalers |
| 1 | Top trumpeter | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 4th | Under trumpeter | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 2 | Constabel | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | Fireworkers | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | Middle carpenter | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | Head carpenter | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | Clerk | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | Schimmann (also: Schiemann) | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | barber | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | cook | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | Main boatswain | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | Understeer | not exactly numbered, but sufficient for a secure existence |
| 1 | cutter | not exactly numbered, very little in relation to all other crew members |
| 1 | sculptor | not exactly numbered, very little in relation to all other crew members |
| 1 | Glaziers | not exactly numbered, very little in relation to all other crew members |
| 1 | painter | not exactly numbered, very little in relation to all other crew members |
| 1 | Chaplains | least of all crew members |
Sailing warship in 1805
The functional composition of the crew of a French liner from 1805 has been handed down as follows:
| number | Rank / Rank (French) | translation | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | officiers: | Officers: | |
| 1 | capitaine de vaisseau | Sea captain | |
| 1 | capitaine de frégate | Frigate captain | |
| 4th | lieutenants de vaisseau | Captain lieutenants | |
| 4th | enseignes de vaisseau | Ensign at sea | |
| 2 | officiers de garnisons | Garrison officers | Infantry officers |
| 1 | agent comptable | Paymaster | official accountant |
| 1 | officier de santé | Medical officer | Rank with basic medical training |
| 9 | aspirants | Officer Candidates | |
| 117 | officiers mariniers: | NCOs of the Navy: | |
| 2 | maîtres de manœuvre ou d'équipage:
|
Master of the Navy | |
| 2 | second maîtres d'équipage | Boatswain | possibly also submarine man |
| 3 | contremaîtres de manœuvre | Chief mate | |
| 18th | quartiers-maîtres de manœuvre | Quartermaster | Rank comparable to mate |
| 2 | maîtres canonniers des classes | First master gunner in 1st or 2nd class | |
| 2 | seconds maîtres canonniers des classes | Second master gunner in 1st or 2nd class | |
| 24 | aides-canonniers des classes | 1st or 2nd class auxiliary gunners | |
| 2 | maîtres canonniers militaires | First master gunner in 1st or 2nd class | not a member of the Navy |
| 1 | second maître canonnier militaire | Second master gunner in 1st or 2nd class | not a member of the Navy |
| 24 | aides-canonniers militaires | Auxiliary gunners | no members of the Navy |
| 2 | maîtres timoniers | First helmsman | |
| 5 | seconds maîtres timoniers | Second helmsman | |
| 8th | aides-timoniers | Helmsman's mate | see also Maat (rank) |
| 1 | pilote côtier | Coastal pilot | |
| 1 | maître charpentier | First ship's carpenter | see also ship carpenter |
| 2 | seconds maîtres charpentier | Second ship's carpenter | see also ship carpenter |
| 5 | aides-charpentiers | Carpenter's assistant | see also ship carpenter |
| 1 | maître calfat | First caulk master | Responsible for sealing the ship's hull ( caulking ) |
| 2 | seconds maître calfat | Second caulking master | Responsible for sealing the ship's hull (caulking) |
| 5 | aides-calfats> | Caulking assistants | |
| 1 | maître voilier | First master sailmaker | |
| 1 | second maître voilier | Second master sail maker | |
| 2 | aides-voiliers | Sailmaker's assistants | |
| 1 | capitaine d'armes | ||
| 569 | equipage: | Ship crew: | |
| 95 | matelots de 1st class | 1st class sailor | |
| 95 | matelots de 2nd class | Sailor 2nd class | |
| 95 | matelots de 3e class | 3rd class sailor | |
| 95 | matelots de 4e class | Sailor 4th class | |
| 125 | novices | Ordinary seaman | |
| 60 | mousses | Cabin boy | |
| 129 | garrisons | Garrison soldiers | Branch of Infantry , Marine no affiliation |
| 28 | surnuméraire: | Additional crew: | |
| 3 | armuriers | gunsmith | Craft occupation: armorer or gunsmith |
| 5 | surgiens | Surgeon | |
| 9 | preposés aux vivres | Provisioner or provision manager | |
| 11 | domestiques | servant |
Container ship in the 21st century
Typical composition of the crew of a conventional container ship of the 21st century:
| Minimum number |
Function (rank / grade) |
English common denomination of rank |
annotation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7th | Officers: | Officers: | |
| 1 | captain | Captain / Master | |
| 1 | Chief engineer | Chief Engineer / Chief | |
| 1 | First officer in charge | Chief Officer / Chief Mate | |
| 1 | Second Technical Officer / Engineer, Electrical Engineer | 2nd Engineer, Electric Engineer | |
| 1 | Second officer in charge | 2nd officer, 2nd mate | |
| 1 | Third technical officer / engineer | 3rd engineer | |
| 1 | Third officer in charge | 3rd officer, 3rd mate | |
| 9 | Team grades: | Ratings: | |
| 1 | Ship operator / boatswain | Boatswain / Bosun | |
| Ship mechanic | Ship mechanic / multi-purpose crew (MPC) | ||
| 3 | ≈ Able seaman, oiler | Able Bodied Seaman (AB) | |
| 3 | ≈ Ordinary seaman, wiper | Ordinary Seaman (OS) | |
| Welders, oilers, wipers | Fitter, oiler, wiper | ||
| 1 | cook | Chief Cook / Cook | |
| 1 | steward | Steward / Messman |
The crew members must have a corresponding certificate of competency or certificates in accordance with the STCW Code . The minimum manning of a ship is specified in a manning certificate.
