Snake root (genus)

Snake root
	Rauvolfia tetraphylla
Systematics
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Rauvolfioideae
Tribe :	Vinceae
Genre :	Snake root
Scientific name
	Rauvolfia
	L.

Snake root ( Rauvolfia ) is a genus of plants within the dog venom family (Apocynaceae). German-language common names are Teufelspfeffer or snake root .

description

Illustration from Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles , plate 184 by Rauvolfia tetraphylla

Vegetative characteristics

The serpentine species are evergreen shrubs or trees . The plants contain milky sap . The stalked leaves are shiny and are usually whorled on the branches.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and usually five-fold with a double flower envelope . The overgrown sepals are deeply divided. The overgrown petals are white, yellow, green or pink, sometimes the corolla tube is red. The corolla lobes overlap to the left. There is only one stamen circle ; the stamens are very short. The ovary is on top.

There are drupes formed containing a seed.

Systematics

Rauvolfia caffra fruits

Blossom of Rauvolfia grandiflora

Rauvolfia nukuhivensis inflorescence

Leaves and fruits of Rauvolfia polyphylla

Rauvolfia sandwicensis

Leaves and flowers of Rauvolfia serpentina

Rauvolfia tetraphylla

Flowers of Rauvolfia verticillata

Taxonomy

The genus Rauvolfia was established by Carl von Linné in 1753/4 . Synonyms for Rauvolfia L. are: Rauwolfia L. , orth. Var., Cyrtosiphonia Miq. , Dissolena Lour. , Heurckia garbage. Arg. , Ophioxylon L. , Podochrosia Baill. The generic name Rauvolfia honors, since it was named by the French Charles Plumier (1646–1704), the Augsburg doctor and botanist Leonhard Rauwolf (1540–1596).

External system

The genus Rauvolfia belongs to the tribe Vinceae in the subfamily Rauvolfioideae within the family Apocynaceae .

The following cladogram shows the probable relationships according to Endress & Bruyns 2000, the tribe Vinceae, which in 2016 contains around nine genera with around 153 species:

	Willughbeieae

	Tabernaemontaneae

Vinceae

Kopsia flower nom. cons.

Tonduzia Pittier

	Vinca L. (Syn .: Pervinca Mill. )

	Ochrosia Juss. (Syn .: Ochrosion St.-Lag. Orth. Var., Bleekeria Hassk. , Calpicarpum G.Don , Diderota Comm. Ex A.DC. , Excavatia Markgr. , Lactaria Rumph. Ex Raf. , Neisosperma Raf. , Pseudochrosia Blume )

	Catharanthus G.Don (Syn .: Ammocallis Small , Lochnera Rchb. Ex Endl. Nom. Illeg.)

	Kamettia Kostel.

Rauvolfia

Species and their distribution

The Rauvolfia species have areas in Africa , Asia or in the New World .

There are about 74 species in the genus Rauvolfia :

Rauvolfia amsoniifolia A.DC. : It occurs in central and eastern Malesia .
Rauvolfia andina Markgr. : It occurs in Peru .
Rauvolfia anomala Rapini & I.Koch : It occurs in Brazil .
Rauvolfia aphlebia (Standl.) AHGentry : It occurs from Costa Rica to northern Colombia .
Rauvolfia bahiensis A.DC. : It occurs in northeastern Brazil .
Rauvolfia balansae (Baill.) Boiteau : It occurs in two subspecies and one variety only in New Caledonia .
Rauvolfia biauriculata Garbage. Arg . : It occurs on islands in the Caribbean.

Rauvolfia caffra Sond. : It occurs from tropical to southern Africa.

Rauvolfia cambodiana Pierre ex Pit. : It occurs in Thailand , Cambodia , Laos and Vietnam .

Rauvolfia capixabae I. Koch & Kin.-Gouv. : It wasfirst describedin 2007 from the Brazilian states of Bahia and Espírito Santo .

Rauvolfia capuronii Markgr. : It occurs only in northern Madagascar .

Rauvolfia chaudocensis Pierre ex Pit. : It occurs in southern Vietnam.

Rauvolfia cubana A.DC. : It occurs in Cuba .

Rauvolfia decurva Hook. f. : It occurs in India .

Rauvolfia dichotoma K.Schum. : This endemic occurs only in São Tomé .

Rauvolfia gracilis I. Koch & Kin.-Gouv. : It wasfirst describedin 2007 from the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso .

Rauvolfia grandiflora Mart. ex A.DC. : It occurs in eastern Brazil.

Rauvolfia hookeri S.R. Siniv. & Chithra : It occurs in southern India.

Rauvolfia insularis Margr. : This endemic occurs only on the Carolinen-Insel Palau .

Rauvolfia × ivanovii Granda & VRFuentes = Rauvolfia ligustrina × Rauvolfia viridis . It occurs in Cuba.

Rauvolfia javanica Koord. & Valeton : It occurs from southern Sumatra to the Lesser Sunda Islands.

Rauvolfia kamarora Hendrian : It only occurs in Sulawesi .

Rauvolfia leptophylla A.S.Rao : It occurs from Colombia to Venezuela .

Rauvolfia letouzeyi Leeuwenb. : It occurs in tropical west-central Africa.

Rauvolfia ligustrina Roem. & Schult. : It occurs from southern Mexico and on the Caribbean islands and Brazil to Argentina .

Rauvolfia linearifolia Britton & P.Wilson : This endemic occurs only in eastern Cuba.

Rauvolfia littoralis Rusby : It occurs from Costa Rica to Ecuador .

