Sinai uprising

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Sinai uprising
constantly updated map of the Sinai held by the Egyptian government held by the Wilayat Sinai
constantly updated map of Sinai
  • Held by the Egyptian government
  • Held by the Wilayat Sinai
    • date February 5, 2011 to date
    place Egypt , Sinai Peninsula
    output All the time
    Parties to the conflict

    EgyptEgypt Egypt

    Supported by: Israel
    IsraelIsrael 

    Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg Islamic State

    Flag of Jihad.svgMilitant Islamists

    losses

    Flag of Egypt.svg380 killed
    Flag of Israel.svg2 killed

    1322 militants killed

    160 Egyptian, 6 Israeli and 4 South Korean civilians killed.

    The Sinai Uprising was an armed conflict on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt that began in early 2011 as an accompaniment to the 2011 revolution in Egypt . The actions of these Islamists , who mainly consisted of radicalized Bedouins from the region, drew a harsh reaction from the Egyptian government, known as "Operation Adler" since mid-2011. Nevertheless, further attacks against foreign and government institutions took place until mid-2012, which resulted in a drastic crackdown by the new Egyptian government under the name Operation Sinai .

    background

    After the fall of the Husni Mubarak regime in 2011, the country became increasingly unstable. Radical Islamic elements in the Sinai Peninsula took advantage of the opportunity and exploited the unique environment of the largely demilitarized Sinai Peninsula, landing multiple waves of attacks on Egyptian military and commercial facilities.

    history

    First assassinations

    Commercial plants

    The first attacks of the uprising occurred sporadically from February 2011 and focused on the Arab gas pipeline that runs to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, as well as its branch from al-Arish to Israel. This repeatedly interrupted the supply of Egyptian gas to the entire region.

    Assassination attempt on an Egyptian police station in July 2011

    On July 30, militants assassinated an Egyptian police station in El-Arish, killing six people.

    On August 2, a group claiming to be the Sinai branch of al-Qaeda announced their intention to create a caliphate in Sinai.

    Operation Adler

    In mid-2011, a group of Islamic terrorists infiltrated the Israeli border from Sinai and launched coordinated attacks against the Israeli military and civilians. Following bloody clashes in the south, Israel blamed Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Gaza and launched a revenge attack that escalated tension with Palestinian fighters.

    Attack in August 2012

    On August 5, 2012, a group of armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killed 16 Egyptian soldiers, stole two Egyptian armored vehicles, and then fled across the border into Israel. One of the vehicles exploded while trying to break the barriers at the Kerem Shalom border crossing in Israel. The attackers then engaged in a firefight with the Israeli armed forces, six attackers were killed. No Israeli was injured. The attackers were dressed as Bedouins and attacked with firearms and reactive anti-tank rifles . 35 attackers took part in this attack on the Egyptian base.

    Operation Sinai

    An attack on Egyptian armed forces in August 2012 sparked crackdown on the jihadist terrorist fighters led by the Egyptian army, special police units and the air force . 32 fighters and suspects were killed and 38 arrested in the course of the operation.

    Escalation after the 2013 military coup

    Sinai Uprising (Egypt)
    Location of selected places on the Sinai
    Location of selected places on Sinai and in Egypt
    Large map: Egypt, small map: Sinai

    Since the army, led by the military council chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi , overthrew the first democratically elected President of Egypt, Mohammed Morsi , in the military coup of July 3, 2013 , jihadists have intensified their attacks on state institutions, police stations and military bases on the Sinai Peninsula where, after the fall of Husni Mubarak, Islamist militias and smuggling gangs had established themselves in the north and the region had become a stronghold of militant Islamists. The army then took massive action against armed groups near the Israeli border in a military offensive.

    course

    On the morning of August 19, 2013, the day after 36 prisoners were choked to death during a transport in police custody, according to official information, warriors of God shot police minibuses in northern Sinai near the Egyptian- Palestinian border town of Rafah and killed 25 police officers. The bloodbath was the most serious act of violence on the Sinai Peninsula for years, the northern part of which was spiraling out of control. On the evening of August 29, soldiers killed four suspected extremists at a roadblock in front of the Multinational Observer Mission's base in Sinai. According to a member of the security forces, after the curfew began, the armed men moved their vehicle towards the Al-Gora base and refused to stop at the checkpoint, whereupon the soldiers killed all four occupants of the vehicle. The Multinational Observer Mission monitors compliance with the peace agreement between Israel and Egypt. Since the overthrow of President Morsi by the military, attacks by Islamic militants on the police and army in the north of the Sinai Peninsula have increased.

