Seti I.

Name of Seti I.
Head of the mummy Seti I.
Horus name	Ka-nechet-chai-em-Waset-se-anch-taui K3-nḫt-ḫˁj-m-W3st-s-ˁnḫ-t3wj Strong bull that appears in Thebes that keeps the two countries alive Ka-nechet-chai-em-Waset K3-nḫt-ḫˁj-m-W3st Strong bull that appears in Thebes
Sideline	Wehem-mesut-sixem-chepes-der-pedjet-9 Wḥm-mswt-sḫm-ḫps-dr-pḏt-9 Born again, with a mighty sword that destroys the nine bows
Gold name	Wehem-chau-user-pedjut-em-taui-nebu Wḥm-ḫ3w-wsr-pḏwt-m-t3w-nbw Crowned again, with strong bows in all countries
Throne name	Men-maat-Re Mn-m3ˁ.t-Rˁ Abiding (permanent) is the world order of Re
Proper name	Setehimerienptah Stẖj mr.jn Ptḥ Seth , loved by Ptah Usirisethimerienptah (Usiri Sethi meri en Ptah) Wsjrj Stẖj mr.jn Ptḥ Osiris -Seti, loved by Ptah
Greek Manetho ( Josephus )	Σέθως Séthōs (minor form in some editions: Σέθωσις Séthōsis ); Αἴγυπτος Aígyptos

Seti I (* around 1323 BC; † 1279 BC) - also Seti - was an Egyptian king ( pharaoh ) during the New Kingdom and the second ruler of the 19th dynasty , who ruled from 1290 to 1279 BC. Ruled. He was the son and co-regent of Ramses I and father of Ramses II , whom he made co-regent himself at the age of fifteen.

family

• Father: Ramses I.
• Mother: Satre
• Wife and Great Royal Wife : Tuja
• Sons: Nebenchasetnebet and Ramses II.
• Daughters: Tia

Henutmire - who was long thought to be his biological daughter - was probably a daughter of Ramses II who was elevated to the rank of Great Royal Wife.

About the proper name

The origin of the family of Seti I is still unclear, but his personal name refers to Lower Egypt , since in Upper Egypt , especially in Abydos , the deity Seth was outlawed as the murderer of Osiris . In one of his memorial stones, Ramses II referred to the men of the family of his father Sethos I who bore the name Seth as well as to the mythological role of the Auaris region and the worship of Seth there.

The activities of the family of Seti I are also responsible for his proper name. Under Haremhab , Seti I, like his father Ramses I, held the title of colonel and was entrusted with military tasks in this capacity. On his accession to the throne, he named the deity Amun-Re as his father based on the Osiris myth , on whose command the powers of fate led him to the throne .

Seti I avoided declaring the deity Set as his personal patron god. As the beloved of Isis and in memory of Osiris, he mostly used a different spelling for his proper name outside of Lower Egypt and in his tomb.

Domination

Seti I called his first year of reign the " rebirth of Egypt " . With this formulation he referred to the " duration of the reign of sin " ( Akhenaten to Tutankhamun ), but without mentioning his predecessors by name. The exact date of the coronation of Seti I is missing, but can be narrowed down to the period between the 29th Peret IV and the 17th Schemu I , as the 20th Peret II in his second year of reign is noted for Ramses I on a memorial stone . The inscriptions on a stele from Karnak from 1st Achet II (July 30, 1290 BC) name the coronation rites of Seti I in Heliopolis . In Egyptology , it is assumed that Seti I was crowned during the celebrations of the Amun Re festival , since the associated ceremonies began with the new moon of the first Schemu month in March .

Immediately after his coronation, Seti I led a campaign against Retjenu in May (third Shemu month) in order to secure his trade routes and, among other things, conquered the city of Bet She'an . After his return, "with a lot of loot from Retjenu" Seti I. brought on 30 Schemu IV (24 June 1290 v. Chr.) In Memphis on the occasion of the birthday of the deity Re-Harachte victories victim is.

