Shūgiin election 2012
The 2012 Shūgiin election , formally the “46th General election of Shūgiin MPs “( Japanese 第 46 回 衆議院 議員 総 選 挙 dai-yonjūroku-kai Shūgiin giin sōsenkyo ), to the Japanese House of Representatives ( Shūgiin ), the lower house (kain) of the national parliament ( Kokkai ) , took place on December 16, 2012 instead of. Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda ( Democratic Party ) dissolved the chamber on November 16, 2012. The official election campaign began on December 4, 2012. On December 16, the referendum to confirm ten judges at the Supreme Court , the gubernatorial election in Tokyo , by-elections to some prefecture parliaments and local municipal elections took place.
All seats in the Shūgiin were eligible for election in a ditch voting system consisting of a simple majority vote in 300 single-mandate constituencies and proportional representation in eleven regional "blocks" with a total of 180 seats.
The previous opposition parties LDP and Kōmeitō together won a two-thirds majority of the seats. Shinzō Abe was elected the new Prime Minister of Japan on December 26 ; he formed the new cabinet on the same day ( Cabinet Shinzō Abe II ).
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The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has ruled almost continuously since it was founded in 1955, lost its majority in the 2009 Shūgiin election . Since then, the cabinet has been led by the Democratic Party (DP), which formed a coalition with the New People's Party (NVP) and initially also with the Social Democratic Party (SDP). The government quickly lost approval in the face of fundraising scandals, broken election promises, including promises not to increase sales tax and relocating U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma from Okinawa Prefecture , and intra-party disputes. Following the resignation of Prime Ministers Yukio Hatoyama and Naoto Kan , Yoshihiko Noda is now the third Prime Minister since the change of government in 2009. His cabinet had an approval rating of less than 30 percent in surveys.
In the 2010 Sangiin election , the governing coalition of the DP, NVP and their parliamentary allies, the New Daichi Party , lost the majority in the Council House ( Sangiin ) , the upper house (jōin) of the national parliament, and was in the resulting "twisted parliament" on one Instructed to work with the opposition. The LDP under Sadakazu Tanigaki , however, often refused to work together - exceptions were Naoto Kan's resignation conditions, some reconstruction measures after the Tōhoku earthquake in 2011 and the VAT increase in 2012 - and pushed for new elections to be held soon. This promised Noda chikai uchi ni ( 「近 い う ち に」 ), "soon", when LDP and Kōmeitō threatened to agree to a vote of no confidence in August 2012 during the deliberations on the VAT increase.
In September 2012 Yoshihiko Noda and Natsuo Yamaguchi were confirmed as party chairmen of DP and Kōmeitō, Shinzō Abe elected LDP chairman.
In order to dissolve the domestic political blockade and win the LDP to approve a law to reorganize the constituencies, Noda announced the dissolution of the Shūgiin on November 14, 2012, despite the low polls for him and his party, the issue after the electoral reform was passed of further bonds and further laws was promulgated on November 16, 2012.
Constitutionality
The constituency of the Shūgiin election in 2009 was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because of the lack of equality in the election . It is true that the elimination of the five electoral districts with the lowest voters was decided by both chambers before the Shūgiin was dissolved; But the necessary reallocation of the constituencies in the five affected prefectures took several months and could not be carried out before the 2012 election. Therefore, the previous constituencies were used, the disproportion of which was already unconstitutional in 2009. Advocacy groups advocating equality of choice have announced legal action against the conduct and validity of the election. The attempt to prevent the election in this form failed on November 30th before the Supreme Court. The day after the election, lawyers launched the first complaints against the validity of the election in two constituencies in Hiroshima Prefecture, and similar proceedings followed in the higher courts and their branches. In March 2013, the Sapporo and Tokyo Higher Courts found the election in the constituencies of Hokkaidō 3 and Tokyo 1 to be unconstitutional but valid. The Sendai, Takamatsu, Nagoya, Fukuoka Higher Courts and the Kanazawa Branch of the Nagoya Higher Court came to similar decisions. The Hiroshima Supreme Court ruled on March 25, 2013 that the elections in the Hiroshima constituencies 1 and 2 are also invalid. A day later, the Okayama Second Constituency election was also voided by the Okayama Branch of the Hiroshima High Court.
In November 2013 the Supreme Court ruled that the constituency division was unconstitutional as in 2009, but followed its previous case law and rejected the demand that the election be declared invalid.
Parties
The Japanese party landscape and the composition of the Shūgiin have seen significant changes since the 2009 election. Numerous MPs left the Democratic Party in the course of 2012, and even before the Shūgiin dissolution, the governing coalition only had a slim majority. After the dissolution of the Shūgiin resigned other MPs and several other parties were newly founded, dissolved and merged.
At the beginning of December, twelve parties met the requirements for recognition as a political party in the legal sense, i.e. they had at least five members in the national parliament or had two percent of the votes nationwide in at least one segment (constituencies or proportional representation) of current national elections (last Shūgiin- Election or one of the last two Sangiin elections).
