St. Michael Church (Krummin)

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The Church of St. Michael in Krummin (2008)

The St. Michael Church is a 13th century church building of the former Cistercian convent in Krummin on the island of Usedom .

history

The northwestern part of the island of Usedom used to include the land of Bukow. There was a place of the same name that no longer exists today. The settlement already had a church in 1230, which was consecrated to Saint Michael and was given the tithe levies of the neighboring villages by Duke Barnim I and his mother Miroslawa . In this context, Krummin is mentioned for the first time under Crominino .

The first priest was called Goswin ( Gozwin ) as a confirmation of the bishop's taxes by Bishop Konrad II on August 12, 1230 shows. The church was the outermost outpost of the Grobe Premonstratensian monastery on the island . It is considered to be the predecessor of today's Krummin Church.

The Michaeliskirche zu Krummin was mentioned for the first time in a document from 1290, in which the knight Johann Voss the patronage right of this parish church, which Barnim I had given him, was confirmed. The knight Johann Voss was one of the closest advisers to Duke Barnim I and particularly promoted the founding of monasteries by the Cistercians .

Since Krummin, like Wollin, was one of the smaller monasteries, the Reformation will also have taken place here without any particular incident. The monastery was Duke Johann Friedrich visitiert and came to the Office Wolgast. The archive with the original documents also came to Wolgast, as can be seen from the registration of the Crummin virgin monastery in 1562 .

During the Thirty Years' War there was fire damage and great devastation in the monastery and church. The rectory and almost the whole village had burned down. It was reported that here, as everywhere in Pomerania, the imperial family lived in such an unheard-of manner that the pulpit and altar, benches and galleries were hewn out and burned, but the church itself was roofless, with a wooden tower next to it, in which the enemies were left only one of three bells. After the end of the Thirty Years War, the church was repaired with stones from the old monastery and remained without a tower for a period of 200 years.

In 1662, Christine of Sweden appointed Wolgast's subdeacon, Bernhard Alberti, as pastor for Krummin. According to the chronicle, the Counts von Wrangel were landlords and church patrons from 1657 onwards , whereby the patronage of the Krummin church had always remained legally sovereign, but the landowners were listed as patrons in the church register. Until 1720 Krummin belonged to Swedish Pomerania and the parish to the Wolgast Synod. With the Peace of Stockholm Wolgast remained Swedish, but the island of Usedom became Prussian and Krummin came under general lease of the Pudagla office and to the Synod of Usedom.

Building history

Choir with a northern extension and sloping buttresses

The construction of today's church in field stones and bricks is the former monastery church of the Cistercian monastery Krummin founded around 1302 and the only surviving monastery building on the island of Usedom. A brick building was built around 1260 to 1270 on a substructure made of hewn field stones, with the brick only forming the outer shell. The core of the walls is made of field stones. Since Krummin did not have its own brickworks, the deep red colored bricks came from the mouth of the Ryk and Eldena . Since the monastery buildings of the Cistercians were built by wandering craftsmen of the order, who also had a great influence on the north German church buildings, there was initially only a straight east end at the Krummin church.

At the beginning of the 15th century the church had become dilapidated and was in urgent need of partial renovation. In a letter from Duke Barnim VII dated around 1440 , all believers were asked to make donations for the building of the church and for measuring instruments. the structural changes were then considerable. The polygonal choir was added to this project in the late Gothic style and is supported by four strong buttresses. The pointed arches of older openings can be seen on the external extension of the nave above the current window openings.

During the time of the monastery, repairs were often necessary, including after the great fire of 1529. After the Reformation , St. Michael became the parish church again in 1563. Since the churches of the Cistercians had no towers, the Krummin church was probably given a wooden tower on the west side, which collapsed at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. The church is likely to have remained in a miserable condition for the next century. A new roof is said to have been built over the nave around 1734 and over the choir probably around 1780. In 1734, out of concern for its stability, the choir was secured by sloping buttresses on the cemetery ground sloping to the east and loosened by graves. In 1780 the choir was then surrounded by today's wide-reaching pillars.

In 1846 Krummin is also a royal Prussian manor and Heinrich von Corswandt was entrusted with the patronage of the actually royal patronage church. The generosity and modernity with which Corswandt had the manor buildings renewed also benefited the restoration of the church. The Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , Who became aware of Heinrich von Corswandt's construction activity in Krummin, provided the designs for the structural restoration, for the new construction of the west tower and the addition of the sacristy and patronage chapel, as patron of the church from 1855 to 1857. The original drawings made by Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Can no longer be found, allegedly they were deposited with a certificate in the ball of the church tower. But after removal of the old tower ball, which was shot in the Second World War, it did not contain any documents.

