Siatista

Siatista parish Δημοτική Ενότητα Σιάτιστας (Σιάτιστα)
Basic data
State :	Greece
Region :	Western Macedonia
Regional District :	Kozani
Municipality :	Voio
Geographic coordinates :	40 ° 16 ′  N , 21 ° 33 ′  E Coordinates: 40 ° 16 ′  N , 21 ° 33 ′  E
Height above d. M .:	659 - 920 m Mikrokastro - Siatista
Area :	158.524 km²
Residents :	6,247 (2011)
Population density :	39.4 inhabitants / km²
Code No .:	140204
Structure:	1 city district 2 local communities
Website:	www.siatista.gr
Located in the municipality of Voio and Kozani regional unit

Siatista ( Greek Σιάτιστα ( f. Sg. )) Is a small town and a municipality (Dimos Siatistas; Δήμος Σιάτιστας) of the municipality of Voio in the west of the Kozani regional district in the Western Macedonia region , Greece . Until 2010 Siatista was an independent municipality, since 1952 a 'city municipality' (dimos).

Geography, geology and climate

geography

Panoramic view of Siatista

The main church of Siatista

The town hall (Dimarchio)

The main road

Siatista is located on the southern flank of the Velia mountain (1688 m) at an altitude of 650 to 920 m. The small town of Siatista itself extends in the shape of an arc in a valley, the northern, northeastern and eastern borders of which are the Velia and the southern, southwestern and western borders of which are a chain of hills. The valley in which Siatista lies is only open to the northwest in the direction of Kastoria and to the south-southeast in the direction of Grevena. The north-western mountain ranges of the Vourinos (altitude 1866 m) begin further southeast of the small town of Siatista . Between the Vourinos in the south and the Velia in the north runs from west-southwest to east-northeast a valley between approx. 600 m and 1200 m wide and almost 9.5 km long, which connects the valley of the river Aliakmonas in the west with the plain of Eordaia (Kozani- Ptolemaida Basin) connects. In the 18th century, this valley, which is important for traffic, was also known as the Klisoura of Siatista . The Aliakmonas River passes the municipality from north-northwest to south-southeast at a distance of 4 to 5 km west of the center of the small town of Siatista. The small river Siatistikos (Siatístikos Potamós) flows through Siatista, which joins the small river Tservenia (Tservénia Réma) to the south and flows into the Aliakmonas as Siatistikos.

The municipality of Siatista begins in the north at latitude 40 ° 46 'north and extends south to longitude 40 ° 53' north. In the west the limit is at longitude 21 ° 07 'East and in the east at longitude 21 ° 24' East. The municipality of Siatista is altogether mountainous. The height above sea level varies between 500 and 1600 m. The largest part is at heights of more than 800 m.

The municipality of Siatista includes the localities of Mikrokastro (4.7 km west of Siatista), Paleokastro (8.3 km east of Siatista) and Dafnero (9.1 km east) and the Moni Kimiseos Theotokou Mikrokastro monastery.

Siatista is 21 km (as the crow flies) or 30 km (road connection) west-southwest of the prefecture capital Kozani . The distance to Grevena in the south-west is also 21 km as the crow flies and almost 30 km by road. To Kastoria in the northwest the distance is 39 km as the crow flies (approx. 50 km by road), to Kalambaka in the south it is 61 km as the crow flies, to Metsovo in the southwest 63 km, to Ioannina in the southwest 90 km, to Veria in the northeast 62 km, to Ptolemaida in the north-northeast 30 km and to Florina in the north 60 km. The distance between Siatista and the second largest Greek city of Thessaloniki in the east-northeast is 126 km, to the Greek capital Athens in the southeast it is 316 km as the crow flies.

geology

The area of ​​the municipality of Siatista belongs to the geotectonic zone West Pelagonia and is mainly formed from metamorphic rocks: phyllites, gneiss and limestone.

climate

The average temperature in Siatista from 1992 to 2001 is 13.0 ° C, the average amount of precipitation in the same period was 337 mm. The summers in Siatista are long and warm, the winters generally mild and relatively short. Precipitation occurs throughout the year, but mostly in autumn / winter. Special weather events also occurred in Siatista. On June 13, 1930, 22 people died from hail in the Siatista region .

history

Prehistory and Antiquity (until 395 AD)

The history of the municipality of Siatista begins in the Paleolithic (Paleolithic). A stone hand ax was discovered near the village of Paleokastro within today's municipal boundaries. A prehistoric bronze needle was also found in the area of ​​Siatista, settlement remains from this period have not yet been discovered.