Expected election campaign topics are the jointly decided by the DP, LDP and Kōmeitō to double the value added tax from five to ten percent and the associated reforms of the social systems, the economic and employment situation, Japan's possible participation in the TPP free trade zone , the energy policy debate on the future of nuclear energy and a realignment of foreign policy in the face of the rise of the People's Republic of China and a related amendment to the constitution.
The order of the parties in this section follows the number of previous Shūgiin MPs in descending order.
Democratic Party
The Democratic Party ( Minshutō , English DPJ , more rarely German DP ) under Yoshihiko Noda called in its election program, among other things, the nuclear phase-out in the 2030s with a term of the existing nuclear power plants of 40 years and aims to participate in the trans-Pacific free trade zone TPP and other free trade agreements , especially trilateral with the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea, but also with the European Union. As decided, VAT is to be doubled to 10% by 2015, and the additional income is to flow into the social security systems that are to be reformed. In terms of foreign and security policy, she wants to protect the integrity of Japanese territory (from a government perspective) by strengthening the US-Japanese alliance and the coast guard , but striving for an amicable negotiated solution with China. In 2012, the central government bought the controversial Senkaku Islands to forestall a purchase by Tokyo Prefecture under Governor Shintarō Ishihara . Noda does not fundamentally reject an amendment to the constitution or its interpretation, but positions the party in the 2012 election campaign as an opponent of the constitutional change sought by the LDP.
In 2012 the party refused to support new “hereditary candidates” . Among other things, Yūichirō Hata was affected , who originally wanted to run for the successor of his father Tsutomu Hata in the 3rd constituency of Nagano.
Liberal Democratic Party
The Liberal Democratic Party ( Jiyūminshutō , LDP) under Shinzō Abe wants to set an inflation target of 2% in order to fight deflation and if necessary move the Bank of Japan to cooperate more closely with the government through changes in the law . This is intended to achieve nominal economic growth of 3%. She refuses to allow Japan to participate in the TPP as long as it involves the removal of customs barriers in all areas. In terms of security and constitutional policy, it takes up Abe's earlier idea of strengthening the national security council on the US model and wants to extend Article 9 of the constitution to include participation in collective defense measures . Like the Kōmeitō, the LDP had approved the purchase of the Senkaku Islands by the central government and, like the DP, is striving to strengthen the alliance, but wants to increase Japan's own military capacities and the self-defense forces - previously prohibited by the constitution - upgrade full-fledged armed forces. Abe uses the term kokubō-gun ( 国防軍 , about "national defense forces") - gun , "armed forces", actually explicitly prohibits Article 9 of the constitution, even if the self-defense forces have existed as de facto armed forces since rearmament. The LDP considers an exit from nuclear power to be desirable but unrealistic and wants to make a decision on the long-term direction of energy policy within ten years.
The election campaign slogan of the LDP under Abe 2012 was Nippon o torimodosu ( 日本 を 、 取 り 戻 す。 , something like "[I / we] bring (n) Japan back.").
Nippon Mirai no To
The Nippon Mirai no Tō ("Future Party of Japan") was founded shortly before the election on the initiative of the governor of Shiga, Yukiko Kada . It unites several parties who are striving for a quick nuclear phase-out and rejecting Japan's participation in the TPP and the agreed VAT increase:
- the Kokumin no Seikatsu ga Daiichi , the DP split from Ichirō Ozawa ,
- the Genzei Nippon, Han-TTP, Datsu-Gempatsu o Jitsugen suru Tō , itself an association
- the Genzei Nippon ( "tax cut [s] Japan"), 2010 by Nagoya Mayor Takashi Kawamura established, and
- the Han-TPP, Datsu-Gempatsu, Shōhizōzei Tōketsu o Jitsugen suru Tō , roughly "party that implemented the anti-TPP, the nuclear phase-out and the freezing of the VAT increase", which the ex-Democrat Masahiko Yamada and Shizuka Kamei had justified shortly before , and
- Parts of Midori no Kaze ("Green Wind"), which was founded as a parliamentary group in the summer of 2012 and whose main concern is the nuclear phase-out.
The party unveiled its election platform on December 2nd. The demands include a step - by- step nuclear phase-out by 2022, the shutdown of the Monju fast breeder and the Rokkasho reprocessing plant , child benefit of 312,000 yen annually, the freezing of VAT to 5% and the exit from the TPP negotiations.
Kada defends himself and Ozawa against allegations that their party is really just the "next Ozawa party". Ozawa has had a major influence on Japanese politics since the late 1980s and in summer 2012 reduced the governing majority of the Democratic Party to a few seats by leaving. Although Ozawa is expressly not supposed to take a leading position in the Mirai no Tō, Kada emphasizes that she shares many of his political positions and wants to use his influence and experience to implement the common goals. The outwardly surprising founding of the party had been planned in the background since September 2012.
