Explosives works in Allendorf and Herrenwald

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Aerial photo of the two explosives plants from around 1944

The explosives plants Allendorf and Herrenwald were two explosives factories that were built during the Nazi era from 1938/39 in Herrenwald in the area of ​​the then rural community of Allendorf (today Stadtallendorf ) in the Prussian district of Marburg . The works were built on behalf of and for the account of the German Wehrmacht using a disguised state financing and administration system (→ Montan scheme ), while the actual operation was in the hands of Gesellschaft mb H. for the recycling of chemical products ( recycling chemistry ) as a subsidiary of Dynamit AG (DAG) and the Westfälisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff-Actien-Gesellschaft (WASAG).

The code name for the plant Allendorf Verwertchemie or DAG was Barbara I . The cover name for the neighboring WASAG Herrenwald plant was Barbara II . The facilities and buildings of the two explosives factories, which were not destroyed in the Second World War , formed the basis for the development of the village of Allendorf into today's medium- sized town Stadtallendorf in the Marburg-Biedenkopf district in Hesse .

History and choice of location

The village of Allendorf, today's "old town" of Stadtallendorf

The planning and construction of the two explosives factories were related to the armament of the Wehrmacht after the so-called seizure of power by the National Socialists on January 30, 1933. In order to be able to meet the massive ammunition requirements of the Wehrmacht, especially in the event of war, they had to be covered by the peace treaty Versailles' limited production capacities in the powder and explosives sector will be significantly expanded. In consultation between the Army Weapons Office and private companies such as the DAG and WASAG in particular, the establishment of a number of camouflaged "shadow factories" began, which should only start production in the event of mobilization or war. What all these works had in common was the remote location in rural areas, the loosened and partially connected construction, and camouflage measures.

Until 1938, the community of Allendorf with around 1,500 inhabitants in the east of the Marburg district was a rural village like many others. To distinguish it from the other localities of the same name - including 13 in today's Hesse - it was also known colloquially as Allendorf im Bärenschießen or Katholisch-Allendorf . The latter name is explained by the fact that the inhabitants of Allendorf, with the exception of a small Jewish community, were almost exclusively of the Catholic faith. Because of the consistently small agricultural areas, part of the local population was forced to work as seasonal workers ( Westphalians ), especially in the Ruhr area.

In 1937, as part of the rapid plan to expand the German powder and explosives factories, officers of the German Air Force approached the district administration in Marburg about possible locations for explosives factories. The focus was initially on the area around Wetter due to its proximity to the Frankenberg air ammunition facility, which is already under construction . On the part of the district, the Frauenberg south of Marburg was initially proposed, but this did not meet with the approval of the military. The Herrenwald state forest in the Allendorf and Neustadt area was ultimately selected . This area met the requirements in terms of seclusion, camouflage options and the workforce despite the high demands on water and energy supply.

The Allendorf of Verwertchemie (DAG)

Structure and infrastructure

Aerial photo of the Allendorf plant (DAG) from February 16, 1948
Detail from the aerial photo shows the earth walls around the production building
Former smelting and casting house of bomb filling station B
Former loading hall and piece house of bomb filling station Y

In 1938 Dynamit-Aktien-Gesellschaft, formerly Alfred Nobel & Co. (DAG for short) from Troisdorf received the planning and construction contract for a factory for the production of trinitrotoluene (TNT) near Allendorf. By decision of the OKH , the factory was operated according to the coal and steel scheme. Owner of the work was therefore in possession of the Army Ordnance Office located collecting society for mining industry GmbH (short: Montan). This leased the location to Gesellschaft mb H. for the recovery of chemical products (abbreviated: Verwertchemie ), which in turn was a 100% subsidiary of DAG.

Construction work began in 1938 with the massive expansion of the Allendorf station on the Main-Weser Railway . The actual factory expansion began in 1939, with production scheduled to start on October 1, 1940. However, the factory facilities were never fully completed by the end of the war.

The completely fenced Allendorf plant covered an area of ​​420 hectares and consisted of 413 buildings and three associated waterworks with 10 buildings and 33 deep wells . The core of the plant were the production groups for the explosive TNT marked with the numbers I to IV. The two groups of plants for acid recovery ( denitration ) and the four groups of plants for high concentration of sulfuric acid as well as the two acid splitting plants (one of which was still under construction towards the end of the war) were also designated with Roman numerals .