The area around Siatista belonged in ancient times to the southern Orestis landscape of the ancient region of Macedonia. The remains of an ancient settlement were found in Siatista. William Martin Leake reported at the beginning of the 18th century about the existence of ancient wall remains in the area of ​​the village of Paleokastro. On his campaign to Thebes , Alexander the Great passed the valley, the Klisoura of Siatista , immediately east of Siatista.

Byzantine Period (395-1390)

During the rule of the Byzantine Empire , nothing detailed is known about the Siatista region. A settlement did not exist during this period. Analogous to the wider area of ​​north-west Greece, Siatista was a transit area or target area for the Slavs from the 6th century . There was obviously no permanent settlement. In the middle to the end of the 9th century, the region of Siatista came under the control of the first Bulgarian empire, whose territories Tsar Samuil I was able to successfully expand to the Greek mainland. Byzantine rule was temporarily lost and was restored in the course of the early 10th century. In 1204, Byzantine rule ends again with the capture of Constantinople by the crusaders of the fourth crusade. It is not known which of the subsequently established crusader states the region of Siatista was subordinated to ( Kingdom of Thessaloniki , Despotate Epirus ). The despotate of Epirus gained control of the Siatista region at the latest in 1224 with the capture of Thessaloniki. The Despotate of Epirus remained ruler of the Siatista region until 1259: in the Battle of Pelagonia that same year, the Despotate of Epirus was subject to the Empire of Nicaea, and with its continued expansion of power, the region of Siatista came under Byzantine control again in 1264 with the reconquest of Constantinople . In the middle of the 14th century, the Serbian kingdom under King Stefan IV. Uros Dusan extended its sphere of influence far into central Greece. The region of Siatista came under Serbian control, which did not last long due to the early death of the Serbian king. The Byzantines regained power, but only for a short time. At the end of the 13th century, the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire conquered the region around Siatista. During this entire medieval period there is no definite evidence of a permanent settlement in the area of ​​what is now the municipality of Siatista.

Ottoman period up to the 19th century (1390–1800)

The present city of Siatista was probably founded in the 15th century under the occupation of the Ottoman Empire . Other sources give the middle of the 16th century as the time of foundation. In order to avoid the regulations and reprisals of the Ottoman rulers as much as possible, residents of the surrounding villages joined forces and founded the new settlement Gerania (Γεράνεια). The name can still be found today in a district designation. Secure written sources for the exact dating of the establishment of the community are not available.

After the invasion of Albanians in the region in 1612, the place took in many refugees. The city reached its heyday in the 17th and 18th centuries. The population at that time was around 12,000. Weaving mills and tanneries shaped the townscape at that time. At the beginning of the 17th century, Siatista became a veritable trading town: caravans left the city with goods from both the city itself and goods from the Middle East and moved via Bitola (then Monastir) to Belgrade, and further via Zemun (already Austria-Hungary) to Budapest and Vienna. In addition to trade in the form of caravans, traders from Siatista also settled in the central European cities. For example, the philosopher Methodios Anthrakitis (1660–1736), who took positions of the Enlightenment corresponding to those of Rene Descartes, taught after a stay in Venice in Ioannina, Kozani and Siatista.

19th century to the beginning of the Balkan Wars (1800–1912)

In the run-up to the Greek War of Independence from 1821 to 1829 with the subsequent independence of Greece and the end of the Ottoman occupation, residents from Siatista played an important role, but not in Siatista but in Vienna. In October 1790 the brothers Poulios and Georgios Makridis Poulios from Siatista received the permission (license) from the Austro-Hungarian emperor to publish the gazette (newspaper) Ephemeris , the first Greek-language newspaper of modern times that appeared regularly until 1797 twice a week. Rigas Fereos (1757–1798), one of the pioneers of the Greek independence movement, published a constitution for a Greece liberated from Ottoman rule in this gazette. After Rigas Fereos was arrested, the newspaper Ephemeris was banned.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Siatista was under the control of Ali Pasha Tepelena . The residents complained to William Martin Leake about the rule of Ali Pasha and marked it as unjust and harsh. For example, destitute people would be taken into captivity and their relatives would then be expected to release the prisoner. As a tribute, the inhabitants of Siatista had to pay the Vezir 2000 piastres every six months through their bishop. In addition, the residents of Siatista also had to provide labor for the castle of Souli. Before Ali Pasha's rule, the residents of Siatista suffered from armed raids by Albanian robbers; with the beginning of Ali Pasha's reign, this problem was far less common. In 1817 Felix Beaujour found Siatista depopulated, which in his opinion could be traced back to previous Ottoman attacks or attacks.