Kōmeitō
The Kōmeitō ("Justice Party") cooperates closely with the LDP in the nomination of constituency candidates. Both parties consider each other to be obvious cooperation partners and together strive for a Shūgiin majority - in Sangiin, where the Democratic Party is the strongest party, they do not have a majority without other partners. There are some programmatic differences between the LDP and the Kōmeitō, which is traditionally nationally regarded as a center party or a center-left party: The Kōmeitō is skeptical about an amendment to Article 9 and is aiming for a nuclear phase-out, albeit without a specific time limit .
Nippon Ishin no Kai
The Nippon Ishin no Kai (about "Assembly for the Renewal / Restoration of Japan" - see Meiji Restoration for the mostly contradicting terms in European languages ishin 'Renewal', 'Reformation' and fukko 'Restoration' -, English Japan Restoration Party , JRP ) was founded by Tōru Hashimoto , former governor of Osaka prefecture and current mayor of the city of Osaka, in September 2012 for his long-announced foray into national politics. In November 2012 she joined the Taiyō no Tō ("Sun Party") of Shintarō Ishihara , the newly resigned governor of Tokyo Prefecture, and Takeo Hiranuma . This, in turn, had just emerged from Tachiagare Nippon, which was founded in 2010 . Ishihara is chairman of the joint party, even if some programmatic differences separate him from initiator Hashimoto.
The Nippon Ishin no Kai formulated the same goal with regard to the nuclear phase-out as the Democratic Party - under Hashimoto it had pleaded for a rapid nuclear phase-out - wants to replace the post-war constitution with a completely new one, and only enters into the TPP under certain conditions one - Hashimoto originally wanted to participate - wants to increase VAT to 11 percent and convert it entirely into a tax for local authorities (prefectures and municipalities); the hitherto forbidden accumulation of offices of elected national, prefectural and municipal offices is to be repealed and the introduction of the dōshū-sei , a system of larger states ( dō and shū ) with greater room for maneuver to replace the prefectures, is to be pursued . - The central government developed non-binding plans for the introduction of a dōshūsei in the 2000s. Liberal Democrats and Kōmeitō support the 2012 demand that the Democrats promise the transfer of competencies from the central state to the municipalities and want to investigate the introduction of a dōshūsei in the medium to long term .
Communist Party of Japan
The Communist Party of Japan ( Nihon Kyōsantō , KPJ), which has not won a constituency mandate in Shūgiin elections since 2000 and was solely dependent on proportional representation, already issued an election target of 18 seats under Kazuo Shii in October 2012, a doubling of its number of seats . It calls for an immediate nuclear phase-out, rejects participation in the TPP and the VAT increase, wants to expand the welfare system, remove all US bases from Japan and terminate the alliance and abolish state funding for parties. Preserving the existing constitution remains a key requirement.
Minna no Tō
The Minna no Tō ( "party of all") by Yoshimi Watanabe had negotiated a merger with the Japan Restoration Party. After Shintarō Ishihara joined, she decided to contest the elections alone, but partly cooperated with the Ishin no Kai when nominating candidates. Minna no Tō wants to achieve a nuclear phase-out by the 2020s through a clear liberalization of the electricity market. VAT is to be frozen before members of parliament and officials in the central government “make sacrifices”. She advocates a significant downsizing of parliament and a unicameral system. Like the Ishin no Kai and to a lesser extent the two major parties, it calls for reforms aimed at decentralization and a dōshū-sei .
Social Democratic Party
The Social Democratic Party ( Shakaiminshutō , SDP) under Mizuho Fukushima , which had left the ruling coalition of Democrats in 2010 because of the US bases in Okinawa, rejects participation in the TPP and the VAT increase. In addition, a system is to be introduced that will reimburse low-wage earners for VAT on everyday goods. The construction of nuclear power plants is to be stopped immediately, units 3 and 4 of the nuclear power plant Ōi are to be shut down again and no further operations are to take place. The SDP rejects a constitutional amendment.
Shintō Daichi - Shin-Minshu
The Shintō Daichi - Shin-Minshu from Muneo Suzuki applies for mandates exclusively in Hokkaidō . For a long time she had worked with the Democratic Party without formal involvement in the governing coalition, but a few weeks before the election she took a clear position in the opposition camp and now wants to work with the Mirai no Tō. Suzuki wants to achieve, among other things, a nuclear phase-out, closer cooperation with Russia and a pipeline between Russia and Hokkaidō should secure the supply of fossil fuels. The party rejects participation in the TPP and the VAT increase. Parliament is to be reduced in size by a third.
New People's Party
The New People's Party (Kokumin Shintō) of Shōzaburō Jimi , which has governed in coalition with the Democratic Party since 2009, wants to further reduce post-privatization from 2005 by merging the successor companies for post, banking and insurance. She refuses to participate in the TPP under the previously known conditions. The economy is to be strengthened through a 50 trillion yen program of government investments, including in disaster control.
