Solanum atropurpureum
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Solanum atropurpureum |
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Solanum atropurpureum is a plant type from the genus of Solanaceae ( Solanum ). Within the genus, it is classified in the subgenus Leptostemonum , which is mainly characterized by the conspicuous spines.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum atropurpureum is an upright shrub with a height of 0.5 to 2 m. The stems have a diameter of about 1.5 cm, usually only a single stem is formed at the base, the first branches are strongly rising upwards, while the upper, flower-bearing branches are more spread. With the exception of the flowers, the entire plant is often strongly purple in color, the spines fade straw-colored when drying (and sometimes even on the living plant).
The plants are almost hairless, only more or less dense hairs made up of fine, stalked, glandular trichomes , which are shorter than 0.15 mm, are present. This hair gives the plant a golden shimmer when it is illuminated by direct sunlight. The branches are densely covered with straight, needle-shaped and slightly bent back spines. The spines reach lengths of 0.2 to 2 cm, are up to 1.6 mm wide at the base and, especially in the lower part, are covered with fine, stalked and glandular trichomes.
The sympodial units have two leaves standing in pairs . The leaves are simple, their leaf blades 5 to 20 cm long and 20 to 45 cm wide, thin, egg-shaped to almost circular. Of the leaves standing in pairs, one is usually about twice as large as the other. The upper side is hairless or sparsely to moderately hairy with translucent trichomes 1 to 2 mm long, consisting of two to four cells, the underside is only sometimes hairless, but mostly with isolated, star-shaped, sessile trichomes with four to five rays and one length occupied from 0.8 to 1.5 mm. Both sides of the leaf are covered with spines on the main veins, which are similar to those on the petioles , the spines also become smaller as the veins become weaker.
The leaf base is usually cut off, sometimes a little oblique. The leaf margin is ciliated with trichomes, which resemble those of the leaf surface and are weakly to strongly divided into two to four pairs of pointed or pointed lobes, these are themselves whole-edged and triangular to curved or even lobed again. Weakly lobed leaves are flat, while heavily lobed leaves have overlapping sections so that they appear heavily folded and twisted in herbarium specimens . The leaves are pointed towards the front.
The larger petioles are 2 to 9 mm long and have fine, stalked, glandular trichomes, but otherwise hairless or very sparse with fine, four- to six-cell, translucent hairs 1.5 to 3.5 mm in length. The reinforcement of the leaf stalks consists of five to 20 straight, needle-shaped, protruding spines with a length of up to 25 mm and a width of up to 3 mm at the base. They are thus similar to the spines of the branches, but mostly larger than them.
Flowers and inflorescences
The inflorescences are outside the stem axils, are 0.8 to 2.5 cm long, unbranched and consist of four to ten flowers . Usually one to six, rarely up to eight fruits are formed per inflorescence. The inflorescence is hairless with the exception of a few fine, stalked glands. The inflorescence stalk is 0.4 to 1 cm long at the time of flowering and extends to 0.5 to 1.7 cm as the fruit ripens. It is unreinforced or has a few straight, protruding, needle-shaped spines up to 6 mm long. The rhachis is 0.2 to 1 cm long, the flower stalks are 5 to 12 mm long at flowering time, then lengthen to 10 to 20 mm on the fruits, at the tip they are somewhat wider. They are sparsely to moderately reinforced, the spines are straight, needle-shaped and up to 3 mm long, they have a slightly wider base and are about 0.5 to 4 mm apart at a 45 ° angle.
The calyx of the flowers is about 3.5 mm long, is split up to half, so that a 1 to 2.5 mm long calyx tube is present, which is occupied with 1 to 2 mm long and equally wide calyx tips. These calyx lobes are triangular or ovate, their tips are green and thickened, the lateral edges are slightly dry-skinned. On the fruits, the lobes enlarge to 2 × 1.8 mm, the edges are then even more dry-skinned. The calyx is hairless or rarely covered with a few single-celled trichomes, it can be unarmed or have a few spines up to 3 mm long. The crown measures 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter, is 8 to 13 mm long, star-shaped and thin-skinned. The color is described as yellow, greenish, yellow-green or white, but mostly it is a yellowish green. The corolla tube is 1.5 to 2.2 mm long. The corolla lobes are 6 to 11 mm long and 2.5 to 4 mm wide, lanceolate, pointed, but not prickly, protruding, provided with bent-back tips and hairless on both sides.
The stamens have 1.6 mm long stamens that start in about half of the corolla tube. The anthers are 6 to 7 mm long and 1.8 mm wide and pointed to the front. They stand free, are colored yellow-orange on the outside of the base and become significantly lighter yellowish towards the inside and towards the tip. They open through small pores that are directed outwards. The ovary is 1.4 × 1.6 mm long, hairless and white. It bears an approximately 8.5 mm long and 0.2 to 0.6 mm diameter, cylindrical and hairless stylus , which protrudes about 1.2 mm over the stamens. It is often inclined to the side and protrudes over the tips of two dust bags. The stigma is split and clearly bilobed, light green and fine papillae .
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are 1.4 to 1.6 mm in diameter, spherical berries that are yellow-orange in color when ripe and have a sticky surface. With a count of twelve fruits 65 to 145 seeds were counted, on average the fruits contained 108 seeds. These are 3.2 to 3.7 mm in size, brown and have a wing about 0.7 mm wide.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Occurrence and locations
The natural range of the species is in the southeast of South America . With the introduction of arable farming and the associated large-scale clearing, however, the species has spread further; the first collection from Colombia in 1922 is probably due to it.
Solanum atropurpureum is a common plant found in forests or as a weed in secondary forests , in clearings, along roads, pasture land and cultivated areas. In southeastern Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay and northeastern Argentina , the species is found at altitudes below 1000 m, but in Colombia it grows between 1500 and 1900 m.
Systematics and botanical history
Solanum atropurpureum was first described in 1824 by Franz von Paula von Wardrobe using a plant cultivated in Munich . He suspects that the plant goes back to a collection of seeds by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius from Brazil. Existing herbarium specimens from Martius' collections in the herbaria of the Botanical State Collection in Munich and the Nationale Plantentuin van België in Meise cannot be dated exactly to a time before or after the publication of Cabinet.
Within the genus of the nightshade ( Solanum ), the species is classified in the subgenus Leptostemonum and there in the Acanthorphora section . The affiliation of most of the representatives who are traditionally classified in this section has been confirmed by molecular biological studies. Within the section, Solanum atropurpureum belongs to a group that all have strongly flattened seeds with a lateral wing. As a sister species, Solanum tenuispinum is determined by these investigations , both species are again closely related to Solanum acerifolium . Morphologically, however, Solanum tenuispinum and Solanum acerifolium are more similar to each other than both species to Solanum atropurpureum .
use
The species was cultivated very early in the botanical gardens of Europe and is still common there. In addition to the simple cultivation, the main reasons for this are the impressive reinforcement and the often shiny and purple-colored branches.
proof
Main sources
- Michael Nee: Solanum atropurpureum . In: Solanaceae Source ( online ), April 2006, accessed March 20, 2011.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Solanum atropurpureum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Rachel Levin, Nicole Myers, Lynn Bohs: Phylogenetic Relationship among the “Spiny Solanums” (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, Number 1, 2006. pp. 157-169.
- ^ Rachel Levin, Kimberly Watson, Lynn Bohs: A four-gene study of evolutionary relationships in Solanum section Acanthophora In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 92, Number 4, 2005. pp. 603-612.