    In early September, the Egyptian army launched a large-scale offensive against militant Islamists who had established bases on the Sinai Peninsula. Military spokesman Ahmad Ali announced in September: "We are taking action against the terrorists instead of simply reacting to terrorist attacks". After a brief pause caused by two suicide bombings, the military continued its offensive against Islamist extremists in Sinai, which began on September 7 and is considered the largest of its kind in the recent past. Al Qaeda leader Adel Habara was arrested on the Sinai Peninsula on the weekend from late August to early September. Observers suspected a connection between the arrest and the bombing of the Egyptian interior minister Mohammed Ibrahim in Cairo that took place the following week and which, according to correspondent reports, was unusual in its kind in Egypt, which sharply condemned the Muslim Brotherhood. By September 10, soldiers reportedly killed at least 29 suspects on the strategically important peninsula bordering Israel and the Gaza Strip. On September 11, a suicide bomber destroyed the security forces headquarters in Rafah, killing at least three people and injuring ten others. On September 13, attack helicopters attacked alleged rebel positions in a dozen villages south of the city of Sheikh Suwaid and near Arish. On September 15, the army spokesman reported that "insurgents close to the Al-Qaeda terror network" had killed more than 100 members of the security forces in Sinai since the beginning of July. By the beginning of October, the official casualties of the security forces amounted to 125 dead and almost 1,000 other injured.

    On October 5, according to the state news agency Mena, four people were shot dead in a gun battle between soldiers and insurgents. Gunmen attacked an army post on a road linking Cairo and the Suez Canal city of Ismailia and were killed, with assault rifles found in their vehicle.

    The south of the strategically important Sinai Peninsula, where the seaside resort of Sharm El-Sheikh is also located, remained quiet at the beginning of October until twelve police officers died on October 7 and dozen were injured when a car bomb in front of the security forces' headquarters in at-Tur detonated where a meeting of senior officers was being held. Initially, nothing was known about the alleged assassin.

    Attacks across the country on October 7, killing 18 army and police officers. In the city of At-Tur in the south of the Sinai Peninsula, according to security sources, twelve police officers died when a car bomb detonated on the premises of the security directorate. Dozens were injured. A meeting of senior officers was held in the building at the time of the attack. Initially, nothing was known about the alleged assassin. In the city of Ismailia near the Suez Canal, unknown people shot dead six soldiers who were at a checkpoint. 35 people are said to have been injured in this attack near the town of Abu Suwair.

    On October 11, at least nine soldiers were injured in bomb attacks on their vehicles in the Sinai. In the late evening of October 16, according to security sources, fighting with the military broke out near a security checkpoint in the city of Arish, killing six "insurgents".

    On October 13, an American was found hanged in his prison cell in Ismailia near the Suez Canal. Security officials said he appeared to have committed suicide. The man was taken into police custody on August 27th on suspicion of breaking a curfew. The Egyptian Ministry of the Interior said that at the time of his arrest, security forces had reacted to a car bomb in front of a police station in the city of Sheikh Zwayed in northern Sinai. His detention was extended by 30 days on August 26, the day before his death. Back in September, a Frenchman had died in Egyptian custody for allegedly violating a curfew in Cairo when fellow prisoners beat him to death.

    criticism

    The Egyptian state media unequivocally supported the new leadership's course and stated that the people of Sinai, including Bedouins, tribal leaders and local dignitaries, welcomed the army offensive. The almost complete cordon off the Sinai Peninsula by the military made it difficult for journalists to get an objective picture of the situation. In September, reporter Ahmad Abu Draa, who had previously reported attacks by the army on civilians, was arrested by security forces and charged by the military with spreading false reports and waging an “information war” against the interim government forces.