Shinto Kaikaku
The Shinto Kaikaku ("New Reform Party") by Yōichi Masuzoe is an inflation target of one to two percent and wants to lower corporate tax. VAT is to be decentralized. Participation in the TPP should be negotiated carefully, and participation only if Japan's interests are protected. The parliament is to be downsized and the single-mandate constituencies in Shūgiin are to be replaced by multi-mandate constituencies. A future nuclear phase-out should be sought.
New Japan Party
Yasuo Tanaka's New Party Japan (Shintō Nippon) is among other things for a nuclear phase-out. The territorial claims of the People's Republic of China are to be met with a new department in Naikaku-fu .
Parties without legal party status
The other parties that put up candidates for the Shūgiin election in 2012 included the Kōfuku-jitsugen-tō ("Glücksrealisierungspartei"), which nominated 20 constituency and 42 proportional representation candidates, as well as smaller groups with a total of five constituency candidates.
Election campaign
On November 29, 2012, the chairmen of ten of the currently twelve parties that meet the requirements as a political party in the legal sense (Noda, Abe, Kada, Yamaguchi, Shii, Watanabe, Fukushima, Jimi, Suzuki, Tanaka) took part in an online - The debate broadcast live from the Nico Nico Douga video website . On November 30th, a two-and-a-half hour televised debate followed among eleven party leaders (plus Ishihara, Masuzoe, excluding Tanaka).
The official election announcement ( 公示 , kōji ), which opens the official election campaign, took place on December 4, 2012. The possibility of early voting is available from the following day.
Candidates and nomination strategy
In the 2012 election, a total of 1,294 candidates apply for the 300 constituency seats. Most of them are provided by the CPY, which is represented in 299 constituencies. LDP and Kōmeitō, which support most of their constituency candidates mutually, are represented together almost nationwide. DP and NVP candidates together are present in less than 270 constituencies. Candidates from Ishin no Kai and Minna no Tō compete against each other in individual constituencies, but are usually supported by the other party and apply together for fewer than 200 constituency mandates. Mirai no Tō and New Daichi Party together have almost 120 constituency candidates. In addition, there are 23 social democratic constituency candidates, Yasuo Tanaka (New Party Japan) and over 50 candidates who are non-party or belong to one of the parties without legal party status. The Shinto Kaikaku does not run in constituencies and only has two proportional representation candidates in Tōhoku and Tokyo.
Together with the candidates, who run exclusively for the 180 proportional representation mandates, there are a total of 1,504 applicants - 1,279 men and 225 women - for the 480 seats in the Shūgiin.
Yoshihiko Noda is the first incumbent Prime Minister since Yoshirō Mori in 2000 to secure his constituency candidacy through proportional representation. Forty-three MPs are not running for a seat again, including former Prime Ministers Tsutomu Hata, Yoshirō Mori, Yasuo Fukuda and Yukio Hatoyama . The Mainichi Shimbun counts about a tenth of all candidates, including about 10% of the Democrats and 27% of the Liberal Democrats, as "hereditary candidates", including all those whose parents or grandparents (including adoptions , in-laws) were MPs, as well as those who up to the 3rd degree of kinship in the same constituency. The new "inheritance candidates" in 2012 include Tatsuo Fukuda, the son of Yasuo Fukuda, in the 4th constituency of Gunma and Toshinao Nakagawa, the son of Hidenao Nakagawa , in the 4th constituency of Hiroshima.
| Political party | Previous MPs |
Constituency candidates | Proportional representation candidates | Sum of candidates |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
previous MPs |
former MP |
New applicants | Double candidates | Only proportional representation | (Women) | ||||||
| Democratic Party | 230 | 209 | 2 | 53 | 264 | 264 | 3 | 267 | 267 | (37) | |
| Liberal Democratic Party | 118 | 105 | 70 | 113 | 288 | 277 | 49 | 326 | 337 | (27) | |
| Nippon Mirai no To | 62 | 53 | 4th | 54 | 111 | 109 | 10 | 119 | 121 | (28) | |
| Kōmeitō | 21st | 2 | 4th | 3 | 9 | 0 | 45 | 45 | 54 | (4) | |
| Nippon Ishin no Kai | 11 | 11 | 12 | 128 | 151 | 151 | 21st | 172 | 172 | (12) | |
| Communist Party of Japan | 9 | 2 | 2 | 295 | 299 | 12 | 23 | 35 | 322 | (80) | |
| Minna no Tō | 8th | 7th | 0 | 58 | 65 | 64 | 4th | 68 | 69 | (3) | |
| Social Democratic Party | 5 | 3 | 0 | 20th | 23 | 23 | 10 | 33 | 33 | (6) | |
| New Daichi- Shinminshu party | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4th | 7th | 7th | 0 | 7th | 7th | (2) | |
| New People's Party | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | (0) | |
| New Japan Party | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | (0) | |
| Shinto Kaikaku | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | (0) | |
| Others | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25th | 25th | - | 42 | 42 | 67 | (22) | |
| Independent | 9 | 6th | 8th | 35 | 49 | - | 49 | (4) | |||
| total | 479 (1 vacancy) |
403 | 102 | 789 | 1294 | 907 | 210 | 1117 | 1504 | (225) | |
Surveys and Forecasts
Survey-based seat distribution forecasts by the major Japanese media at the start of the election campaign spoke of a leadership for LDP and Kōmeitō candidates in about two-thirds of the 300 constituencies and an overall clear sole LDP majority. The Democratic Party would then have to reckon with a loss of more than half of its 230 seats. The Ishin no Kai would have under 50, the Mirai no To about 15 mandates. Kōmeitō and Minna no Tō could gain significant seats, the CPJ is struggling to keep its number of seats, all other parties can only count on a few seats or are fighting to be represented in the next Shūgiin at all. However, the proportion of undecided voters was still very high in all surveys, sometimes over 50% in the constituencies.