See also
literature
- Remi Monaque: Trafalgar. Edition “Le grand livre de mois”, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-286-01869-3 .
- Kurt Grobecker: Hamburg's proud frigates against the corsairs - convoy ship (f) is sailing in the 17th century. Medien-Verlag Schubert, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-937843-12-4 .
- Jörgen Bracker: Hamburg Portrait 1/76, Wapen von Hamburg (III)… a floating baroque palace. Museum of Hamburg History. Dingwort Verlag, Hamburg-Altona 1976.
- Jörgen Bracker: God's friend - the world's enemy / From piracy and convoy travel / Störtebeker and the consequences. Zertani printing and publishing house, Bremen 2001, ISBN 3-9805772-5-2 .
- Wolfgang Quinger: "Coat of Arms of Hamburg" I. A 17th century convoy ship . Delius Klasing, Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3-7688-0329-5 .
- Pierer's Universal Lexicon . Altenburg 1862.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ The painting originally shows the death of Lord Nelson in the naval battle of Trafalgar, but also shows parts of the ship's crew at the time
- ↑ Ship Occupation Ordinance
- ↑ Appendix 4 to the German Sea Sports Boat Ordinance
- ↑ Ordinance on the acquisition of Sportsee and Sporthochseeschifferschiff and the occupation of traditional ships § 11
- ↑ Very often in the course of their history shipping nations have been involved in wars or have repeatedly had to struggle with piracy problems, so that ships were often used as a means of military intervention. This was then often reflected in the staffing of the ship, which is also taken into account in this article.
- ↑ In order not only to depict the situation in Germany, but also to give an insight into foreign ship crews, a French ship crew was also shown here, whose French names are their own, but whose function or task can be compared with ship crews from other nations .
- ↑ after Grobecker, Bracker, Quinger
- ↑ At that time Hamburg term for seamen or sailors
- ↑ a Büssen Schütte (s) you would in modern terms as a rifle shooter call, so a sniper who fought by the soldiers deck of a sailing warship from the enemy
- ↑ Schimmann's assistant, see Schimmann
- ↑ According to Pierer's Universal-Lexikon p. 164, (Altenburg 1862), Constabel stores in a special chamber on board the ship the loading equipment, guns and the like, as well as the "mouth supply". He is a non-commissioned officer in the ship artillery.
- ↑ after Pierer's Universal Lexikon, Volume 15. (Altenburg 1862), p. 155: "Schiemann, auf Kriegsschiffen (is) a non-commissioned officer following the boatswain, who has the rope and sails of the foremast under his supervision; the Schiemanns Mat , as it were his assistant, is in charge of the rigging of the bowsprit; the sailors who are under the direct orders of the Schiemmannsmat and who take the watch with him are called Schiemanns guests Has ropes under his supervision. The most skilful of these sailors (Martians) are appointed to the service in the mast cages and to govern the upper sails, etc. Therefore, Schiemann, the rigging and the ropes repaired. "
- ↑ after Monaque
- ↑ The French functions / ranks / ranks recorded in the table cannot be translated into German in individual cases. In this case, the terminology is explained by a paraphrase or defined by a function / rank / grade that comes close to a German definition - or simply not defined if the meaning is unclear. In addition, over the centuries there may be changes or shifts in the ranks, officer ranks, tasks, etc. which may not be further explained or taken into account here. The table is only intended to provide a representative inspection of the traditional composition of a ship's crew from 1805
- ↑ The degree des officier de santé was a result of the reform of the medical system during the early Napoleonic era. In a medical two-class system, the officiers de santé went through a shorter and less specialized training that was supposed to prepare them for the standard cases of everyday medical life in the country. In contrast, training to become a regular doctor covered the entire spectrum of contemporary medicine. (Quoted from: Marc Föcking: Pathologia literalis )