The construction work began in 1855 under Pastor Heinrich Zietlow with the renewal of the neo-Gothic choir windows and star patterns in the lead glazing. The two new extensions followed in 1856 under Pastor Johann Heinrich Gadow. From the outside, these looked like a transept with triple broken apses . The north wing was the Corswandt's burial chapel with a separate entrance and access to the patron's box on the first floor. In the middle of the balcony of the patronage box hangs the coat of arms of the Corswandts. The south wing formed the sacristy with its own entrance for the clergy and with a box for the pastor families, which is no longer accessible today. This was followed by the construction of the two-story neo-Gothic west tower from 1856 to 1857. In 1858 the south-west corners were secured by today's buttresses and the buttresses on the north side were walled up.

In the years from 1859 to 1862 the interior of the church was rebuilt, supported by the Krummin landowner von Corswandt and the Prussian king donated furnishings. During the interior work, the side galleries were omitted and the west gallery with the organ choir was enlarged.

After the Second World War, things had grown quiet around the church. In 1960 the mayor had the cemetery wall demolished and the field stones removed to expand the port of Rostock. The first interior renovation took place in 1978 for the 750th anniversary of the church. In 1979 the interior was re-plastered and the tower helmet was repaired. Military low-level flight exercises and supersonic flights from the nearby Peenemünde airfield caused damage to the structure of the building until 1990.

Only after the fall of the Wall could a total renovation of the damaged church building be carried out from 1992 to 1993. In addition to a sponge renovation in the roof, the removal of moisture damage on the outer walls and a new plastering of the nave, the choir area was also redesigned with a new altar and colored round windows.

Even after the most recent renovation, the interior of the church was deliberately kept simple in accordance with the Cistercian principles of renouncing pomp and excessive ornamentation.

Building description

The former monastery church stands on a hill on the edge of the small village in a charming location on the Krumminer Wiek.

The outer

The three-bay hall building over a cross-shaped floor plan with a slightly drawn-in, polygonal closed choir only got the brick-faced, slender west tower in the 19th century. The two-storey tower with its simple decoration and the ogival portal as the upper end, together with the nave wall behind, which is emphasized by stepped buttresses, takes on the function of an entrance facade. The slate-covered helmet bears a gilded cross and rises above the four shield gables with decorated spheres and stepped, ogival sound hatches with parapet panels and corner pilasters.

The longitudinal walls of the nave are structured by two-lane pointed arch windows with diamond glass and buttresses. On the north wall there are still three walled-up gates from the days of the monastery. The small arched gate to the west was the lay entrance for women. The other two to the east are the priest's gate and the nun's gate.

The choir, broken on three sides, is lower in the east than the nave and is surrounded by buttresses. The choir looks relatively small on the outside, which is caused by the later additions in the north and south. These protrude on three sides and are provided with ogival two-lane windows with apex circle and rod glass and an entrance.

The various construction phases can be clearly seen on the exterior. One of the oldest parts is the nave with the scattered field stone blocks in the lower layers, which are likely to be remains of the original building. The tower, built in 1857 by order of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV., With its regularly bricked bricks, contrasts with the medieval walls of the rest of the building and proves to be a later component. It is the same with the side extensions, which are attached to the choir in an inorganic manner and which stand out particularly through their plastered walls.

The inner

Interior with a view of the choir
Patronage box of the von Corswandt family

You enter the church under the organ gallery through a small groin vaulted vestibule of the tower. The plastered interior is a wide hall with a flat wooden beam ceiling in a shade of red. The side galleries were removed during the renovation in 1859. A large arch in the east wall separates the nave from the choir. This is also provided with a flat wooden beam ceiling, but the plaster on the walls has been removed. The five two-part pointed arch windows make the choir appear brighter, the middle three round fields are provided with pictorial motifs. The rows of chairs, arranged in the middle and painted in a strong shade of green, are intended to indicate the view of the simple altar with the crucifix on the wooden cross in the choir.

During the conversion to the patronage church, the church was completely refurbished between 1856 and 1859. This also includes the furnishings in the choir, the stalls in the nave and the western organ gallery. The two boxes on the north and south walls of the choir with their green balustrades were reserved for patrons and clergymen. The coat of arms of the von Corswandt hangs on the northern box.