A two-thirds majority overall for the LDP and Kōmeitō was considered less likely - it would give a future government coalition the opportunity to overvote an opposition majority in the Sangiin in the legislation (see Nejire Kokkai ). In surveys for the 180 proportional representation mandates across the country, the LDP usually led the Nippon Ishin no Kai, the Democratic Party was sometimes even below 10%, the Mirai no Tō sometimes below 5% - but the proportion of undecided voters was still very high. In the Kinki proportional representation bloc (29 seats), Nippon Ishin no Kai began the election campaign as the strongest party in the polls.
Voter turnout and result
Up to and including December 14, 2012, the Friday before the election, around 9.25 million eligible voters had taken the opportunity to vote early, a decrease of over 15% compared to the same period in 2009; the decline was most pronounced in Toyama (−25.9%), only slight in Shimane (−1.0%).
The total turnout was 59.32% for direct elections and 59.31% for proportional representation, the lowest for Shūgiin elections in post-war history.
| Political party | Constituencies | Proportional representation | Total seats | modification | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| be right | proportion of | Seats | be right | proportion of | Seats | to the last election | on the composition before the election | |||
| Liberal Democratic Party | 25.643.309 | 43.0% | 237 | 16,624,457 | 27.8% | 57 | 294 | +175 | +176 | |
| Democratic Party | 13,598,773 | 22.8% | 27 | 9,628,653 | 15.5% | 30th | 57 | −251 | −173 | |
| Nippon Ishin no Kai | 6,942,353 | 11.6% | 14th | 12,262,228 | 20.5% | 40 | 54 | (+54) | +43 | |
| Kōmeitō | 885.881 | 1.5% | 9 | 7,116,474 | 11.9% | 22nd | 31 | +10 | +10 | |
| Minna no Tō | 2,807,244 | 4.7% | 4th | 5,245,586 | 8.8% | 14th | 18th | +13 | +10 | |
| Nippon Mirai no To | 2,992,365 | 5.0% | 2 | 3,423,915 | 5.7% | 7th | 9 | (+9) | −53 | |
| Communist Party of Japan | 4,700,289 | 7.9% | 0 | 3,689,159 | 6.2% | 8th | 8th | −1 | −1 | |
| Social Democratic Party | 451,762 | 0.8% | 1 | 1,420,790 | 2.4% | 1 | 2 | −5 | −3 | |
| New Daichi Shinminshu Party | 315.604 | 0.5% | 0 | 346,848 | 0.6% | 1 | 1 | 0 | −2 | |
| New People's Party | 117.185 | 0.2% | 1 | 70,847 | 0.1% | 0 | 1 | −2 | −1 | |
| Shinto Kaikaku | - | 134,781 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| New Japan Party | 62,697 | 0.1% | 0 | - | 0 | −1 | −1 | |||
| Others | 102,634 | 0.2% | 0 | 216.150 ( Kōfuku-jitsugen-tō ) |
0.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Independent | 1,006,468 | 1.7% | 5 | - | 5 | −1 | −4 | |||
| total | 59,626,566 | 100% | 300 | 60.179.888 | 100% | 180 | 480 | 0 | +1 (vacancy) | |
Regional overview
| block | Constituencies | Proportional representation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LDP | DP | Others | LDP | Ishin | DP | Kōmei | Minna | Others | |
| Hokkaidō | 11 | 0 | Kōmei 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | Daichi 1 |
| Tōhoku | 19th | 4th | Mirai 1, Independent 1 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Mirai 1, KPJ 1 |
| North Kantō | 27 | 2 | Minna 1, Independent 2 | 6th | 4th | 3 | 3 | 2 | Mirai 1, KPJ 1 |
| Tokyo | 21st | 2 | Kōmei 1, Minna 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | KPJ 1, Mirai 1 |
| South Kantō | 26th | 4th | Kōmei 1, Minna 2, Independent 1 | 6th | 5 | 4th | 2 | 3 | Mirai 1, KPJ 1 |
| Hokuriku - Shin'etsu | 18th | 2 | 0 | 4th | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Tōkai | 27 | 6th | 0 | 7th | 4th | 4th | 2 | 2 | Mirai 1, KPJ 1 |
| Kinki | 24 | 6th | Ishin 12, Kōmei 6 | 7th | 10 | 3 | 4th | 2 | KPJ 2, Mirai 1 |
| Chūgoku | 18th | 0 | Ishin 1, Mirai 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Shikoku | 12 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Kyushu | 34 | 0 | NVP 1, Ishin 1, SDP 1, Independent 1 | 7th | 4th | 3 | 3 | 1 | KPJ 1, SDP 1, Mirai 1 |
| total | 237 | 27 | 36 | 57 | 40 | 30th | 22nd | 14th | 17th |
Effects
On the evening of the election, the general secretaries of the LDP and Kōmeitō agreed on the start of coalition talks. The coalition agreement was signed on December 25th. On the same day, the future occupation of the leading positions in the LDP party executive committee was presented.