In the third to fifth year of his rule he led his army against Syria after the confrontation with the Hittites in the north of the country , whose sphere of influence extended as far as northern Syria . The Hittite vassal state Amurru , the city of Kadesch and Fenchu could be taken by the Egyptians. This is evidenced by a victory stele erected by Seti I in Kadesch and an inscription from Abydos for a memorial temple of Ramses I.

In the eighth year of his reign there was a riot in Nubia that he put down within a week. There was also fighting against Libyan tribes who threatened Memphis. Important officials of his reign were the vizier Nebamun and the treasurer Hormin .

Wall painting from the tomb of Seti I (Henry W. Beechey, around 1818)

Construction activity and king list

Seti I had a huge temple complex built in Abydos . The mortuary temple of Seti I is still very well preserved. Here is the important list of Abydos kings , which lists a total of 76 cartouches with the names of its predecessors. However, this list is incomplete because it does not include the Egyptian kings who fell victim to the Damnatio memoriae . Just a few steps further there is a chapel dedicated to the cult of the king.

In addition to the mortuary temple of Seti I (Abydos), he also had the mortuary temple built in Thebes , both temples were built as millions of years old. Another outstanding construction work is the pillared hall in the Karnak Temple in Karnak , which is also under his direction.

On the occasion of the honor of his father Ramses I, Seti I had a chapel with its own surrounding walls built north of his temple area in Abydos . He also had a memorial stone set up in the courtyard of the chapel . Ramses II later built his temple north on the same level.

In the ninth year of his reign, Seti I celebrated the inauguration of his temple next to a well station on the 20th of Shemu I in Kanais , about 50 km east of Edfu , which he donated to the deity Amun-Re .

400 year stele

The last archaeological find dates from the 11th year of the reign around 1280 BC. And names the 400th anniversary of the rebuilding of the Temple of Seth. The cult of Seth originated under the Hyksos , who equated Seth with the Semitic Baal . The rebuilding and enlargement of the temple in Auaris expressed the devotion to the brother of Osiris . The celebration still took place under Haremhab and the anniversary is dated on the 4th Schemu IV in the Egyptian calendar .

dig

Seti I as justified

→ Main article : KV17

Seti I died on the 26th of Shemu III (May 18, 1279 BC) . His actual royal tomb is in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes and was discovered by Giovanni Battista Belzoni in October 1817 . The grave KV17 is one of the largest and most beautiful graves in the Valley of the Kings. The rush of tourists in the following decades, however, damaged the colorful reliefs, so that the grave was closed to the public in 1978 and is no longer accessible to this day.

However, the discoverer Giovanni Battista Belzoni and his draftsman Ricci copied all of the wall paintings so precisely that an attempt is now being made to restore the destroyed grave walls using these templates. The richly decorated sarcophagus made of alabaster , which was brought to London by Belzoni, is considered to be the most valuable find of the grave of Seti . Today it is on display at the Sir John Soane's Museum at Lincoln's Inn Fields.

The mummy of Seti I was no longer in its sarcophagus at the time the grave was discovered. It was discovered in 1881 in the tomb of High Priest Pinudjem II in the cachette of Deir el-Bahari together with the mummies of the most famous pharaohs of ancient Egypt.