Furnishing

The Krummin church must originally have been richly decorated with religious works of art. In addition to an altar of St. Michael as the patron saint of the church, there were probably various Marian altars, because the Virgin Mary was the patron saint of the Cistercian order. Goblets, vestments and other jewels are mentioned in sources.

Parts of the former equipment are outsourced. The late medieval St. Mary's altar is in the Szczecin National Museum and a chalice in the Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald . An altar is preserved, above it is a crucifix , which was made around 1500 by a Stralsund master. The organ was built by Barnim Grüneberg in 1863 . The choir windows were designed by Hermann Lindner in 1993 .

altar

Choir room with altar and crucifix

The altar consists of a simple rectangular canteen . It was added in 1993 and is one of the most recent pieces of equipment in the church. Despite its simplicity, the relationship to the building has been established in a special way. The bricks used for the altar come from the church floor, which was laid there in the Middle Ages. In the center of the front of the altar is the carved fish three-pass, a symbol that can be interpreted several times. The carving was made by Pastor Alexander Neumann from Bansin in 1993 and represents a symbol of the Trinity, which includes the unity of God, Christ and the Holy Spirit. The canteen is covered by a large white altar cloth, which a Magdeburg vacationer made in 1986 and donated to the Krummin church. 24 old church symbols have been worked into the edge of the altar cloth in elaborate whitework.

crucifix

An oak crucifix has risen above the altar since 1979 and was originally painted in color. It is one of the oldest pieces of equipment in the Krummin Church and was formerly part of a large altar shrine . During the interior redesign from 1856 to 1857, the Marien Altar was removed. Christ on the cross was the central figure in the shrine; today he dominates the entire choir. This carving is a very high quality work that was made in the Stralsund carving workshops around 1500. The stylistic features such as expression, body treatment and design also allow this dating. The open wound and the crown of thorns are recognizable and the loincloth can be seen.

Thus the crucifix is ​​the only testimony to the visual art of the Middle Ages today in the choir on the site of the former high altar.

Crooked goblet

In the treasury of the Krummin Church there is a very richly decorated chalice, probably made around 1500. This is now on loan in the permanent exhibition of the Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald. The extraordinarily splendidly worked and gilded piece has been preserved from the holdings of the former monastery and gives an impression of the wealth of the monastery at that time.

The lower part of the cup is covered with tendrils and small birds, with filigree ornaments underneath . The hexagonal shaft is encompassed by a knob made of entwined tendrils and thistles with inlaid gemstones. The six-spas-shaped calyx base is adorned with filigree work in the individual fields and provided with plastic plant ornamentation on the lower edge. The late Gothic in the shaft majuscules mounted lettering EMPERM MOPSAS could not be interpreted to date.

pulpit

To the right of the altar, the green-tone octagonal pulpit was placed on an octagonal wall plinth without a pulpit foot and without a sound cover. The four stucco figures modeled Evangelists Matthew , Markus , Lukas and Johannes from 1857 are no longer present in the basket fields .

Baptismal font

The baptismal font made of gray marble in the shape of a column broken eight times was donated by Marie von Corswandt in 1869. The baptismal bowl from 1993 is a gift from the partner parishes Todfelde and Leezen in the Segeberg parish .

organ

During the new interior work, the west gallery was also enlarged as an organ gallery in 1857 and laid out to rise. The old organ was now too small and was sold to the parish of Stolpe near Usedom . In 1865 a new organ (one manual, seven registers ) was installed by the Szczecin firm Barnim Grüneberg . The execution suggests, however, that it is a Buchholz organ that was only later overhauled by Grüneberg. The three-sided organ prospect has a Gothic structure with corresponding decorative shapes. It is single-manual and has ten registers.

During the First World War , the organ pipes from Krummin Church were melted down. In 1923, Pastor Karl Christoph Alexander Böttiger had the organ restored by the Grüneberg company from Stettin-Finkenwalde.

In 1993 the organ building and restoration workshop Rainer Wolter was able to thoroughly renovate the organ and provide it with new pewter pipes.

Bells

In the belfry there is a bell with the year 1837 and the name of the pastor at the time, Johann Wilhelm Meinhold. The inscription reads: From the contributions of various procured the casting Joh. Wilh. Meinhold, Pastor, cast by Simon Zach in Stralsund in 1837. A bell that was melted down during the First World War is said to have been re-cast in bronze in a bell foundry in Apolda in 1924.