    In October the media reported that journalists from US online magazines Slate and McClatchy had managed to penetrate the Sinai. Their reports confirm Abu Draa's allegations that the Egyptian army in the region not only acts against alleged insurgents, but against anyone who has contact with alleged rebels, which affects almost every person in the tribal Bedouin society. According to Ibrahim al-Minai, leader of an alliance of various tribal groups in Sinai, the number of civilian casualties killed by the army since the start of the military operation amounted to at least 52 people, including 16 women and children. Two days after Minai spoke to journalist Nadine Marroushi from the online magazine Slate , the military reportedly bombed his two houses and the assembly hall of his tribal union. The head of the security forces in North Sinai, Major General Samih Bashadi, denied the allegations and said he would only attack selected targets without hitting innocents.

    Christoph Sydow summarized the actions of the military on the Sinai in the Spiegel : “ Usually the attacks proceed according to the following pattern: First, the army attacks villages where they suspect fighters are with helicopters. Ground troops then move in. According to eyewitnesses, the further procedure then differs from village to village. Sometimes the soldiers shell all houses with tanks, sometimes the armed forces level all houses to the ground. Elsewhere, the troops go looting from house to house and take everything that can be turned into money. "

    Victim

    Deaths since the end of July 2011: 27–35 Egyptian soldiers and 4 civilians killed; 3 Israeli soldiers and 7 civilians; 54 Islamist fighters and suspects killed. A total of 95-103 fatalities.

    • July 30, 2011: 6 members of the Egyptian security forces killed
    • August 14 – September 2011: Operation Adler: 1 Islamist fighter and 2 civilians killed
      • August 15, 2011: 1 Islamist fighter killed, 6 captured.
      • August 17, 2011: 2 Bedouins killed in unexplained circumstances.
    • August 18, 2011: Cross-border attacks in southern Israel in 2011 , killing 6 Israeli civilians and two soldiers, as well as 5 Egyptian soldiers and 10 attackers.
    • June 18, 2012: 1 Israeli civilian and 2 wounded in an attack on the Israeli-Egyptian border fence.
    • August 5, 2012: Egyptian-Israeli border attack in 2012 , killing 16-24 Egyptian soldiers and 8 Islamist fighters.
    • August 7, 2012: Operation Sinai (2012) - 32 fighters and suspects killed, 38 arrested; 2 civilians killed by early September 2012.
      • August 8, 2012: 20 fighters killed in Sinai.
      • August 12, 2012: 7 suspected fighters killed.
      • August 13, 2012: Armed men shot tribal leader Chalaf al-Menahy and his son.
      • August 29, 2012: Egyptian army tanks and helicopters attacked jihadist cells, resulting in the deaths of 11 fighters and 23 arrested and no reported military casualties.
    • September 21, 2012: 1 Israeli soldier and 3 Islamist fighters killed.
    • November 3, 2012: 3 Egyptian police officers killed.

    Reactions

    Israel

    The 1979 Camp David Agreement , which established peace between Egypt and Israel, stipulates that Sinai must remain demilitarized.

    At the beginning of Operation 2011, Israel allowed thousands of troops to march into Sinai, using helicopters and armored vehicles, but not tanks.

    In early August 2012, as Operation Adler intensified, Israel approved a request from Israel Defense Minister Ehud Barak to allow Egypt to deploy attack helicopters into Sinai.

    However, concerns were expressed when Egypt began deploying more members of the armed forces and tanks without consulting Israel. On August 21, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said it was important for Israel to ensure that the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty is upheld, and not to be silent when Egyptian forces enter Sinai. Concern has been expressed by Israeli officials about the breach of the peace treaty by Egypt's failure to notify Israel of the tank deployment in Sinai. Lieberman: "We have to ensure that every detail is observed, otherwise we will find ourselves on thin ice with regard to the contract." On the same day, the Israeli daily Maariv reported that Israel had sent a message to Egypt via the White House , in who protested over Egypt's continued increase in military presence in Sinai without voting with Israel; and Egypt had been told it had to remove its tanks from Sinai because their presence violated the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty which said the Sinai Peninsula must remain demilitarized. What the Israeli daily Maariv reported was corroborated by an article in the New York Times which stated that Israel had been "troubled" by the invasion of the northern Sinai Peninsula by Egyptian tanks without consultation with Israel and had asked Egypt to withdraw . Partly because the Egyptian military deployed tanks in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel is increasingly concerned about what has long been its most crucial partnership in the region. The lack of coordination surrounding their deployment is seen, according to the New York Times, as possibly undermining a peace treaty that has been a bedrock of Israel's security for decades. Israel is also concerned that Egypt may use Operation Adler to expand its military presence in Sinai and keep tanks and armored personnel carriers in Sinai while doing little more than symbolic action to eradicate the terrorist threat.

