Institutional racism

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As institutional racism (also: structural racism ) are racism those issued by institutions of society go out of their laws, standards and their internal logic, regardless of how actors act deliberately within the institutions or not. It can be understood as a contrast to personal racism, which is expressed, for example, in everyday racism and right-wing extremism in prejudice or violence.

People experience institutional racism through exclusion, disadvantage or degradation in socially relevant institutions such as:

  • political participation (right to vote, lack of representation in political institutions)
  • in the education system
  • on the job market
  • on the housing market

history

The term was first used in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power, a fundamental work of the black movement. Since this form of racism is not necessarily based on a concept of race , one can often speak of racism without races . The psychologist Ute Osterkamp states, "that racist ways of thinking and acting are not a matter of the personal attitudes of individuals, but are located in the organization of social coexistence, which systematically privileges the members of their own group over those who do not belong."

Studies

In their study of institutional discrimination Mechthild Gomolla and Frank-Olaf Radtke have found that poorer knowledge of German immigrant children in Germany often lead to an unreasonable in special schools to be admitted - creates a type of school, the worse usually prerequisites for later life . When it comes to the school career recommendation (i.e. the basis for the transition to secondary school ), they tend to be worse off because of the institutional logic.

A 2018 study by Meike Bonefeld and Oliver Dickhäuser from the University of Mannheim showed a significant connection between the assignment of a Turkish first name and a poorer grade despite the same performance.

Intersectional differences

According to Cátia Candeias, differences emerged when one looked at the overlaps ( technical term: intersections ) of racism and gender. Men are more likely to experience institutionalized discrimination , women are more likely to experience interpersonal discrimination.

Institutional racism in different states

South Africa

The state of South Africa is an example par excellence for institutional racism in two ways . On the one hand, apartheid represented an institutional racism.

Germany

In 2009, Githu Muigai , the UN Special Rapporteur on Racism, visited Germany and criticized deficits in the fight against everyday racism in politics and society. In Germany, for example, racism is still equated with right - wing extremism and is therefore not sufficiently recognized. This is part of an institutional discrimination : “The police, authorities and courts still have a lot to do.” The UN Special Rapporteur described the introduction of the General Equal Treatment Act (AGG) as a step in the right direction . However, the law is still in need of reform. Muigai also called for better staffing of the federal anti-discrimination agency . The low presence of People of Color in public life in the republic and their low political participation were also criticized . A detailed report was presented in February 2010. With Muigai, a UN special rapporteur on racism visited the FRG for the first time in 14 years.

In 2013, the German Institute for Human Rights found latent racism among the German police authorities, for example using racial profiling . At least one paragraph suggests that certain groups of people should be subject to special observation and controls.

In June 2016, Amnesty International attested in a more than 80-page report that the state of Germany, German security authorities, had an institutional racism against foreign citizens or German citizens with foreign roots.

The Secretary General , Selmin Çalışkan , Amnesty Germany complained in June 2016:

"... there are clear indications that German authorities have a problem: institutional racism - the inability to treat all people appropriately and professionally, regardless of their skin color, cultural background or ethnic origin [...] Unfortunately, the racist motive is often used misjudged an act ... "

According to Amnesty advisor and social scientist Alexander Bosch, scientific studies have shown that non-whites were controlled significantly more by German police authorities than white people and white Germans; this is also a sign of institutional racism. As a result, in February 2017, a group of experts from the United Nations , the UN Committee against Racism ( CERD ), made a critical judgment in Germany that there is “institutional racism” and that the German police operate “ racial profiling ”.

Israel

Human Rights Watch criticized Israel for reducing child benefits for parents who did not do military service discriminating against Arab children: “These cuts will also affect the children of ultra-Orthodox Jews who do not do military service; However, they are entitled to additional support such as educational grants that Palestinian-Arab children cannot get. "

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Johannes Schneider: Police Stuttgart: What is structural racism? This is structural racism! In: The time of July 12, 2020.
  2. ↑ Sebastian Friedrich , Johanna Mohrfeldt: Everyday exceptional cases - on institutional racism in the police and the practice of "racial profiling". In: ZAG - anti-racist magazine . Berlin, ISSN  2192-6719 , No. 61, July 2012, accessed on September 5, 2012.
  3. ↑ U. Osterkamp: Racism as self-empowerment. Argument, Hamburg 1996, p. 201.
  4. ↑ M. Gomolla, F.-O. Radtke: Institutional Discrimination. The creation of ethnic difference in school. Leske + Budrich, Opladen 2002, p. 270ff.
  5. ↑ Meike Bonefeld, Oliver Dickhäuser: (Biased) Grading of Students 'Performance: Students' Names, Performance Level, and Implicit Attitudes . In: Frontiers in Psychology . tape 9 , 2018, ISSN  1664-1078 , doi : 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00481 ( frontiersin.org [accessed July 25, 2020]).
  6. ^ Cátia Candeias: Institutional Discrimination: The Legal Status of Migrant Women. (PDF) ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lawandwomen.ch
  7. ↑ a b c d e Sabine am Orde: UN criticizes everyday racism. In: taz. July 1, 2009. taz.de
  8. ^ Githu Muigai: Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance . (PDF; 155 kB). February 22, 2010, accessed February 24, 2011.
  9. ↑ Andrea Dernbach: Racial Profiling - The latent racism of the police. Racism also exists in democracies. Tagesspiegel , June 28, 2016, accessed September 24, 2017 .
  10. ↑ a b Press Department: Amnesty: Germany leaves the victims of racist violence in the lurch. Amnesty International - Germany, June 9, 2016, accessed September 24, 2017 .
  11. ↑ KNA / jm: Amnesty laments institutional racism in Germany. Welt Online , June 9, 2016, accessed September 24, 2017 .
  12. ↑ a b Alexander Bosch: Racist violence - "The victims are let down". Deutschlandfunk , October 8, 2016, accessed on September 24, 2017 .
  13. ^ Refugees: "Racist resentments are lived out unrestrainedly". Zeit Online , June 9, 2016, accessed September 24, 2017 .
  14. ↑ United Nations criticize “Racial Profiling” / Anti-Discrimination Agency: Independent contact point for the German police overdue , April 16, 2014
  15. ↑ Alexander Bosch: Amnesty: Authorities deny institutional racism in Germany. Amnesty International - Germany, September 7, 2016, accessed September 24, 2017 .
  16. ↑ Curd Wunderlich: Discrimination against blacks - UN experts accuse Germany of “institutional racism”. Welt Online , February 27, 2017, accessed September 24, 2017 .
  17. ^ Israel: Cuts in Child Allowance Discriminate Against Palestinian Arab. Human Rights Watch .