Kolywan Stone Mill
Coordinates: 51 ° 19 ′ 4.4 " N , 82 ° 34 ′ 15.6" E
In the village of Kolyvan ( Russian Колывань ) there has been an important stone cutting shop ( камнерезная ) since the 18th century . It is located in the southern part of the Russian Federation subject Altai region by the stream Belaya, a tributary of the Tscharysch opens river Loktewka. The Kolywan stone cutting shop (Russian Колыванская шлифовальная фабрика / Kolywanskaja schlifowalnaja fabrika) has existed since 1799 and is housed in the complex of the former first copper and silver smelting works of the Altai Sawodywans, founded in 1728 . It is located in the Altaic Ore Mountains (Erz-Altai, Rudny Altai), a low mountain range , which is upstream of the neighboring alpine high Altai (Berg-Altai, Gorny Altai) in the Russian Autonomous Republic of Altai .
The village of Kolywan, formerly also called Gornaya Kolywan ( Mountain Kolywan ) for better differentiation , should not be confused with the much larger settlement of the same name on the Ob in Novosibirsk Oblast .
history
Even before the grinding shop was set up in Kolywan, there were smaller forerunners in the Altai region. According to a few sources it is documented that they were in or near Loktewsk ( Локтевск ; today Gornjak ). The beginning of artistic processing of stones in the Altai region is related to the unusual doctor and later mineralogist Pyotr Ivanovich Shangin ( Пётр Иванович Шангин ). From 1774 he worked in the Smeinogorsk military hospital and began to be interested in mining and mineralogy . On day trips he explored the mining region. His reports were published in German by Peter Simon Pallas in 1793 . Because of his great merits in exploring the Altaic Ore Mountains, Schangin was appointed a member of the Bergkollegium and the mountain ridge in 1800.
Based on a cabinet decision in January 1786 mining authority stipulated a senior group of civil servants Mark separators for exploring precious rocks and ores to use. The prospections in the Korgon region provided detailed knowledge of rich deposits of jasper and deposits of fine " porphyries ". A total of 145 sites of precious stones were registered in the field investigations. In 1786 PA Soimonov set up a complete stone cutting workshop in the Kolywan-Voskressensk plant (full name of the copper and silver smelter). Wassili Sergejewitsch Tschulkow (mining engineer) and Pjotr Baklanow (Petersburg grinder and stone cutter) built a small grinding mill near Loktewsk in 1787 to process Altaic rocks. In 1808, the Loktewsk stone grinding company reported that “large vases made of jasper and porphyry, fireplace surrounds, table tops, etc.” were made there. This reference shows that even before the later Kolywan stone cutting shop was set up, artistically and technically demanding natural stone objects were made in this region and from the materials of the Altai.
The relocation of the stone cutting shop to the disused copper smelter in Kolywan in 1799 now enabled better working conditions. At that time, the stone cutting environment was not an undeveloped, wooded mountainous area. The Kolywan village was the regional administrative center in the Kolywan-Voskressensk mining district. The most important Russian silver mines of that time were located in the vicinity of the old mining town of Smeinogorsk. As a result, after the previous Loktewsk stone grinding shop had been relocated, a number of technically mature hydropower plants and the corresponding specialist staff were available. Mining in the so-called Altaic Ore Mountains has been expanded and promoted by Russian and Saxon mining experts since the 18th century.
When Alexander von Humboldt and Gustav Rose traveled to the mining region in 1829, when they visited the Kolyvan stone cutting shop they discovered that it was larger and more extensive in the choice of materials than the imperial factory in Yekaterinburg . They observed porphyry rocks in the area around Kolywan . During the Soviet era, the facility was renamed “Stone Cutting Plant II Polsunow” (Камнерезный завод имени И. И. Ползунова).
At the end of the 20th century, some technology investments were made in the stone grinding shop. It is thanks to both art-loving and enterprising Russian citizens that this traditional stone processing was not stopped after the political upheavals in Russia. In the modern Russian market, the products, which are not cheap because of their manufacturing effort, are well known and are viewed with appreciation by interested parties. The modern customers of Kolyvan's work are private and public clients, mainly from Russia. The modern range also includes the traditionally known vases, bowls, pillars, chimneys and inlay work, but also smaller objects such as cans, small bowls and similar accessories . The work and its artistic heritage are held in high esteem by the residents and the public in the Altai region. Visitors are made aware of the publicly displayed objects or corresponding parts of the collection of the few museums in this part of Siberia.
processing
An artificial pond above the stone works secured the amount of water that was previously required for polishing and for driving the lathes. It came from the time of copper ore smelting. The typical and traditional processing still consists of turning various objects. Nevertheless, they also dared to work on rectangular and square workpieces. Today bowls, jars and vases are made in any desired shape.