Former waterworks III of the factory, still in operation today

The TNT produced in the factory was partially filled into delivered bombs and grenade shells on site. The in-house grenade filling stations I and II and the bomb filling stations B, S and Y served this purpose (the latter two did not get beyond the trial operation). For the actual completion of the ammunition, it was then delivered by train to the ammunition plants of the Army and the Air Force. In the Allendorf plant, there were still four dismantling companies for the processing of defective ammunition or duds .

Former main warehouse

Three power plants with a high and low voltage network of 110 km in length were built for the energy supply . Two separate pipe networks for water and extinguishing water were fed via the company's own waterworks. Two neutralization plants with five separate pipe networks and a 24 km long canal discharged the neutralized production wastewater south of Marburg into the Lahn via an intermediate pumping station. There was a 35 km long works railway network and a 25 km long road network for in-house transport . The ancillary and support operations of the plant also included two underground tank farms for primary products, storage bunkers for explosives and ammunition, machine and carpentry workshops including a sawmill, a works kitchen, a laundry, a medical station, a works fire brigade , a fire place and six boiler systems for the production of sulfur gas .

The permanent risk of explosion during operation and the consideration of enemy aerial reconnaissance led to the creation of a separate design for the building, which was also used in other explosives factories of the Nazi era. The production buildings were surrounded by earth walls that reached to the roof ridge. The connecting corridors between the individual buildings were also covered with earth. This gave the impression of an underground facility, which is still widespread today. In fact, in all cases it was a matter of above-ground structures, while only the line networks (electricity, water, sewer) were laid underground.

production

The Allendorf plant exclusively produced TNT. The high point in the production of this explosive was reached in June 1944, when 5,343 t of TNT were produced in Allendorf per month, at that time a quarter of the total German production. As a result, production fell to around 3,300 t per month , also because of Allied air attacks on the basic industry ( nitric acid ). During the Second World War, the Allendorf plant produced a total of 125,131 t of TNT, with which it also achieved the highest TNT production output of all recycling chemical factories (before the explosives factory in Hessisch Lichtenau, about 80 km away ). The WASAG plant near Elsnig (142,750 t) and the dynamite factory Krümmel (157,044 t) achieved even higher production figures.

The TNT produced in the Allendorf plant was partially and in connection with other explosives and substitutes also filled on site in ammunition cases. The two grenade filling stations were designed for a capacity of 500 t per month, the three bomb filling stations for 1000 to 1500 t per month. Mainly 10.5 cm, 15 cm and 15.2 cm grenades were filled for the army, as well as fragmentation and mine bombs and cargo spaces of the cruise missile Fieseler Fi 103 (propaganda designation V1 ) for the air force.

WASAG's Herrenwald plant

Structure and infrastructure

In 1939, on the instructions of the OKW , the High Command of the Navy (OKM) became the client and owner of a factory for the explosive hexanitrodiphenylamine (hexyl) with filling points for sea mines, torpedoes and bombs for use against ship targets. The planning and construction as well as the leasing and operation of the factory, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the Verwertchemie plant or DAG, was directed by the Westfälisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff-Actien-Gesellschaft (WASAG).

In principle, the plant facilities were constructed in a similar way to those of the recycling chemistry. The factory premises also comprised an area of ​​around 420 ha on which 230 buildings, halls and storage bunkers were erected. The most important systems at the Herrenwald plant were the four partially mechanized filling groups and the two hexyl production groups. Two further production groups and an ignition system were still under construction at the end of the war. There was also a group of plants for acid recovery and concentration.

A 75 km long high and low voltage network, a 29 km long water supply and extinguishing water network, two wastewater neutralization systems with two separate and a total of 10 km long sewerage networks, a 25 km long road network and a separate works station with a connection to the train station served to supply and support the company Allendorf. Similar to the neighboring plant, there were workshops, sanitary facilities, emergency power systems, a plant fire brigade, a fire place and a system for carbonization gas generation .

production

The Herrenwald plant exclusively produced hexyl. After production started, around 6,000 t of this special explosive were produced in 1943 and 1945, until production was discontinued at the beginning of 1945 due to a lack of raw materials. The four explosives filling groups were designed for a monthly output of 4,000 t, one of which was also used as a dismantling system. A total of around 100,000 tons of explosives were filled into various ammunition cases for the army, air force and navy . In addition to the cargo hold of the Fieseler Fi 103, this also included the warheads of the long-range rocket unit 4 (A4, propaganda designation V2 ) for the army. The TNT backfilled in the Herrenwald plant all came from the neighboring Allendorf plant of the recycling chemical industry.

