Soybean oil
| Soybean oil | |
|---|---|
| Raw material plant (noun) |
Soybean ( Glycine max ) |
| colour |
light yellow to brownish yellow |
| ingredients | |
| Oleic acid | 17-31% |
| Linoleic acid | 48-59% |
| Linolenic acid | 2-11% |
| Palmitic acid | 2-11% |
| More fatty acids | 2-7% stearic acid |
| Σ saturated fat | 4-18% |
| Σ monounsaturated fatty acids | 17-31% |
| Σ polyunsaturated fatty acids | 50-70% |
| Other ingredients | Tocopherol 920-1800 mg / kg |
| properties | |
| density | 0.917-0.921 kg / dm 3 at 25 ° C |
| viscosity | = 65 mm 2 / s at 20 ° C |
| Oxidation stability | 2.2-5.3 h |
| Melting point | −10 to −16 ° C |
| Smoke point | 213 ° C |
| Flash point | 250 ° C; 317-350 ° C |
| Iodine number | 114-138 |
| Saponification number | 188-195 |
| Calorific value | 39.6 MJ / kg |
| Cetane number | 38; 44.9 |
| Manufacturing and Consumption | |
| Production worldwide | 37.7 million t (2007/08) |
| Most important production countries | USA, Argentina , China , Brazil |
| use | Food, feed, bioenergy, oleochemistry |
Soybean oil (also soybean oil , oleum sojae) is a vegetable oil obtained from soybeans ( Glycine max ) that is mainly used as food. In recent years, especially in the United States, it has also been used increasingly for the production of biodiesel , as well as a number of other uses.
Extraction
The soybean oil can be obtained from the soybeans either by pressing or by extraction.
To extract the soybean oil, the beans are ground, adjusted in the water content, pressed into flakes and treated with hexane u. a. extracted. The oil is refined and blended for various uses; sometimes the oil is hydrogenated . As a rule, the extracted oil represents about 19% of the dry weight of the beans, with the oil content correlating directly with the temperatures and the duration of sunshine during the bean development.
properties
The color of soybean oil depends on the extraction process. Soybean oil obtained by pressing is light yellow, while extracted soybean oil is brownish-yellow. The smell is pungent, musty or nutty and is described as pleasant.
The high proportion of polyunsaturated, oxidation-sensitive acids led to application problems in the nutrition sector. Therefore, in the 1990s, soybean oil was cultivated which contained less than 1% linolenic acid. The partial hydrogenation of the oils over nickel catalysts partially leads to trans fatty acids , while natural oils were present in the cis form. Different CAS numbers were assigned to soybean oil depending on its composition and processing ; 8001-22-7 for the pure oil or its extracts and 8013-07-8 as epoxidized soybean oil (with at least 7% oxirane oxygen content ).
Production volume
With a share of 32% worldwide, soybean oil is the second most produced vegetable oil after palm oil and before rapeseed oil . The production volume is currently increasing by around 5.5% annually and reached a record level of 35.8 million tons in 2006/07, which corresponds to a five-fold increase in production from 1970/71 to 6.2 million tons. 26% of world production is produced in the USA, 15% comes from Brazil and 7% from the European Union.
Applications
While soybean oil has a number of areas of application, the protein-rich residues that arise as by- products in the form of soy extraction meal and soy press cake are usually used as feed in animal husbandry.
food
The main use of soybean oil is in the diet, where it is used for a wide range of salad oils , shortening and margarine . It is also found in a number of finished products as a vegetable oil component. In the US especially, soybean oil is the most widely used vegetable oil in the kitchen - 80% of margarine production and more than 75% of all vegetable fats and oils in the US are soybean oil.
Soybean oil (up to 11%) contains the omega-3 fatty acid linolenic acid as unsaturated fatty acids, but mainly (up to 59%) the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid (see table on ingredients). A good ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 is 1: 5. The combination of linolenic acid with linoleic acid is attributed to a lowering of the coronary risk.
Externally, soybean oil is used in dermatology for skin diseases .
Technical and other applications
Like other vegetable oils, soybean oil is used for a number of technical applications. In recent years in particular, its use in the manufacture of biodiesel and soy methyl ester (SME) has grown rapidly in the United States.
It is also used as a quick-drying oil for the production of alkyd resins , paints and fillers and, since 1987, especially for printing inks . In the USA, for example, around 50% of all newspapers and even 75% of all daily newspapers are printed with soybean oil-based printing inks; in Europe, the proportion is around 15%.
The fatty acids contained are mainly used in cosmetics and personal care products and in a wide range of other applications, especially as active ingredient carriers for lipid-soluble plant ingredients and vitamins and as a basis for bath oils and creams. Although soybean oil does not repel insects, it is also used to extend the short-lived effects of essential oils such as geranium oil .
Furthermore, β-sitosterol is obtained from soybean oil , which is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a starting product for the synthesis of estrogens , testosterone and gestagens .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c German Society for Fat Science : Fatty acid composition of important vegetable and animal edible fats and oils. (PDF).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Sabine Krist, Gerhard Buchbauer, Carina Klausberger: Lexicon of vegetable fats and oils. Springer Verlag, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-211-75606-5 , pp. 428-434.
- ↑ a b c Bavarian State Ministry for State Development and Environmental Issues: Vegetable oil- powered combined heat and power plants. Part 1, 2002, pp. 11, 18 online (PDF; 2.12 MB), lfu.bayern.de, accessed on April 30, 2017.
- ↑ a b c Richard D. O'Brien: Fats and Oils. Third Edition, CRC Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4200-6166-6 , p. 17.
- ↑ a b c d FNR : Biofuels Basic Data Germany. October 2009 (PDF; 526 kB).
- ↑ a b c Jens Schaak: Emissions from the diesel engine combustion of vegetable oils and ... Dissertation, Techn. Univ. Braunschweig, Cuvillier, 2012, ISBN 978-3-95404-173-2 , p. 364.
- ↑ Ayhan Demirbas: Biodiesel. Springer, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84628-995-8 , p. 76.
- ↑ S. Graser, N. Jack, S. Pantoulier (Ed.): Agrarmärkte 2007. In: Series of publications by the Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture. 4/2008, pp. 83-85.
- ↑ a b c Soybean Oil. In: Commodity Research Bureau: The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2008. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-23021-3 , p. 243.
- ↑ Powder from palm trees In: Focus Money. No. 20, 2010, May 12, 2010.
- ↑ Move more and reduce fat intake. Accessed January 2, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Soybean Oil. In: Hans Zoebelein (Ed.): Dictionary of Renewable Resources. 2nd Edition. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim / New York 1996, ISBN 3-527-30114-3 , p. 264.
- ↑ DR Barnard, R. Xue: Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). In: J. Med. Entomol. 41 (4), 2004, pp. 726-730, doi : 10.1603 / 0022-2585-41.4.726 .
- ↑ MS Fradin, JF Day: Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. In: N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 2002, pp. 13-18, doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa011699 .
- ↑ Hildebert Wagner, Angelika Vollmar, Andreas Bechthold: Pharmaceutical Biology. Volume II: Biogenic drugs and basics of genetic engineering and immunology. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8047-1997-2 , p. 22.