A second and widespread artisanal and artistic product is the inlay work . They are based on the pietre-dure technique, but rarely reach the Italian type. They are usually found as a mural in public buildings or in churches. The rocks required for this are sawn into thin plates and polished. With the help of precise drawings and templates, the stone cutters put the pieces together as seamlessly as possible.
Materials, petrography, deposits
With a few exceptions, the deposits of decorative useful stone are located in the mountainous area around the processing site. Little information about their exact location has been published. As early as the 19th century, the rocks that could be used for processing were examined more closely. In 1869 , one year after his journey through the Altai, the Kolywan stone grinder sent one hundred samples of stones from their range to Bernhard von Cotta with a request for detailed examination. He handed the petrographic processing into the hands of Alfred Wilhelm Stelzner , who was also able to report on the structural characteristics and mineralogical composition of those samples on the basis of microscopic thin section studies. This sample collection is now in the holdings of the geoscientific collections at the TU Bergakademie Freiberg . It is an example of the unusually large variety of materials used by Kolywan in the second half of the 19th century.
The Überseemuseum in Bremen has another important collection of these stones . It goes back to Otto Finsch , who was director of the previous museum from 1866 to 1878.
The most important decorative stones to be processed in Kolywan are:
- " Porphyry " of the Korgon Mountains
With this group term used by processors, porphyryites and dense lava tuffs are combined. Based on the works of art made and preserved from it, it can be seen that mainly an intensely brown-red porphyrite and a violet-gray, very dense rock with a tuff-like structure was obtained. They come from several sites in the impassable Korgon Mountains southwest of the Charysch upper reaches, which are almost 2500 meters high and already part of the High Altai. Essentially, sites are about 10 kilometers above the mouth of the Korgon River in the Charysch.
- The little explored Korgon zone (a facies zone in addition to other large geological units) of the Altai is characterized by the Middle Devonian rock sequences from volcanic processes. In the mountainous region, in the area surrounding the area in question, there are types of rock, such as tuffs , lava breccias , pyroxene-containing and diabase-like porphyrites with an andesitic character.
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Quartzite from Belorezk
The quartzite deposit is located in the wooded mountainous area, the northeast slope of the Kipeschnye Gory (altitude up to 1009 meters), west of the upper reaches of the Belaya, a larger left tributary of the Charysch, which flows east of Kolyvan in a northerly direction; not to be confused with the stream of the same name in the village and at the Kolyvan stone cutting shop itself. There there is the field name Belorezki ( Белорецкий ) without a closed, now inhabited settlement. The quartzite deposit was developed in 1806. It has a length of about 330 meters and its thickness varies between 1 and 3.50 meters. This geological monument of national importance is protected and observed.
- Jasper from Revnevskoje (Revnev-Jasper)
The jasper of the Rewnewskoje deposit ( Ревневское ) is a green-gray banded, brocade-like and unusual-looking decorative rock with a cryptocrystalline structure. The polish gives the jasper a reflective surface. It has been more intensively exploited since the 19th century and is located not far from the city of Smeinogorsk on the eponymous mountain Revnyukha (гора Ревнюха; height 1110 meters). A particularly large number of valuable objects were made from this rock, which are now among the special collection objects in Russian and foreign museums.
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Breccia of Ridder
This deposit is now located on the territory of Kazakhstan and is therefore difficult to reach from Kolywan. Ridder's volcanic breccia is incorrectly referred to as "jasper". Ridder (1941–2002 Leninogorsk) is another old mining center in the Altai Mountains with a similar mining tradition as the Kolywan-Voskressensk and Smeinogorsk districts.
Competing workshops
The Kolywan stone cutting shop is one of three historically significant state stone cutting shops in the Russian Empire. The others are:
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Peterhof near Saint Petersburg
This stone cutting shop is the oldest and was founded in 1750 near the imperial summer residence in Peterhof on the instructions of Tsarina Elisabeth. A Swiss man named Brückner was brought into the country to set up this manufacture. -
Yekaterinburg
The Yekaterinburg stone cutting factory had its material basis in the extraordinarily mineral-rich Urals. Mainly amethyst and malachite were processed here. Yekaterinburg was the center of mining and metallurgy in the Urals . In all three workshops, important works of art were created from rare and sometimes difficult-to-work stone types by masterly hand according to artistic designs.
Application examples for Kolyvan works
Kolyvan stone cutting products are particularly widespread in Russia. They belonged in the imperial era and are now again one of the cultural symbols of Russia of high standing.