In the autumn of 1904 Pavlos Melas and his troops of Greek insurgents invaded Western Macedonia for the third and last time. In Siatista he and his armed men were put to fight by the Ottoman troops. In this Melas was killed.

Balkan Wars, World War I to World War II (1912–1940)

In the first Balkan War in 1912, Siatista was conquered and occupied by Greek troops. Following the Peace of Bucharest in 1913 after the end of the Second Balkan War , Siatista was assigned to the Kingdom of Greece. The First World War from 1914 to 1918 had no immediate impact on Siatista; Siatista was not affected by fighting from the beginning of this on Greek territory in mid-1915. In 1930 the worst disaster in the Siatista region occurred in peacetime: a storm with hail killed 22 people on June 13, 1930.

Second World War (1940–1944)

The Second World War began for Greece on October 28, 1940 with the Italian attack from Italian-occupied Albania. The original Italian advance plans, which provided for the capture of Siatista as a strategically important place with reference to the transport corridor to Kozani and Thessaloniki, did not come into effect due to the Greek counter-offensive from November 1940. On April 6, 1941, the German attack on Greece and Yugoslavia ( Operation Marita ) began. Three days later, Wehrmacht troops reached the Greek border north of Florina and marched into Western Macedonia. On the night of April 12th and 13th, 1941, Wehrmacht troops forced the withdrawal of the Allied defensive positions at the Klidi Pass north of Amyndeo; the combined New Zealand-Australian-British-Greek troops then withdrew to the south (Servia) and west (Klisoura Pass and Kastoria and Siatista Pass) to form a defensive position further south. The remnants of the Greek 12th Infantry Division, combined with Allied troops, were supposed to defend the western entrance of the Siatista Pass east of the city of Siatista. On April 14, 1941 at 2:30 p.m. local time, advancing German tank units attacked the defensive positions of the Allied forces. After a brief resistance, the Allies gave up their positions and with them Siatista and withdrew to the west bank of the Aliakmonas in the night of April 14th to 15th, 1941. On April 15, 1941, Siatista was captured by German infantry and tank troops.

Subsequently, Siatista came under Italian occupation. On January 30, 1943, the gendarmerie station in Siatista was attacked and disarmed by resistance fighters against the Italian occupation, who were advancing north from Grevena. According to other sources, the police station and its entire crew joined the resistance organization ELAS under the orders of Thomas Venetsanopoulos. In March 1943 (March 5-6) non-communist-controlled resistance fighters achieved a military success against the occupation of Greece by the Axis powers : an Italian battalion with a strength of 600 soldiers was attacked by the resistance fighters on the road from Kastoria to Siatista captured after winning battle (so-called Battle of Fardykambos). A month later, Siatista became the scene of clashes within the Greek resistance: the communist-controlled Greek People's Liberation Front EAM together with its military arm ELAS "cleared" the region around Siatista of non-communist resistance fighters. After the withdrawal of the German troops in October 1944, the ELAS resistance fighters took control of Siatista. For their part, the Italian occupation forces caused the residents of Siatista to empty their food and drink on the streets, mixing them with dirt and broken glass. It is not known whether this action is related to the capture of the Italian battalion, whether it was a consequence or cause thereof. In 1943, after Italy declared war against the Axis powers, the Italian occupation troops were replaced by German troops. In July 1944, the units of the 9th ELAS Division avoided an armed conflict with German troops operating in the Siatista region. At the end of October 1944, the German occupation forces withdrew from Siatista. On October 26, 1944, British forces concentrated at Siatista to conduct an attack on the southernmost German position at that time, Kozani.

Greek Civil War (1946-1949)

From mid-1946 to mid-1949, Siatista was also the scene of the Greek civil war . The communist newspaper Rizospastis published a map on July 27, 1947, showing the area immediately north of Siatista as being controlled by the communist-led insurgents of the DSE . Between November 1948 and January 1949 the DSE (the armed organization of the Communist Party of Greece) attacked Siatista, but was unable to conquer the small town.