Rauvolfia macrantha K.Schum. ex Markgr. : It occurs from Panama to tropical South America.

Rauvolfia mannii Stapf : It occurs in tropical Africa.

Rauvolfia mattfeldiana Markgr. : It occurs in Brazil.

Rauvolfia maxima margr. : It occurs from northeastern Colombia to Venezuela.

Rauvolfia media Pichon : It occurs in western and southern Madagascar and on the Comoros .

Rauvolfia micrantha Hook. f. : It occurs in Indochina and southwest India.

Rauvolfia microcarpa hook. f. : It occurs in Myanmar .

Rauvolfia moluccana Margr. : It occurs from the Moluccas to the Bismarck Archipelago .

Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf : It occurs from Kenya to Mozambique .

Rauvolfia moricandii A.DC. : It occurs in northeastern Brazil.

Rauvolfia nana E.A. Bruce : It occurs from eastern Angola to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. : It occurs on the Caribbean islands, in Mexico and in Panama.

Rauvolfia nukuhivensis (Fosberg & Sachet) Lorence & Butaud (Syn .: Ochrosia nukuhivensis Fosberg & Sachet ): This new combination took place in 2011. This endemic occurs only on Nuku Hiva .

Rauvolfia obtusiflora A.DC. : It occurs in northern and northwestern Madagascar.

Rauvolfia oligantha Hendrian : This endemic occurs only in central Java .

Rauvolfia pachyphylla Margr. : It occurs from Venezuela to southern Guiana .

Rauvolfia paraensis Ducke : It occurs in tropical South America.

Rauvolfia paucifolia A.DC. : It occurs in eastern Brazil.

Rauvolfia pentaphylla Ducke : It occurs from northern Brazil to Peru .

Rauvolfia polyphylla Benth. : It occurs from south-eastern Colombia to southern Venezuela and northern Brazil.

Rauvolfia praecox K.Schum. ex Markgr. : It occurs from Peru to Bolivia and in western Brazil.

Rauvolfia pruinosifolia I. Koch & Kin.-Gouv. : It wasfirst describedin 2007 from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais .

Rauvolfia purpurascens Standl. : It occurs from Costa Rica to Ecuador.

Rauvolfia rhonhofiae Markgr. : It occurs in Ecuador.

Rauvolfia rivularis Merr. : It occurs in Myanmar.

Rauvolfia rostrata Markgr. : It occurs from the Moluccas to the Bismarck Archipelago.

Rauvolfia sachetiae Fosberg : This endemic occurs only on the Marquesas .

Rauvolfia salicifolia Griseb. : It only occurs in Cuba.

Rauvolfia sanctorum Woodson : It occurs from Colombia to Peru.

Rauvolfia sandwicensis A.DC. : It occurs in Hawaii .

Rauvolfia schuelii Speg. : It occurs from Bolivia to northwestern Argentina.

Rauvolfia sellowii Garbage. Arg . : It occurs from eastern Bolivia to Brazil and to northeast Argentina.

Rauvolfia semperflorens (Müll.Arg.) Schltr. : It occurs in three varieties in New Caledonia

Indian snake root ( Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz ): It occurs from the Indian subcontinent to China and western Malesia .

Rauvolfia sevenetii Boiteau : It occurs in south-eastern New Caledonia.

Rauvolfia spathulata Boiteau : It occurs in southeastern New Caledonia.

Rauvolfia sprucei Müll.Arg. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Peru and western Bolivia.

Rauvolfia steyermarkii Woodson : It occurs from Colombia to Venezuela.

Rauvolfia sumatrana Jack : It occurs from Indochina to Malesia and in southern China.

Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. (Syn .: Rauvolfia canescens L. ): It occurs from Mexico to tropical South America.

Rauvolfia tiaolushanensis Tsiang : It only occurs on Hainan .

Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. : It occurs from India to Taiwan and Malesia.

Rauvolfia viridis Roem. & Schult. : It occurs from Costa Rica to Venezuela and on islands in the Caribbean.

Rauvolfia volkensii (K.Schum.) Stapf : This endemic occurs only in northeastern Tanzania .

Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Tanzania and Angola .

Rauvolfia weddeliana Müll.Arg. : It occurs in Brazil and Paraguay .

Rauvolfia woodsoniana Standl. : It only occurs in Costa Rica.

swell

Hendrian & David J. Middleton: Revision of Rauvolfia (Apocynaceae) in Malesia. In: Blumea , Volume 44, 1999, pp. 449-470.
Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg, David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .: Rauvolfia Linnaeus , pp. 157-159 - the same text online as the printed work.

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b Rauvolfia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Rauvolfia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 28, 2020.
^ Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke : Rauwolfia. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1216.
↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. online.
^ André O. Simões, Luiza S. Kinoshita, Ingrid Koch, Márcio J. Silva, Mary E. Endress : Systematics and Character Evolution of Vinceae (Apocynaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 99–122. doi : 10.2307 / taxon.65.1.99 JSTOR taxon.65.1.99 full text PDF.

Web links

Commons : Snake Root ( Rauvolfia ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[GRIN-1] A ^b Rauvolfia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 28, 2020.

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Rauvolfia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 28, 2020.

[Müller-Jahncke2005-3] Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke : Rauwolfia. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1216.

[Burkhardt2018-4] Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. online.

[Simões2016-5] André O. Simões, Luiza S. Kinoshita, Ingrid Koch, Márcio J. Silva, Mary E. Endress : Systematics and Character Evolution of Vinceae (Apocynaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 99–122. doi : 10.2307 / taxon.65.1.99 JSTOR taxon.65.1.99 full text PDF.