literature

• Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300-1069 BC). Bannerstone Press, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9 , pp. 409-413.
• Giovanni Battista Belzoni : Description of the Egyptian Tomb discovered by G. Belzoni. London 1821 ( online )
• Peter J. Brand: The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical, and Art-Historical Analysis. EJ Brill, Leiden 2000, ISBN 978-9004117709 .
• Aidan Dodson : Sethy I, King of Egypt. His Life and Afterlife. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo 2019, ISBN 978-9774168864 .
• RO Faulkner: The Wars of Sethos I. In: Journal of Egyptian Archeology (JEA) 33, 1947.
• Heike Guksch: wsr-HAt and HAtjAjj at the time of Sethos I. In: Göttinger Miszellen (GM) 64, Göttingen 1983, pp. 23-24. ISSN  0344-385X .
• Erik Hornung : The New Kingdom. In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East. Volume 83). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5 , pp. 197-217 ( online ).
• Susanne Martinssen-von Falck: The great pharaohs. From the New Kingdom to the Late Period. Marix, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-7374-1057-1 , pp. 134-139.
• Ahmed el-Sawi: The Deification of Sety Ist in his Temple of Abydos. In: Communications from the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo Department (MDAIK) 42, von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISSN  0342-1279 , ISBN 3-8053-0537-0 , pp. 225-227.
• Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 270-272.
• Hourig Sourouzian: Statues et représentations de statues royales sous Séthi I. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 49, vob Zabern, Mainz 1993, ISSN  0342-1279 , pp. 239-257.
• Rainer Stadelmann : The Temple of Seti I in Gurna. First excavation report. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 28, von Zabern, Mainz 1972, ISSN  0342-1279 , pp. 293-299
• Rainer Stadelmann: The temple of Seti I in Gurna. Second excavation report. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 31, von Zabern, Mainz 1975, ISSN  0342-1279 , pp. 353–356.
• Rainer Stadelmann: The temple of Seti I in Gurna. Third excavation report. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 33, von Zabern, Mainz 1977, ISSN  0342-1279 , pp. 125-131.
• Rainer Stadelmann, Karol Mysliwiec: The Temple of Seti I in Qurna. Fourth excavation report. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 38, von Zabern, Mainz 1982, ISSN  0342-1279 , pp. 395–405.
• Rainer Stadelmann, Jürgen Osing: Royal votive steles from the gate area of ​​the mortuary temple of Seti I in Gurna. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 44, von Zabern, Mainz 1988, ISSN  0342-1279 , ISBN 3-8053-1039-0 , pp. 255-274.
• James S. Westermann: The Fowling Scene in the Temple of Sety I - Abydos. In: Göttinger Miszellen 103, Göttingen 1988, ISSN  0344-385X , pp. 81-92.

Web links

Commons : Sethos I.  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Sethos I in the catalog of the German National Library
• The grave KV 17 at Theban Mapping Project (English)
• Toureygypt: Seti I.

Notes and evidence

1. ↑ This version of the name of Horus by Seti I is rarely documented, cf. Herbert Ricke: The Kamutef Shrine Hatshepsut and Thutmoses' III. in Karnak - report on an excavation in front of the mother temple district - Swiss Institute for Egyptian Building Research and Antiquity . Cairo 1954, note 11.
2. ↑ In the name of Horus of Seti I follows (in contrast to the name of Horus of the same name of Thutmose III. ) mostly that , missing for it Behind ; see. Herbert Ricke: The Kamutef Shrine Hatshepsut and Thutmoses' III. in Karnak . Note 11.
3. ↑ The proper name was in Abydos and in his grave with the hieroglyph instead of written. The proper name is preceded by the determinative for the god Osiris, C98a of the Gardiner list (Extended Library - not shown here), which marks the king as deceased.
4. ↑ Flavius ​​Josephus equates Seti and Ramses and a little later uses the name Aígyptos for Setus
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Siegfried Schott: The memorial stone Seti I for the Chapel of Ramses I in Abydos . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1965, p. 46.
6. ↑ ^{a b} Siegfried Schott: The memorial stone Seti I for the Chapel of Ramses I in Abydos . Göttingen 1965, p. 52.
7. ↑ Siegfried Schott: The memorial stone Sethos 'I for the chapel Ramses' I in Abydos . Göttingen 1965, p. 54.
8. ↑ Siegfried Schott: The memorial stone Sethos 'I for the chapel Ramses' I in Abydos . Göttingen 1965, pp. 20-21.
9. ↑ Wolfgang Helck , Eberhard Otto: Small Lexicon of Egyptology. Wiesbaden 1999, p. 279: Sethos I.
10. ↑ Siegfried Schott: The memorial stone Sethos 'I for the chapel Ramses' I in Abydos . Göttingen 1965, p. 6.
11. ↑ The dating is only an average. The reigns of Ramses I , Sethos I and the early years of Ramses II come into consideration.
12. ↑ In the retrospective calculation, the period around 1700–1690 BC results. For the entry of the Hyksos. (Jean Vercoutter, in: Die Altorientalischen Reiche I. Vol. 2. Frankfurt 1965, S. 351f.)

predecessor	Office	successor
Ramses I.	Pharaoh of Egypt 19th Dynasty	Ramses ii