Stained glass window

The ogival windows in the nave and in the choir consist of two panels and a round window in the apex. In 1993 the windows, originally glazed with a neo-Gothic star pattern, were replaced by brightly colored panes in the upper area. The designs come from the Stralsund artist Hermann Lindner and were executed by Bengd Puttnies.

The sequence of images is divided into three groups, those on the north and south sides of the church and on the end of the choir. The iconographic program includes the three areas of water, land and sacred. The windows of the south wall of the church facing the Achterwasser, the Krumminer Wiek, refer to the water with the pigeon, the boat and the fish. On the north side facing the land, a rooster, the corn and the vine are depicted in the round windows. The three middle choir windows contain a symbolism that relates to the central messages of the Christian religion according to their meaning and their special visibility during the service. A seven-armed candlestick can be seen in the middle window, on the left in the round picture are bread and wine as a sign of the Last Supper and on the right the Archangel Michael, to whom the Krummin church was consecrated.

local community

The evangelical parish Krummin-Karlshagen-Zinnowitz has been part of the Pasewalk provost in the Pomeranian Evangelical Church District of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany since 2012 . Before that she belonged to the Greifswald parish of the Pomeranian Evangelical Church .

Pastors

Abbesses and pastors of the monastery / monastery church Krummin

Names and dates indicate the verifiable mention of the pastor at the evangelical Michaeliskirche before the monastery was founded.

  • 1230 - 0000Pastor Gozwin
  • 1302 - 0000Pastor Hartwig
  • 1550– 0000Pastor Anton Rambatz, accepted the Reformation and married
  • 1563– 0000Pastor Michael Friderici

Names and dates indicate the verifiable mention as pastor at the evangelical Michaeliskirche.

  • 1575–1581 Marcus Bichling
  • 1585 - 0000David Malink
  • 1593-1612 Christian Hamel
  • 1613–1643 Johann Lampe (Lampadius)
  • 1654–1676 Bernhard Alberti, appointed in 1662 by the Swedish Queen Christine .
  • 1676–1686 Nikolaus Banenkamp
  • 1687-1732 hand of Witton
  • 1732–1745 Johann Heinrich Schönau
  • 1748–1787 Karl Gottfried Hertel
  • 1787–1793 Christian Wilhelm Auerbach, previously rector in Usedom.
  • 1793–1826 Georg Friedrich König
  • 1827–1844 Dr. Wilhelm Meinhold , wrote in Krummin Maria Schwedler, The Amber Witch.
  • 1844–1856 Eduard Georg Heinrich Zietlow, previously rector in Grafenberg.
  • 1856–1872 Johann Heinrich Gadow
  • 1873–1887 Johann Karl Joachim Reinhold von Lühmann
  • 1888–1901 Elias Hermann Zinzow
  • 1901–1914 Karl Ernst Albrecht Walter Fischer
  • 1914–1919 Johannes Block
  • 1919–1933 Karl Christoph Alexander Böttiger
  • 1933–1938 Fritz Schröder
  • 1939–1940 Hans Kleinschmidt
  • 1941 - 0000Ulrich J. Kunzendorf
  • 1941–1945 Helmut Graeber
  • 1945–1947 Georg Zinzow, pastor of Zinnowitz.
  • 1947–1969 Adolf Spreemann, previously Stettin.
  • 1969–1974 Friedrich Bartels
  • 1974-2001 Rainer Berndt
  • 2001–2009 Martina Gehlhaar
  • 2011– Christa Heinke