Population, administration, politics

population

According to reports by William Martin Leake, Siatista had around 500 houses at the beginning of the 19th century . According to this traveler, every family had a family member in other European countries, including Germany, Italy, Hungary and Austria. The people from Siatista worked there as merchants. Accordingly, a lot of German and Italian was spoken in Siatista. Louis Auguste Félix Beaujour described Siatista in 1817 as a place populated exclusively by Greeks. In the 1830s, Siatista had a population of 4,000.

administration

Until 1997, Siatista was the administrative seat of Voio Province, one of the three provinces of Kozani Prefecture alongside Kozani and Eordea. The importance of this administrative unit was already subordinate in the 1940s. With the Greek local government reform of 1997, all provinces were abolished. Since January 1st, 1999 Siartiste has been made up of three municipal districts. With the administrative reform of 2010 , Siatista was merged with four other municipalities to form the new municipality of Voio and has since formed a municipality. The previous municipal districts were given the status of urban district or local community according to their number of inhabitants.

District local community	Greek name	code	Area (km²)	2001 residents	Residents 2011	Villages and settlements
Siatista	Δημοτική Κοινότητα Σιατίστης	14020401	94.426	5642	5490	Siatista
Micro castro	Τοπική Κοινότητα Μικροκάστρου	14020402	16,573	0501	0446	Mikrokastro, Moni Kimiseos Theotokou Mikrokastrou
Paleokastro	Τοπική Κοινότητα Παλαιοκάστρου	14020403	47.525	0404	0311	Paleokastro, Dafnero
total		140204	158.524	6547	6247

Economy, transport and infrastructure

economy

“Fur in Siatista” (fur in Siatista), greeting at the entrance to the village

In the 19th century, William Martin Leake described Siatista as lying in the middle of vineyards. Three types of wine were produced in Siatista at the time: the Iliomeno (a wine made from a sun-dried mixture of white and red grapes), a dry white wine and a dry red wine . A kind of absinthe was also made. The wines from Siatista were stored for at least three, sometimes more than five years.

At present, viticulture and fur processing are the main industries in the municipality of Siatista. Besides Kastoria (see there), Siatista is the only town with an economic focus on fur finishing (originally processing fur scraps , today all kinds of furrier work ) and leather processing .

For a detailed description of fur processing in Siatista and Kastoria see the article → Fur scraps .

traffic

Siatista is an important transport hub in Kozani Prefecture and Western Macedonia. The pass between Velia and Vourinos creates the connection between the plain Amyndeo-Ptolemaida-Kozani-Servia and the valley of the Aliakmonas. The main mode of transport in the municipality of Siatista, as in the rest of Greece, is the road , both for private, commercial and public use. The National Road 20 (European Road 90) Kozani in the West Siatista with Neapoli , Konitsa and Ioannina in Epirus. This road connection was only created in the 1950s and is the northernmost connection from West Macedonia to Epirus via a very scenic, but also very winding and narrow road. The traffic load capacity of this road connection is accordingly limited. From Siatista to the northwest, the national road 15 leads via Vogatsiko to Kastoria, to the south via Grevena and Milia to Metsovo , Ioannina or Kalambaka . Thus, this road connection represents a corridor for goods and people from Albania and Kastoria to Epirus and Thessaly as well as parts of Greece further south. Due to the increasing traffic, especially from Albania via Kastoria to central Greece, this two-lane national road is at the limit of its capacity arrived.

The traffic capacity of the roads around Siatista has been constantly improving since the beginning of the 21st century. From south-west to north-east, at Siatista, motorway 2 (European route 90) leads from Ioannina via Grevena and Siatista to Kozani, Veria and Thessaloniki and on to East Macedonia and Thrace. South of Siatista, which has two interchanges on Autobahn 2 (Egnatia Odos), Autobahn 15 (provisional numbering) branches off to the northwest at a motorway triangle towards Vogatsiko, Kastoria and Ieropigi on the Albanian border. Motorway 2 is continuously passable from Siatista to Thessaloniki, after Ioannina the route only extends to the Venetikos junction south of Grevena. The other sections, like Autobahn 15, are currently under construction. Both motorway 2 and national road 20 use the valley between Vourinos and Velia to pass into the Kozani plain.

The main means of public transport are buses, which almost exclusively travel over long distances, for example to the prefecture capital Kozani, Kastoria or Ioannina. In 1944 there were weekly buses from Siatista to Thessaloniki, sometimes across the front lines.

Siatista has not yet had a railway connection . However, there are considerations to extend the Amyndeo-Ptolemaida-Kozani railway to Siatista. A corresponding feasibility study was commissioned by the Greek railway company OSE.

The municipality of Siatista also has no national and / or international airport . The nearest domestic airport is Kozani.

In the 18th century, the then inadequate transport connection to Epirus also made itself felt economically: while the wines of Siatista found good sales in Macedonia and Thessaly, they were almost unknown in Epirus.