    Israel has not made a formal complaint and instead prefers to resolve the problem through silent contacts, as well as mediation from the US, in order to avoid straining its relationship with Egypt.

    On August 24, 2012, a senior Egyptian military source said that Egyptian Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sissi and Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak had reached an agreement on the issue of militarizing Sinai. Al Hayat reported that Sissi called Barak and said that Egypt was bound to uphold the peace treaty with Israel. Sissi said militarization is temporary and necessary for security to fight terrorism. However, an Israeli defense official denied that such a conversation took place.

    In the second half of August 2012, Egyptian President Morsi said that the security operations do not threaten anyone and "there should be no international or regional concern at all from the presence of Egyptian security forces". Morsi added that the campaign "fully respects international treaties," even though the Egyptian-Israeli peace agreement limits Egyptian military deployment to Sinai.

    On September 8, an Israeli official confirmed that there was coordination between Israel and Egypt on Operation Adler. The Egyptian military spokesman Ahmed Mohammed Ali had previously announced that Egypt was consulting with Israel about its security measures in Sinai.

    United States

    According to CNN , US Defense Secretary Leon Panetta , in order to increase security in Sinai, is offering help to Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi to reassure Israel, which he discussed during his recent trips to Egypt and Israel, Egyptian options for exchanging intelligence information To help Egypt identify military threats in the region. The technology is used extensively in Iraq and Afghanistan to detect vehicles at great distances. The technology can also be used by Multinational Force and Observers . The United States is also increasing the sharing of intelligence information, including satellite imagery and drone flights, cell phone interception and other communications among militant attack suspects.

    On August 22, the United States Department of State urged Egypt to be transparent about Operation Adler and all security operations in Sinai. The United States Department of State said the United States supports Operation Adler on Terrorism, but stressed that Egypt must continue coordination with Israel on these operations and the military increase in Sinai under the 1979 Camp David Accords. The United States Department of State appealed to Egypt to fulfill its obligations under the 1979 Israel-Egypt peace treaty and to deal vigorously with security threats in Sinai while ensuring that "lines of communication remain open."

    On August 23, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke to Egyptian Secretary of State Mohamed Kamel Amr , urging Amr to maintain lines of communication with Israel and stressing the importance of transparency regarding the militarization of Sinai.

    Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai

    The Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai , an international organization with 1650 employees and responsibility for peacekeeping, created in 1979 during the Camp David Agreement, held back during the intensification of Operation Adler in 2012. A representative from the organization said that "we are unable to respond to media questions at this time" in response to whether Egypt asked permission to bring weapons into Sinai and whether Israel allowed it.