Labor and warehouse

Memorial at the site of the former slave labor and concentration camp subcamp Münchmühle

Number and origin of the workforce

The construction of the two plants already required a number of workers that exceeded the workforce potential of the region. From 1939, Allendorf was a focus of job placement in the state employment office district of Hesse , with the majority of the workforce coming to Allendorf as part of service obligations before the start of the war. In 1941 around 17,000 people were employed in the construction of the works. This also included members of the Reich Labor Service (RAD), of whom around 10,000 were deployed between 1941 and 1945 in auxiliary work as part of the plant expansion.

In the operation of the two explosives factories, people from 22 nations worked, mostly involuntarily, whose treatment was based on the racist criteria of the Nazi ideology . On December 31, 1944, 4,982 people were working at the Allendorf recycling chemical plant; at the WASAG plant in Herrenwald the figure was 1,758. Of the 6,740 employees at both plants at that time, 42% were women. Only 57% of the workforce at the Herrenwald plant were Germans, and only 38% at the Allendorf plant.

The foreign forced laborers came from Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Yugoslavia, Poland and Hungary , among others . There were also around 2,000 so-called "Eastern workers" from the Soviet Union (70 of them children and young people), of whom 123 verifiably died as a result of malnutrition, abuse and hard labor. On August 16, 1944, a transport of around 1,000 mostly Jewish women from Hungary arrived in Allendorf, who had previously been selected by Mengele in Auschwitz .

Living and working conditions

The foreign forced laborers in the explosives factories were subject to a large number of ordinances, decrees and laws that were intended to regulate everyday work and were monitored and rigorously enforced by plant security, police and warehouse management. The workers from Western Europe were generally treated better than those from Eastern Europe and in particular the concentration camp prisoners. In "offense" the forced laborers in question threatened the message to the public prosecutor or the Gestapo and the admission to the in Kassel located Arbeitserziehungslager Breitenau with possibly following admission to a concentration camp (detected in 80 cases). Occasionally, death sentences to "deter" were carried out locally in the presence of compatriots of a forced laborer, for example on October 26, 1942 in the case of a Pole executed by the Gestapo near Betziesdorf . Sick forced laborers and pregnant women were deported to the Pfaffenwald transit camp, where forced abortions were often performed on pregnant forced laborers.

The daily direct handling of the toxic substances used in the manufacture and processing of explosives led in numerous cases to health problems among the employees. Yellow to purple discoloration of hair, skin, and nails was common. There were also allergies and skin reactions. Contact with the explosives also caused repeated damage to the central nervous system and liver poisoning. Due to the explosive nature of the explosives, there was always the risk of being killed in an explosion. In addition to minor explosion accidents, on September 20, 1944, there was an explosion in a melting, mixing and casting house on the WASAG factory premises. Eleven people, including nine foreign slave laborers, were killed and nine others injured.

Settlements and camps

An entire complex of ten barrack camps and six settlements was built in the area, especially in the neighborhood of the villages of Allendorf and Niederklein, to accommodate the workers and forced laborers as well as those involved in the construction of the plants .

For German employees and employees in managerial positions, some of their own single-family houses were built in closed settlements in the style of homeland security architecture. These were the hair settlement and the Weddingenstrasse as well as the existing Schloss Plausdorf for the recycling chemistry and the Tirpitzstrasse for the WASAG. Also the Gossebach settlement . and Graf-Spee-Strasse in Neustadt (Hessen) were mainly used to accommodate German operations managers. The RAD men were quartered in the Drausmühle , Lehrbacher Straße , Wasserscheide and (temporarily) Niederklein I camps .

The foreign forced laborers were housed in both unguarded and guarded camps. The unguarded camps, mainly for workers from Western Europe, included Am Teich ( pond camp ), Niederklein I , Niederklein II , Münchmühle and the Steimbl settlement . There were also four guarded camps with barbed wire fences and watchtowers:

  • Allendorfer Höhe camp for "civilian workers" from Poland and the Soviet Union.
  • Hofwiese camp for French, Serbian and Soviet prisoners of war.
  • Falkenhahn camp as a branch of the Ziegenhain prison ; As of May 1942, inmates were up to 100 Polish prisoners, later around 400 German prisoners from Ziegenhain and the Marburg regional court prison, and from September 1944 83 Luxembourg women.
  • Münchmühle camp , originally for French and Serbian prisoners of war, from August 1944 a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp for up to 1,000 mostly Jewish women from Hungary and Slovakia, guarded by 46 SS men and 47 SS guards.