Culture, personalities and sights

Culture

Siatista was the seat of a Greek Orthodox bishop (Mitropolitis) at the beginning of the 18th century. The corresponding diocese was called Sisani and Siatista; the bishop had a seat in both localities.

Personalities

• Georgios Zavira (also Georgios Zabira): Born in Siatista. Translated Byzantine literature and wrote works on Greek theater in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century.
• Dimitrios Panagiotis Psatelis: Born in Siatista, doctor at the University of Tübingen . Justified the Greek uprising in a French magazine in 1826.
• Nikolaos Kasomoulis (1797? –1871?): Born in Siatista. Greek resistance fighter, first in Macedonia, from 1827 with Karaïskakis in Athens. Subsequently became a colonel in the Greek armed forces and wrote a personal report on the Greek War of Independence. A street in the municipality of Siatistas was named after him.
• Poulios Makridis Poulios and Georgios Makridis Poulios: Both brothers were born in Siatista and emigrated to Vienna. Together they published the first regular Greek newspaper Efimeris from December 31, 1790 until it was banned in 1797.

Attractions

The city has a closed, well-preserved cityscape from the Middle Ages. In addition, some of the newly restored mansions (Archontika), which z. Some also serve as a museum, can be visited.

Web links

• Official website of the Municipality of Siatista
• Siatista News

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Results of the 2011 census at the National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) ( Memento from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} A. Michailidis, F. Chatzitheodoridis, I. Mountousis and K. Papanikolaou: The Use of Real Options Methodology to Pasturelands Evaluation.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) In: American Journal of Applied Sciences 3 (8): 1984-1989, 2006, pp. 1984 ff.  
3. ↑ ^{a b} Barbara Tufty: 1001 Questions Answered about Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Other Natural Air Disasters . 2nd Edition. Courier Dover Publications, 1997. p. 146. ISBN 0-486-25455-0 .
4. ↑ George A. Christopoulos: Prehistory and Protohistory . Volume 1. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1974. p. 43.
5. ↑ Rastko Vasić: The needles in the Central Balkans: Vojvodina, Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia . Franz Steiner Verlag, 2003. p. 67. ISBN 3-515-07920-3 .
6. ↑ JS Gandeto. Ancient Macedonians: Differences Between the Ancient Macedonians and the Ancient Greeks . Writer's Showcase Press, 2002. pp. 10 ff. ISBN 0-595-23306-6 .
7. ^ William Martin Leake: Travels in Northern Greece. Volume 1. Rodwell, 1835. p. 313.
8. ^ Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond: Sources for Alexander the Great: an analysis of Plutarch's life and Arrian's Anabasis Alexandrou . Cambridge University Press, 2007. p. 205. ISBN 0-521-43264-2 .
9. ^ AB Bosworth: Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great . Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 32. ISBN 0-521-40679-X .
10. ↑ Alexandros Ph. Lagopoulos, Karin Boklund-Lagopoulou: Meaning and Geography: The Social Conception of the Region in Northern Greece . Walter de Gruyter, 1992. p. 58. ISBN 3-11-012956-6 .
11. ↑ Apostolos E. Valacopoulos: The Greek Nation, 1453-1669. The Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society. Rutgers University Press, 1976. p. 58. ISBN 0-8135-0810-X .
12. ↑ Apostolos E. Valacopoulos: The Greek Nation, 1453-1669. The Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society. Rutgers University Press, 1976. p. 68. ISBN 0-8135-0810-X .
13. ↑ Apostolos E. Valacopoulos The Greek Nation, 1453–1669. The Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society. Rutgers University Press, 1976. p. 264. ISBN 0-8135-0810-X .
14. ↑ Jonathan Irvine Israel: Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752 . Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 321. ISBN 0-19-927922-5 .
15. ↑ ^{a b c} Newspaper article of the newspaper "Makedonia" from Thessaloniki from October 21, 2007.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Last accessed November 2, 2007 (in Greek).  
16. ↑ ^{a b} Thanos Veremis. Greece: The Modern Sequel: from 1831 to the Present . C. Hurst & Co, 2002. p. 334. ISBN 1-85065-462-X .
17. ^ William Martin Leake: Travels in Northern Greece. Volume 1. Rodwell, 1835. pp. 308 ff.