    See also

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/HJS-Terror-in-the-Sinai-Report-Colour-Web.pdf
    2. ↑ Al-Tarabeen tribe launches offensive against ISIS hideouts in Sinai. (No longer available online.) Sada El Balad, April 27, 2015, archived from the original on February 3, 2016 ; Retrieved April 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.el-balad.com
    3. ↑ Terrorists in lawless Sinai Peninsula 'energized' by crackdown on Islamists in Egypt, analyst says. National Post, accessed August 19, 2013 .
    4. ^ Perpetrators of second Rafah massacre arrested. Daily News Egypt, September 1, 2013, accessed November 9, 2013 .
    5. ↑ Egypt's Sinai desert: A haven for malcontents. The Economist, July 13, 2013, accessed July 17, 2013 .
    6. ^ Two police officers killed in bomb blasts near Cairo palace. Reuters, June 30, 2014, accessed June 5, 2015 .
    7. ↑ Egypt sentences 14 to death for 2011 Sinai attacks. The Times of Israel, September 24, 2012, accessed December 12, 2013 .
    8. ^ Bill Roggio, Mujahideen Shura Council denies involvement in Sinai assault ( Memento of August 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Long War Journal ( Foundation for Defense of Democracies ) 06-08-2012
    9. ↑ Egypt army arrests head of Sinai radical militant group, dozens others. Ahram Online, November 1, 2013, accessed November 5, 2013 .
    10. ^ Ansar al Sharia Egypt in the Sinai. Long War Journal, archived from the original on July 8, 2013 ; Retrieved July 6, 2013 .
    11. ↑ Jund al Islam claims credit for Sinai suicide car bomb attacks. The Long War Journal, September 12, 2013, accessed October 9, 2013 .
    12. ^ Marwa Awad: Egypt army operation nets militants in Sinai-sources. In: Reuters Africa . August 16, 2011, Retrieved August 19, 2011 (in Cairo).
    13. ↑ Amro Hassan: Nearly 20 alleged gas pipeline saboteurs arrested. In: Los Angeles Times . August 17, 2011, accessed on August 19, 2011 (in Cairo): “Concerns over the security situation in Sinai intensified on August 2 when a group referring to itself as Al Qaeda's wing in Sinai called for the creation of an Islamic caliphate in the peninsula. "
    14. ↑ Egyptian Who Shot 7 is Dead . In: The New York Times . January 8, 1986. Accessed December 31, 2006.
    15. ↑ Yaakov Katz: The Sinai attack: Blow by blow. In: The Jerusalem Post. August 6, 2012, accessed August 6, 2012 .
    16. ^ Egypt vows strong response to Sinai attack. Al Jazeera , August 6, 2012, accessed August 6, 2012 .
    17. ↑ Yoav Zitun: Watch: IAF strikes Sinai terror cell. Yedioth Ahronot, August 6, 2012, accessed August 6, 2012 .
    18. ^ Yaakov Katz and Herb Keinon: Israel considers request for more Egyptian troops in Sinai. In: The Jerusalem Post. August 6, 2012, accessed August 7, 2012 .
    19. ↑ UPDATED: Egyptian troops strike hard in North Sinai after multiple attacks. Al Ahram, accessed October 1, 2012 .
    20. ^ Egypt Army kills 32, arrests 38 more in Sinai offensive , GlobalPost, September 8, 2012
    21. ↑ a b c d e f g Bloody military campaign: The anger against Egypt's army is growing on the Sinai ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 9, 2013, by Christoph Sydow, archived from the original on October 9 2013.
    22. ↑ a b c Thousands of Mursi supporters take to the streets in Egypt ( Memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , http://business-panorama.de/ (AFP report), October 11, 2013, archived from the original on October 12, 2013.
    23. ↑ a b c d The right to demonstrate in Egypt is to be restricted even more ( memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, October 17, 2013, archived from the original on October 18, 2013.
    24. ↑ Violence in Egypt: Dozens of Islamists killed while attempting to escape ( memento from August 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online , August 18, 2013, archived from the original on August 22, 2013.
    25. ↑ a b Another massacre and many dead - Egypt is sinking into violence ( memento from August 29, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, August 19, 2013, by Martin Gehlen and Albrecht Meier, archived from the original on August 29, 2013.
    26. ^ New riots in Egypt - deaths on "Friday of Determination" ( memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, August 30, 2013, archived from the original on September 1, 2013.
    27. ↑ a b c State of emergency - one dead during protests in Egypt ( memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 13, 2013, archived from the original on September 17, 2013.
    28. ↑ Middle East - Egypt's interior minister avoids bomb attack ( memento from September 26, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, September 5, 2013, archived from the original on September 26, 2013.