literature

  • Hans Moderow: The evangelical clergy of Pomerania from the Reformation to the present. 1st part, the administrative district of Szczecin. Szczecin 1903.
  • Norbert Buske : Two medieval sanctuaries on the island of Usedom. Hamburg 1975, In: Baltic Studies. NF 61, pp. 23-43.
  • Hellmut Hannes : Medieval village churches on the island of Usedom. Hamburg 1982, In: Baltic Studies. NF 68, pp. 25-44.
  • Hellmut Hannes: Pictures of a missing altar of Mary from the church in Krummin. Hamburg 1983, In: Baltic Studies. NF 69, pp. 30-34.
  • Hellmut Hannes: The Marien Altar from the church in Krummin. Hamburg 1984, In: Baltic Studies. NF 70, pp. 137-142.
  • Norbert Buske, Gerd Baier: Village churches in the Greifswald regional church. Berlin 1984, pp. 138, 192.
  • Karin Hösch: Krummin, Michaelis Church. Passau 1994, ISBN 3-930102-24-2 .
  • Ursula Creutz: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries in the area of ​​the Episcopal Office Schwerin and neighboring areas. Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-7462-0163-2 , pp. 131-133.
  • The architectural and art monuments in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Western Pomerania coastal region. Berlin 1995, (Ed.) State Office for Monument Preservation Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. ISBN 3-89487-222-5 , pp. 322-323.
  • Georg Dehio : Handbook of the German art monuments, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Munich, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-422-03081-6 , p. 287.
  • Dirk Zache: 700 years of Krummin Monastery - a search for traces. Crominino 1305-2005. Karlshagen 2005.
  • Dirk Schleinert : The history of the island of Usedom. Rostock 2005, ISBN 3-356-01081-6 .
  • Karla Bilang: Cistercian monastery and Church of St. Michael in Krummin on Usedom. edition dreifisch, 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-023843-7 .

swell

Printed sources

Unprinted sources

  • Original documents from the Krummin monastery, 1302–1563. (Krumminer documents)

Web links

Commons : St. Michael (Krummin)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b PUB I 2, No. 268.
  2. ↑ Hellmuth Heyden: Pomeranian clergy from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. 1965 p. 35.
  3. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn : The Kamminer bishops of the Middle Ages. Schwerin 2015, pp. 29–30.
  4. ^ Johann Joachim Steinbrück: History of the monasteries in Pomerania and the adjacent provinces. Stettin 1776. D. 111. Belonging to the state of Bukow.
  5. ^ Wilhelm Meinhold: Humorous travel pictures from the island of Usedom. 1837, pp. 10-11.
  6. ↑ Karla Bilang: The Reformation. In: Monastery of the Cistercians and Church of St. Michael in Krummin on Usedom. 2008, p. 123.
  7. ^ Jens Christian Holst: On the building history of the village church in Krummin. In: 700 years Krummin Monastery. 2005, pp. 23, 25.
  8. ↑ Karin Hösch: Krummin, Michaelis Church. 1994, p. 4.
  9. ^ Jens Christian Holst: On the building history of the village church in Krummin on Usedom. 2005, p. 27.
  10. ↑ Karla Bilang: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Neo-Gothic church extensions . In: Monastery of the Cistercians and Church of St. Michael in Krummin on Usedom. 2008, pp. 140-142.
  11. ↑ Files from the Krummin parish archives.
  12. ^ Parish archive Krummin, protest against the flight operations by Pastor Rainer Berndt 1986.
  13. ↑ a b Karin Hösch: Krummin, Michaelis Church. 1994, p. 5.
  14. ↑ Karin Bilang: The fate of the church and its works of art. 2008, pp. 163-165.
  15. ↑ Karin Hösch: Krummin, Michaelis Church. 1994, p. 9.
  16. ↑ Karla Bilang: The medieval crucifix. 2008, pp. 64-68.
  17. ↑ Karin Hösch: Krummin, Michaelis Church. 1994, pp. 14-15.
  18. ↑ Karin Hösch: Krummin, Michaelis Church. 1994, p. 15.
  19. ^ Brigitte Metz: Churches on Usedom. 2009, p. 72.
  20. ↑ Karla Bilang: The fate of the church and its works of art. 2008, p. 158.
  21. ↑ Karla Bilang: The glass windows of Hermann Lindner. 2008, pp. 166-168.
  22. ↑ Karla Bilang: Pastor and provost at the Michaeliskirche until the monastery was dissolved. In: Monastery of the Cistercians and Church of St. Michael in Krummin on Usedom. 2008, p. 98.
  23. ↑ PUB I. 2 No. 268.
  24. ↑ PUB IV, No. 2027.
  25. ^ R. Burkhardt: Pictures from the history of the Protestant churches on the island of Usedom up to the Reformation. Swinoujscie 1909.
  26. ↑ Wolgast Archive, Title 76, No. 2 Sheet 63.
  27. ↑ Karla Bilang: Directory of the clergy at the evangelical Michaeliskirche. In: Monastery of the Cistercians and Church of St. Michael in Krummin on Usedom. 2008, p. 170.

Coordinates: 54 ° 2 ′ 51.9 ″  N , 13 ° 50 ′ 49.3 ″  E