Narrow-leaved double seed

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Narrow-leaved double seed
Narrow-leaved double seed (Diplotaxis tenuifolia)

Narrow-leaved double seed ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Brassiceae
Genre : Double seeds ( diplotaxis )
Type : Narrow-leaved double seed
Scientific name
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
( L. ) DC.

The narrow-leaved double seed ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia ), also called wild rocket or stinkrauke , is a type of plant from the genus double seed ( Diplotaxis ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). It is sold under the name of rocket and used as a salad or spice.

description

Illustration from storm
Leaves, also under the name Rocket traded
Flower with four petals and six stamens
Opened pod
Seeds
Habitus

Appearance and foliage leaf

The narrow-leaved double seed grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 70, rarely up to 100 centimeters. The plant parts, especially the leaves, smell intensely hot and spicy due to mustard oil glycosides . The green parts of the plant are frosted. The upright, often branched stem is more or less bare and can become lignified at the bottom.

There is no clear basal rosette of leaves. The stem is at least half-leafed and has about three to six stalked, bare leaves . In the lower leaves, the leaf blades are 2 to 15 centimeters long and 1 to 6, rarely up to 8 centimeters, elliptical to obovate with a wavy edge or are down to deeply pinnate , with two to five elongated to linear sections. The upper leaves are often similar to the lower leaves but with narrower sections as the leaves rise.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period extends from May to September. In a terminal, initially schirmtraubigen later traubigen inflorescence many flowers are borne.

The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four 4 to 7 millimeter long sepals have a distinct white skin edge and are bald or hairy with straight trichomes . The four sulfur-yellow, on the underside significantly lighter petals are 7 to 11, rarely up to 15 millimeters long and 5 to 8 millimeters wide with rounded ends. The six stamens consist of 4 to 8 millimeter long stamens and 2.5 to 3 millimeter long anthers. In the ovary 20 and 32 are (often up to 46), ovules contained.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit stalk protruding from the stem is 0.8 to 3.5 millimeters long and about as long as the pods; there is also a 0.5 to 3 millimeter long section between the base of the calyx and the pod. The mostly upright pods have a length of 2 to 4, rarely up to 6 centimeters and a diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters and are slightly flattened, with a 1.5 to 3 millimeter long, beak-shaped, seedless uppermost segment. The seeds are arranged in two rows. The seeds range in size from 1 to 1.3 × 0.6 to 0.9 millimeters.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22, also 14, 18, 42 and 56.

ecology

The narrow-leaved double seed is a Chamaephyte that usually has basal leaves or buds .

Leaf rosettes are only formed in the 1st year. The plant has a taproot.

Biochemically, the species is remarkable because it is the only species in the native flora that uses an intermediate photosynthesis mechanism between C3 and C4 .

The flowers are "nectar-bearing disc flowers" with more or less hidden nectar. There is insect and self-pollination.

The pods burst when ripe and dry, especially when the plant is shaken (typical dry spreader).

The seeds become slimy when wetted; they spread as sticky.

Occurrence

The distribution area of Diplotaxis tenuifolia includes southern, central and eastern Europe, western Asia and the Caucasus. It is a neophyte in Northern Europe, Algeria, Honshu Island, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Argentina and Uruguay .

The narrow-leaved double seed has been proven to be a neophyte in Germany since 1768 . In Central Europe it is often found in weed communities , on paths, rubble sites, dams, in fallow land , rarely in fields. It thrives best in Central Europe in moderately alkaline and nitrogenous, sandy, loose soils . According to Ellenberg , it is a heat-loving light plant. He is a type of character of the association of semi-ruderal pioneer and loose grass societies (Convolvulo-Elymion = (Agropyrion) repentis). According to Oberdorfer , it is even a character species of the Diplotaxio-Agropyretum association, but also occurs in plant communities of the orders Sisymbrietalia or Onopordietalia.

Systematics

The first publication took place in 1755 under the name ( Basionym ) Sisymbrium tenuifolium by Carl von Linné . The new combination to Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. was published in 1821 by Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle .

There are two subspecies:

  • Diplotaxis tenuifolia subsp. cretacea (Kotov) Sobrino : It occurs in Ukraine.
  • Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. subsp. tenuifolia : It is common in Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Syria, Armenia and Georgia.

Ingredients and toxicity

Important ingredients are glycosidically bound mustard oils , e.g. B. Glucoerucin.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia contains bitter-tasting erucic acid, which is toxic in a concentration of over 5% . The content is low in cultivated forms.

use

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (like Eruca sativa ) is used and traded as a salad plant and seasoning under the name of rocket .

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 440.
  2. ↑ a b c d Diplotaxis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 17, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Schmalblättriger Doppelsame ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files