The 182nd Kokkai met from December 26th to 28th, 2012, as was a special session (tokubetsukai) after every early parliamentary election . On December 26, Shinzō Abe was elected Prime Minister , Bunmei Ibuki (LDP) President of Shūgiin, Hirotaka Akamatsu (DP) Vice President. On the same day Abe and the other members of his cabinet were formally appointed by the Tennō , replacing the Noda cabinet .
Yoshihiko Noda announced his resignation as party leader on election evening. The election of the party leader was initially planned for December 22nd, but was postponed. Some prominent Democrats who had defended their seats in the Shūgiin and were considered possible successors to Noda, have turned down a candidacy. The election took place on December 25th, Banri Kaieda prevailed with 90 to 54 MPs against Sumio Mabuchi .
literature
- Robert Pekkanen, Steven Reed, Ethan Scheiner (Eds.): Japan Decides 2012: The Japanese General Election. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, ISBN 978-1-137-34851-7 .
See also
Web links
- Candidates, turnout and results. Sōmushō (Ministry of "General Affairs" / "Internal Affairs and Communication") (Japanese)
- Choice features of major news media: NHK ( July 14, 2010 memento in the Internet Archive ), Asahi Shimbun , Yomiuri Shimbun , Nihon Keizai Shimbun , Mainichi Shimbun , MSN / Sankei Shimbun
- Election campaign for the value of money. - Opposition leader Shinzō Abe is likely to win the election on Sunday. He wants to do everything possible to stop the fall in prices. He cares little about national debt. Zeit Online , December 2012
- With new debts against the old crisis . Spiegel Online , December 17, 2012
Individual evidence
- ↑ 衆議院 解散 、 来 月 16 日 総 選 挙 へ . In: Reuters . November 16, 2012, Retrieved November 16, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ Masami Itō: LDP, New Komeito abstain. Opposition vote to oust Noda fails. In: The Japan Times . August 10, 2012, accessed April 14, 2018 .
- ↑ Natsuko Fukue: Noda will schedule election for Dec. 16. Lower House now on track to be dissolved Friday. In: The Japan Times . November 15, 2012, accessed November 21, 2012 .
- ^ Noda dissolves Lower House for election. LDP gunning for return to power after three years in the wilderness. In: The Japan Times . November 17, 2012, accessed November 21, 2012 .
- ↑ 「違憲 状態」 衆院 選 の 差 し 止 め を… 弁 護士 ら 提 訴 . In: Yomiuri Shimbun Online. November 16, 2012, Retrieved November 16, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 差 し 止 め 、 無効 提 訴 へ = 1 票 の 格 差 で 弁 護士 ら - 元 判 事 「違憲 判決 も」 . In: The Wall Street Journal . November 16, 2012, Retrieved November 16, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ Top Court turns down suit for injunction against Dec. 16 Diet election. In: The Japan Times . December 1, 2012, accessed December 3, 2012 .
- ↑ 衆院 選 無効 求 め 提 訴 ＝ 「１ 票 の 格 差」 で 広 島 の 弁 護士 - 午後 、 全国 一 斉 に . In: Jiji Tsūshin . December 17, 2012, Retrieved December 17, 2012 (Japanese).
- ^ Sapporo court finds 2012 race unconstitutional. In: The Japan Times . March 8, 2013, accessed March 12, 2013 .
- ↑ 2012 election results voided in Hiroshima. Lower House vote disparities ruled too wide in two districts. In: The Japan Times . March 26, 2013, accessed March 25, 2013 .
- ↑ Okayama judge slams remiss diet. Court voids poll results in a third district. In: The Japan Times . March 27, 2013, accessed March 27, 2013 .