Russia
St. Petersburg
- Hermitage : " Tsarina of the bowls " (Царица ваз), oval 504 × 322 cm, height 257 cm, weight 16 t ( Revnev jasper )
- Hermitage: numerous large vases, bowls and candlesticks (different materials)
- Pavlovsk Palace (Павловский дворец): various vases ( Revnev jasper , brown-red korgon porphyry , Ridder breccia )
- Museum of the former mining academy : various smaller art objects (various materials)
Moscow
- Mineralogical Museum AE Fersman: Fireplace facade ( Revnev jasper ), vases and plinths (various materials), wall mirror surround (brown-red Korgon porphyry )
- Russian State Library : jewelry bowl (red-brown korgon porphyry )
- Tretyakov Gallery : different vases (different materials)
Barnaul
- Public space: some vases on a stone base ( Revnev jasper , Belorezk quartzite )
- Sberbank : two columns with a sphere on a staircase ( Revnev jasper )
- Altai State Art Museum: some vases (different materials)
- Altai Museum: bowl (gray-blue korgon porphyry )
- Church of St. Nicholas (Никольская церковь): mosaic mural of St. Nicholas (various materials)
- Registry office: two vases ( Revnev jasper )
- Passenger port building on the Ob ("river station"): wall inlay (various materials)
- Railway station: balustrade in the visitor area ( Revnev-Jasper )
Kolyvan
- Museum of the historical stone cutting shop: numerous representative objects (different materials)
- Suburban settlement: vase on column (yellow granite)
Smeinogorsk
- Public space: a vase on a base ( Revnev jasper )
Germany
- Stuttgart (around 1850): Municipal lapidarium , vases and bowl from the former collection of the Villa Berg ( Korgon porphyry , Revnev jasper )
France
Paris
- Louvre : vase, gift from Tsar Alexander III. ( Revnev Jasper )
- Town hall : vase on base ( Revnev jasper )
Saint-Cloud
- Saint-Cloud Castle (1807): gift from Tsar Alexander I , a square bowl for the favorite residence of Emperor Napoleon I ( Korgon porphyry )
Great Britain
London
- Apsley House / Wellington Museum (1826): large candlestick ( Korgon porphyry )
- Museum of Practical Geology (now part of the Natural History Museum , 1840): Gift of a vase to Roderick Murchison ( Belorezk quartzite )
Austria
Netherlands
- The Hague (1913): Vase with base ( Revnev jasper ) in the Peace Palace (Vredespaleis)
various
In the coat of arms of the Altai administrative district, a picture of the “Tsarina of the bowls” was included in the lower field, because she represents one of the most unusual artistic stone objects in the world and is an effective “ambassador” for the region due to her origin.
swell
- Th. Fr. Ehrmann: Latest news from the Russian Empire in Europe and Asia . Prague 1808
- P. Kolesar, J. Tvrdý: Tsar treasures . Haltern (Bode Verlag) 2006. ISBN 3-925094-87-3
- G. Leonhard, HB Geinitz: New yearbook for mineralogy, geology and palaeontology . Born 1871, Stuttgart 1871
- Gustav Rose: Journey to the Urals, the Altai and the Caspian Sea in 1829 . 2 vols. Berlin 1837–1842
- Владимир Александрович Загурских: Колывань камнерезная . Колывань 2002
- Е. Я. Киевленко: Декоративные разновидности цветново камня СССР . Москва 1989
- Т. Кулагина: Энциклопедия Алтайского края . том II. Барнаул 1996
- Александр Родионов: Колывань камнерезная . Барнаул 2002
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Пётр Иванович Шангин (1741 (48) –1816)
- ↑ a b Th. Fr. Ehrmann: Latest news from the Russian Empire in Europe and Asia, Prague 1808
- ^ G. Leonhard, HB Geinitz: New year book for mineralogy, geology and palaeontology. Born in 1871, Stuttgart 1871, pp. 182-184
- ↑ WP Nechoroschew: geology of Altai . Berlin 1966, pp. 56, 59-67
- ↑ P. Kolesar, J. Tvrdý: Tsarist treasures. Haltern (Bode Verlag) 2006. p. 498
- ↑ Arnd Peschel: Natural stones. Leipzig (VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstofftindustrie) 1977, p. 275
- ↑ Е. Я. Киевленко: Декоративные разновидности цветново камня СССР . Москва 1989, pp. 150, 153
- ↑ Kolyvan. Altai stone carving (Local industry board at the executive committee of the Altai Territorial Soviet of People's Deputies), (Ed.) Without year, without author
- ↑ С. В. Горшков: Алтайский край.Атлас автодорог. Москва (ФСГКР) 2001, map sheet 27
Web links
- Stone Grinder's Website (Russian)
- Kolyvan in the Russian language Wikipedia
- Small bowl made of Revnev jasper in the Hermitage