18. ^ William Martin Leake: Travels in Northern Greece. Volume 1. Rodwell, 1835. p. 311.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Louis Auguste Félix Beaujour: Voyage militaire dans l'Empire Othoman, ou, Description de ses frontières et des ces principales défenses, soit naturelles, soit artificielles . Tome Premier. Firmin Diderot, 1829. p. 195.
20. ↑ Thanos Veremis. Greece: The Modern Sequel: from 1831 to the Present . C. Hurst & Co, 2002. p. 222. ISBN 1-85065-462-X .
21. ^ WG McClymont: To Greece. New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-1945 . P. 026ff. (available online from the New Zealand Electronic Text Center; last accessed November 2, 2007).
22. ↑ Alexandros Papagos: Greece in the war 1940-1941 . Schimmelbusch & Co., Bonn, 1954. p. 136.
23. ↑ Alexandros Papagos: Greece in the war 1940-1941 . Schimmelbusch & Co., Bonn, 1954. p. 138.
24. ^ Giannis S. Koliopoulos, John S. Koliopoulos. Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999. p. 92. ISBN 1-85065-381-X .
25. ↑ ^{a b} Mark Mazower : Inside Hitler's Greece. The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44 . Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. ISBN 0-300-06552-3 , p. 134.
26. ^ Giannis S. Koliopoulos, John S. Koliopoulos: Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999, ISBN 1-85065-381-X , p. 90.
27. ^ Giannis S. Koliopoulos, John S. Koliopoulos: Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999, ISBN 1-85065-381-X , p. 176.
28. ^ John Melior Stevens, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, Lars Bærentzen: British Reports on Greece 1943–1944. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1982, ISBN 87-88073-20-3 , p. 34.
29. ↑ Thanos Veremis: Greece: The Modern Sequel: from 1831 to the Present . C. Hurst & Co, 2002. p. 79. ISBN 1-85065-462-X .
30. ^ John Melior Stevens, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, Lars Bærentzen: British Reports on Greece 1943–1944. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1982. p. 109. ISBN 87-88073-20-3 .
31. ^ CM Woodhouse: The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949. Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1976. Reprint C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002. p. 207. ISBN 1-85065-487-5 .
32. ↑ Newspaper article in the Greek newspaper Risospastis of July 27, 1947, page 1.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (available online from the Greek National Library).  
33. ^ Charles R. Shrader: The Withered Vine. Logistics and the communist insurgency in Greece, 1945-1949 . Praeger / Greenwood, 1999. pp. 229-230. ISBN 0-275-96544-9 .
34. ^ ^{A b c} William Martin Leake: Travels in Northern Greece. Volume 1. Rodwell, 1835. p. 305.
35. ^ ^{A b} William Martin Leake: Travels in Northern Greece. Volume 1. Rodwell, 1835. p. 307.
36. ↑ George Newenham Wright: A New and Comprehensive Gazetteer . Volume 4. Thomas Kelly, Paternoster Row, London; 1837. p. 502.
37. ↑ United Kingdom, Naval Intelligence Division. Greece. Volume I - Physical Geography, History, Administration and Peoples . March 1944. p. 256.
38. ^ ^{A b} William Martin Leake: Travels in Northern Greece. Volume 1. Rodwell, 1835. p. 306.
39. ^ Peter Kanzler, Andreas Neumeier: Northern and Central Greece . 9 edition. Michael Müller Verlag, 2007. p. 212. ISBN 978-3-89953-297-5 .
40. ↑ Nicholas Konsolas, Ilias Plaskovitis, Athanassios Papadaskalopoulos: Regional Development in Greece . Springer Verlag, 2002. p. 55. ISBN 3-540-42395-8 .
41. ^ CM Woodhouse: The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949. Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1976. Reprint C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002. p. 241. ISBN 1-85065-487-5 .
42. ^ John Melior Stevens, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, Lars Bærentzen: British Reports on Greece 1943–1944. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1982. p. 2. ISBN 87-88073-20-3 .
43. ^ Message from Pöyry Infra GmbH about the feasibility study of a Kozani-Siatista railway line. Last accessed on October 31, 2007 at 10:00 p.m.
44. ↑ Joseph Fr. Michaud, Louis Gabriel Michaud: Biography universal, ancienne et modern. Volume 52 (Za-Zy). Michaud frères, 1828. p. 8.
45. ^ Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Journal des Savants . Éditions Klincksieck, 1827. p. 122.
46. ^ Thomas Douglas Whitcombe, Charles William James Eliot (eds.): Campaign of the Falieri and Piraeus in the Year 1827 . The American School of Classic Studies at Athens, Princeton, NJ, 1992. p. 9. ISBN 0-87661-405-5 .