- ↑ 最高 裁 、 昨 年 衆院 選 「違憲 状態」 1 票 の 格 差 で 、 制度 改革 に 影響 . In: Kyōdō Tsūshin . 47 News, November 20, 2013, accessed November 20, 2013 (Japanese).
- ↑ Eric Johnston: Parties jockey over tax, nukes, TPP. In: The Japan Times . November 21, 2012, accessed November 21, 2012 .
- ↑ Democratic Party: 政 権 政策 Manifesto ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Masami Ito: DPJ platform: TPP, end of reactors. Noda wants to paint pronuclear power LDP as giant step backward. In: The Japan Times . November 27, 2012, accessed November 27, 2012 .
- ↑ Noda siding with the LDP on national security matters. (No longer available online.) In: Asahi Shimbun Asia & Japan Watch. July 11, 2012, archived from the original on July 11, 2012 ; accessed on August 7, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Noda slams LDP's SDF plan / As election nears, DPJ blasts idea of 'national defense military'. (No longer available online.) In: Yomiuri Shimbun Online. November 28, 2012, formerly in the original ; accessed on December 1, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hereditary candidates. In: The Japan Times . November 19, 2012, accessed November 21, 2012 .
- ↑ 2012 衆院 選: 羽 田 雄 一郎 氏 が 不 出馬 決断 「同志 に 迷惑 か け る」 「脱 世襲 が 党 公約」 . In: Mainichi Shimbun regional edition . November 21, 2012, archived from the original on February 18, 2013 ; Retrieved November 21, 2012 (Japanese).
- ^ Ayako Mie: Platform reflects Abe's conservative philosophy. LDP vows pact with BOJ for 2% inflation. In: The Japan Times . November 21, 2012, accessed November 21, 2012 .
- ^ Liberal Democratic Party: 政 権 公約
- ^ Reiji Yoshida, Ayako Mie: Abe's rightism: Campaign ploy or governance plan? In: The Japan Times . December 1, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ^ Liberal Democratic Party: Pages on the 46th Shūgiin election , accessed January 8, 2017
- ↑ Masami Ito: Nippon Mirai pledges 2022 atomic phaseout, tax freeze. Ex-DPJ don Ozawa's influence emerges in hastily drafted platform. In: The Japan Times . December 3, 2012, accessed December 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Eric Johnston: Kada party seen banking on Ozawa. Nippon Mirai hopes to utilize ex-DPJ don's power after poll. In: The Japan Times . December 1, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ^ LDP, New Komeito hope for overwhelming majority. In: The Japan Times . November 29, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ↑ Masami Ito: New Komeito not necessarily on the same policy page as old, hawkish ally LDP. In: The Japan Times . November 30, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ^ New Komeito opposes key LDP campaign goals. In: The Japan Times . November 23, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ^ Natsuko Fukue: Poll platform revised to pursue new Constitution. Nippon Ishin qualifies nuclear phaseout goal. In: The Japan Times . November 30, 2012, accessed November 29, 2012 .
- ↑ 道 州 制 導入 、 自 公 は 前面 に ＝ 「中長期 で 検 討」 と 民主 - 地方 制度 改革 【12 衆院 選】 . In: Jiji Tsūshin . November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012 (Japanese).
- ^ JCP aims for more than 18 seats in general election: Shii. In: The Japan Times . October 15, 2012, accessed November 29, 2012 .
- ^ JCP issues general election policy. In: Japan Press Service (English publication of the CPY party newspaper Akahata ). November 27, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ↑ Your Party eyes Ishihara. In: The Japan Times . October 29, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ^ Nippon Ishin proposes merger with Your Party, but Watanabe reluctant. In: The Japan Times . November 24, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ↑ Your Party aims to end Japan's nuclear power use in 2020s: Watanabe. In: The Japan Times . November 29, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ↑ 社 民 が 衆院 選 公約 、 原 発 ゼ ロ ・ 反 TPP 掲 げ る . In: Yomiuri Shimbun . November 22, 2012, Retrieved December 1, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 反 増 税 ・ 原 発 ゼ ロ 公約 ＝ 大地 . In: The Wall Street Journal . November 28, 2012, Retrieved December 1, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 国民 新 党 の 公約 骨子 . In: Jiji Tsūshin . November 20, 2012, archived from the original on January 27, 2013 ; Retrieved December 1, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 国民 新, TPP 反 対 ＝ 衆院 選 公約 . In: The Wall Street Journal . November 30, 2012, Retrieved December 1, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 新 党 改革: 「大胆 な 金融 政策」 公約 発 表 . (No longer available online.) In: Mainichi Shimbun . November 27, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 1, 2012 (Japanese). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 新 党 日本 が 公約 発 表 . In: Jiji Tsūshin . November 27, 2012, Retrieved December 1, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ Online viewers top 1.4 million for pre-election debate. (No longer available online.) In: Asahi Shimbun Asia & Japan Watch. November 30, 2012, archived from the original on January 30, 2013 ; accessed on December 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Media grill party chiefs in televised debate. In: The Japan Times . December 1, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
- ↑ 衆院 選 、 最多 1504 人 の 争 い 党 首 の 論 戦 、 早 く も 本 格 化 . In: Kyōdō Tsūshin / 47 News. December 4, 2012, Retrieved December 4, 2012 (Japanese).