    29. ^ A b c State repression in Egypt - anti-terror campaign as in the time of Mubarak ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 7, 2013, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original on October 7, 2013 .
    30. ↑ a b c d e f g Sinai Peninsula - 12 dead after attack on police and military ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , 20min.ch, October 7, 2013, archived from the original on October 7, 2013.
    31. ↑ Gunmen kill six Egyptian soldiers near Suez canal ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 7, 2013, archived from the original on October 8, 2013.
    32. ↑ a b Bloodshed on all sides - Egypt mourns dozens of deaths ( memento of October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, October 7, 2013, archived from the original on October 7, 2013.
    33. ↑ Escalation in Cairo: Dozens of Egyptians die in street battles ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 7, 2013, archived from the original on October 7, 2013.
    34. ^ A b c Egypt - Twelve police officers die in car bomb explosion ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, October 7, 2013, archived from the original on October 7, 2013.
    35. ↑ Attackers kill five Egyptian soldiers near the Suez Canal ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 7, 2013, archived from the original on October 9, 2013.
    36. ↑ Egypt: Detained American Hangs Self in Prison ( Memento from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice of America News, October 13, 2013, archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
    37. ↑ Dark Clouds Over the Sinai - The military's brutal North Sinai campaign is targeting Civilians and militants alike ( Memento of 9 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). Slate, October 7, 2013, by Nadine Marroushi, archived from the original on October 9, 2013.
    38. ↑ In Egypt's Sinai, military's harsh campaign earns pledges of retaliation ( Memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). McClatchy, October 8, 2013, by Nancy A. Youssef and Amina Ismail, archived from the original October 9, 2013.
    39. ↑ Terror attack in the south. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June 18, 2012, accessed January 30, 2012 .
    40. ^ Egyptian forces kill 11 militants in Sinai. In: CNN. August 29, 2012, accessed October 1, 2012 .
    41. ↑ Barak Agrees to Egypt deploying troops, vehicles in Sinai. Jpost, August 26, 2011, accessed October 1, 2012 .
    42. ^ Herb Keinon: Security cabinet okays Egypt attack helicopters in Sinai. In: Reuters. The Jerusalem Post, August 9, 2012, accessed August 9, 2012 .
    43. ↑ Somfalvi, Attila: Lieberman: Don't let Egypt get away with violations. Yedioth Ahronot, August 21, 2012, accessed August 21, 2012 .
    44. ↑ Isabel Kershner: Israel Asks Egypt to Remove Tanks From Sinai. In: The New York Times. August 21, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012 .
    45. ↑ a b Jodi Rudoren: Developments in Iran and Sinai Deepen Israel's Worries About Egypt. In: The New York Times. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012 .
    46. ↑ Stuart Winer: After buildup, Israel tells Egypt to remove tanks from Sinai. The Times of Israel, August 21, 2012, accessed August 21, 2012 .
    47. ↑ a b Clinton urges Egypt, Israel to talk on Sinai. In: Reuters. The Jerusalem Post, August 23, 2012, accessed August 23, 2012 .
    48. ^ Davidovitch, Joshua: Barak and Egyptian counterpart reportedly come to terms over Sinai offensive. In: The Times of Israel. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012 .
    49. ^ Egypt tells Israel military presence in Sinai is temporary. In: The Times of Israel. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012 .
    50. ^ Morsi's message to Israel: No reason for concern. In: Yedioth Ahronot. August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012 .
    51. ↑ Shmulovich, Michal: Egypt says it has killed 32 'criminals' and arrested 38 since Sinai terror attack. In: The Times of Israel. September 8, 2012, accessed September 8, 2012 .
    52. ↑ CNN: US offers Egyptian army intelligence aid for Sinai battles. In: Israel Hayom; Reuters. Israel Hayom, August 21, 2012, accessed August 22, 2012 .
    53. ^ Winer, Stuart; Ben Zion, Ilan: Washington calls for Egyptian transparency amid military buildup in Sinai. The Times of Israel, August 22, 2012, accessed August 23, 2012 .
    54. ↑ US urges Egypt to retake control of Sinai. In: The Jerusalem Post. August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012 .
    55. Jump up ↑ Keinon, Herb: Int'l force in Sinai quiet amid concern of Egypt violations. The Jerusalem Post, August 21, 2012, accessed August 21, 2012 .