The works after 1945

Demilitarization and dismantling

Both Allendorfer explosives works worked until March 27, 1945, then on March 30, 1945 tank units of the US Army occupied Allendorf without significant resistance. However, the site of the explosives factory itself was not occupied until six days later. Despite an immediate ban on entry, the factory facilities were immediately plundered by Germans and freed forced laborers. Only when the American troops used parts of the site for their own purposes, in particular as a depot for equipment and ammunition confiscated by the German Wehrmacht, did the looting decline.

After the liberation of the forced laborers by the Americans, the former labor camps were initially used to accommodate displaced persons (DPs) and prisoners of war.

On January 19, 1946, the American military government ordered the government of Greater Hesse to dismantle and destroy the explosives factories that were classified as essential to the war effort. By the end of 1949, 97 production buildings, 27 transformer and substations, 7 emergency power and turbine stations and 53 ammunition bunkers had been blown up in both plants. Around 30,000 t of machines and equipment were transported away as reparations . In the remaining buildings, the earthfills and earth walls had to be removed, the wall tunnels including the wing walls at the entrances had to be blown up and the camouflage on the roofs and in the vicinity had to be removed.

The Herrenwald plant was used by STEG from 1947 to 1949 for the dismantling of ammunition.

Displaced community and industrial site

Aerial view of today's city

In mid-1947, 29,170 evacuees as well as displaced persons and refugees from the eastern German regions and the Sudetenland , which were separated off as a result of the Potsdam Agreement , were registered in the Marburg district . In the community of Allendorf their share of the population was particularly high, as the existing barracks of the explosives works were used as emergency accommodation (some of which were used until the 1950s). Displaced persons made up the overwhelming majority of those employed in the dismantling of the plants and the dismantling, which led to high unemployment on site when the work ended. Although a civil conversion of the existing buildings of Verwertchemie and WASAG was planned by the German side as early as 1945, this could only be implemented from 1947, so that at the beginning of 1949 there were six companies with 478 employees (all of them displaced).

Nevertheless, Allendorf still had one of the highest unemployment rates in the entire area of ​​the Federal Republic of Germany at 23% in 1953 . A clear upswing only came about when Allendorf was declared one of the regional focal points in the 1951 Hessen Plan. In this context, the State of Hesse acquired the entire former recycling chemical plant site (mostly called DAG area ) from the federally owned Industrieverwaltungsgesellschaft mbH (until 1951 Montan). On April 1, 1954, the newly founded development company Allendorf began its work and systematically pushed the settlement of industrial companies in converted halls and bunkers of the Allendorf plant. Furthermore, between 1953 and 1966 a total of 2,800 apartments were built in new housing estates north and east of the DAG area. In contrast to the purely civilian DAG area, the WASAG area was earmarked for military use in the context of rearmament and from 1959 became the location of the Herrenwald barracks and the Hessen barracks of the Bundeswehr . When the construction company was dissolved in 1966, the population was 15,100.

Commending the development of the village to an industrial city, the municipality Allendorf received in 1960 municipal rights and called himself from then on stadtallendorf . Since 1977 the city has had its current name Stadtallendorf .

Armaments legacy

Already during the operation of the two explosives factories, the discharge of wastewater with nitro compounds in 1941 caused the Lahn to turn brown, combined with fish death . After 1945, as at the other locations of the German explosives production facilities, the chemical residues from production were not cleaned up. Nationwide, a rethink only began with the Stoltzenberg scandal of 1979. At the same time, the historical reappraisal of armaments production and forced labor under National Socialism did not begin until the 1980s. In 1987 the BUND and scientists from the Philipps University of Marburg published the results of their research on the old armaments from the Nazi era in the area of ​​the two German states at that time.

The systematic remediation of the old armaments in Stadtallendorf began in 1986 with an expert report commissioned by the Marburg-Biedenkopf district. Up until then, renovation work had only been carried out in individual cases. From 1990/91 to 2005, soil remediation was carried out in the entire DAG area with considerable effort.