- ^ Masami Ito: DPJ chief faults rival parties for policy flip-flops. Double-candidate Noda to fight till end. In: The Japan Times . December 4, 2012, accessed December 4, 2012 .
- ↑ Mori, Fukuda, other seniors retire. In: The Japan Times . November 17, 2012, accessed November 21, 2012 .
- ^ Hatoyama won't seek re-election. Former prime minister, rejecting Noda's stance, says he's quitting politics. In: The Japan Times . November 21, 2012, accessed November 21, 2012 .
- ↑ 衆院 選: 脱 世襲 は 遠 い 道 の り 全 候補 の １ 割占 め る . (No longer available online.) In: Mainichi Shimbun . December 5, 2012, archived from the original on December 8, 2012 ; Retrieved December 4, 2012 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 党派 別 立 候補 者 数 . (No longer available online.) In: Tōkyō Shimbun. December 5, 2012, archived from the original on December 8, 2012 ; Retrieved December 5, 2012 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 自 民 、 単 独 過半数 の 勢 い 衆院 選 序 盤 、 朝日 新聞 情勢 調査 . In: Asahi Shimbun . December 5, 2012, Retrieved December 10, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 自 民 、 過半数 超 す 勢 い… 衆院 選 情勢 10 万人 調査 . In: Yomiuri Shimbun . December 5, 2012, Retrieved December 10, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 自 公 で 過半数 上 回 る 見 通 し 第三 極 伸 び 悩 み 本社 情勢 調査 . (No longer available online.) In: MSN / Sankei Shimbun . December 5, 2012, archived from the original on December 9, 2012 ; Retrieved December 10, 2012 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 自 民 が 単 独 過半数 の 勢 い 、 民主 は 半 分 以下 序 盤 情勢 . In: Nihon Keizai Shimbun . December 5, 2012, Retrieved December 10, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 衆院 選: 自 民 単 独 過半数 の 勢 い 、 民主 は 激 減 序 盤 情勢 調査 . (No longer available online.) In: Mainichi Shimbun . December 5, 2012, archived from the original on December 8, 2012 ; Retrieved December 10, 2012 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ LDP set to win majority in general election: Kyodo survey. In: The Japan Times . December 6, 2012, accessed December 10, 2012 .
- ↑ ASAHI STUDY: LDP on pace to win majority; DPJ to take a beating. (No longer available online.) In: Asahi Shimbun Asia & Japan Watch. December 6, 2012, archived from the original on December 10, 2012 ; accessed on December 10, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Japan opposition LDP set to win solid election majority polls. In: Reuters . December 6, 2012, accessed December 10, 2012 .
- ↑ 期 日前 投票 15% 減 ＝ 衆院 選 、 出 足 鈍 く 【12 衆院 選】 . In: Jiji Tsūshin . December 15, 2012, Retrieved December 16, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 確定 投票 率 は 59 ・ 32% 10 ポ イ ン ト 下落 し 戦 後 最低 に . (No longer available online.) In: msn / Sankei News. December 17, 2012, archived from the original on December 17, 2012 ; Retrieved December 17, 2012 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 衆院 党派 別 得 票数 ・ 率 （選 挙 区) . In: jiji.com. December 17, 2012, Retrieved December 17, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 衆院 党派 別 得 票数 ・ 率 （比例 代表) . In: jiji.com. December 17, 2012, Retrieved December 17, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 公 明 幹事 長 と 連 立 を 組 む こ と を 確認 ＝ 石 破 自 民 幹事 長 . In: Reuters . December 16, 2012, Retrieved December 17, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 自 公 が 連 立 合意 ＝ 物 価 目標 2% を 設定 . In: Jiji Tsūshin . December 25, 2012, Retrieved December 25, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 自 公 連 立 合意 の 全文 . In: Jiji Tsūshin . December 25, 2012, Retrieved December 25, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ 外相 に 岸 田氏 、 経 産 は 茂木 氏 自 民 新 執行 部 発 足 へ . In: Nihon Keizai Shimbun . December 25, 2012, Retrieved December 25, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ Shūgiin: List of the session periods
- ↑ Masami Ito: Still smarting, DPJ struggles to regroup. In: The Japan Times . December 20, 2012, accessed December 20, 2012 .
- ↑ 民主党 新 代表 に 海 江 田氏, 90 票 獲得 馬 淵 氏 は 54 票 . In: Asahi Shimbun . December 25, 2012, Retrieved December 25, 2012 (Japanese).
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