DIZ and city museum

The seat of the DIZ in the former administration building of the DAG
Showroom in the DIZ

The first impetus to come to terms with the history of the explosives factories was the participation of the schools in Stadtallendorf and Kirchhain in the history competition of the Federal President in 1980/81 on the subject of everyday life under National Socialism . The public discussion that followed ultimately led to the establishment of a municipal working group in 1986. In October 1990, a week of encounter with surviving prisoners from the Münchmühle satellite camp took place. As a result of intensive research into history, the Documentation and Information Center ( DIZ ) opened on November 4, 1994 in the former DAG administration building in the city center. The permanent exhibition in the DIZ was expanded in 2010 to include documentation of post-war history. The DIZ also offers lectures, seminars and tours of the site.

literature

  • Éva Fahidi : Anima Rerum. My Münchmühle in Allendorf and my true stories. Stadtallendorf 2004.
  • Hessian Ministry for the Environment, Rural Areas and Consumer Protection / HIM GmbH area remediation of contaminated sites (Ed.): Soil well done. The renovation of the old armaments site in Stadtallendorf. Stadtallendorf 2005.
  • City of Stadtallendorf / Marburg-Biedenkopf district (ed.): Münchmühle Memorial. 60 years after the end of the war. Commemoration ceremony Sunday May 8, 2005. Stadtallendorf 2005.
  • Herman Harmsen: Memories of my childhood and youth 1922–1945. Stadtallendorf 2008.
  • Hans-Jürgen Wolf: The Allendorfer Sprengstoffwerke DAG and WASAG. Stadtallendorf 2010.
  • Magistrate of the City of Stadtallendorf (Ed.): Documentation and Information Center City Museum Allendorf. Stadtallendorf 2010.
  • Magistrate of the City of Stadtallendorf (Ed.): Documentation and Information Center City Museum Allendorf. Exhibition catalog. Stadtallendorf 2011.

Web links

Commons : Sprengstoffwerke Allendorf and Herrenwald  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 28.
  2. ↑ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 72.
  3. ↑ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 74.
  4. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 30.
  5. ↑ HIM, Boden gutmachen, p. 74 f.
  6. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 80.
  7. ↑ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 31.
  8. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 30.
  9. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 31.
  10. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 75.
  11. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 81.
  12. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 75.
  13. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 80.
  14. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 48.
  15. ↑ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 31.
  16. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 81.
  17. ↑ Municipal Authority Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 50.
  18. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 60.
  19. ↑ Éva Fahidi . The soul of things . Translated from the Hungarian by Doris Fischer. Edited on behalf of the International Auschwitz Committee , Berlin, and the German Resistance Memorial Center , Berlin, Lukas-Verlag 2011, page 185. ISBN 978-3-86732-098-6 . Review by Günther B. Ginzel , November 9, 2011
  20. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 55.
  21. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 54.
  22. ↑ Bad Hersfeld, Pfaffenwald transit camp, sick camp. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  23. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 44.
  24. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 34.
  25. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 34.
  26. ↑ Stadtallendorf, Haardt settlement (housing estate). Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  27. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 40.
  28. ↑ Münchmühle, concentration camp satellite camp. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  29. ↑ Stadtallendorf camp "Draus mill". Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  30. ^ Neustadt (Hessen), "Wasserscheide" camp. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  31. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 40.
  32. ^ Stadtallendorf, forced labor camp "Am Teich". Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) ..
  33. ↑ Münchmühle, concentration camp satellite camp. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  34. ^ Stadtallendorf, "Allendorfer Höhe" camp. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) ..
  35. ^ Stadtallendorf, prisoner of war camp "Hofwiese". Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  36. ^ Stadtallendorf, "Falkenhahn" forced labor camp. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  37. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 56.
  38. ↑ Münchmühle, concentration camp satellite camp. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  39. ↑ Magistrat Stadtallendorf, exhibition catalog DIZ, p. 58 ff.
  40. ↑ Éva Fahidi . The soul of things . Translated from the Hungarian by Doris Fischer. Edited on behalf of the International Auschwitz Committee , Berlin, and the German Resistance Memorial Center , Berlin, Lukas-Verlag 2011, page 185. ISBN 978-3-86732-098-6 . Review by Günther B. Ginzel , November 9, 2011
  41. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 82.
  42. ^ Stadtallendorf, forced labor camp "Am Teich". Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  43. ↑ Stadtallendorf, Haardt settlement (housing estate). Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  44. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 83.
  45. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 84.
  46. ↑ HIM, Boden gutmachen, p. 84 ff.
  47. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 87.
  48. ↑ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 89.
  49. ↑ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 89.
  50. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 98.
  51. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 94.
  52. ↑ HIM, Boden gutmachen, p. 40 f.
  53. ↑ HIM, Boden gutmachen, p. 53 ff.
  54. ^ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 55.
  55. ↑ HIM, Soil Well Made, p. 100.
  56. ^ Stadtallendorf, DAG head office. Topography of National Socialism in Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  57. ^ DIZ and Stadtallendorf City Museum