Syrian revolution
The Great Syrian Revolution or the Great Druze Revolt ( Arabic الثورة السورية الكبرى, DMG aṯ-Ṯawra as-Sūrīya al-Kubrā 'Great Syrian Revolution', French Grande Revolte Syrienne ) was a general uprising in all of Syria and Lebanon from 1925 to 1927 , with the aim of liberating itself from French rule; the French controlled the region since the end of the First World War .
The uprising resulted in a serious massacre of the Druze religious minority, carried out by France and its soldiers ; Numerous Druze civilians, including women and children, were killed by French soldiers in the suppression of the uprising, and the Druze state established by France itself was destroyed as a result. The uprising itself was not centrally coordinated; rather, it was sought by various factions, including Sunnis , Druze and Christians - with the common goal of ending French dominance.
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In 1925, resistance to the French mandate broke out in full in the newly established state of Syria . The uprising was led by Sultan Pasha al-Atrash .
The revolt initially broke out primarily in the Druze Mountains , but quickly spread to the other Syrian "states" and became a general rebellion throughout Syria and Greater Lebanon . France tried to take revenge with the Aleppo parliament declaring secession from the union with Damascus , but the vote was thwarted by Syrian patriots.
Although there have been attempts by the French to maintain control by driving sectarian division and isolating urban and rural areas, the revolt continued to spread from inland, uniting Syrian Druze, Sunnis, Shiites , Alawis and Christians . The insurgent forces even managed to bring the capital Damascus back under their control, but the French military responded with a brutal counterinsurgency technique that anticipated the techniques used later in the Algerian war and the Indochina war . These techniques included house demolitions, collective urban punishments, executions, mass relocations, and the use of heavy weapons in the urban neighborhood. The uprising was eventually suppressed by French air strikes on civilian areas, including Damascus, from 1926 to 1927 .
As a result of the uprising, the opposition Bloc national and three years later the Syrian Republic was founded.
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literature
- Charles J. Ed. Andréa: La Révolte druze et l'insurrection de Damas. 1925-1926. Éditions Payot, Paris 1937.
- Anne-Marie Bianqui, Elizabeth Picard (Ed.): Damas. Miroir brisé d'un orient arabe (= Autrement. Série monde. HS vol. 65). Édition Autrement, Paris 1993, ISBN 2-86260-394-5 .
- Lenka Bokova: La confrontation franco-syrienne à l'époque du mandat, 1925–1927. Éditions l'Harmattan, Paris 1990, ISBN 2-7384-0809-5 .
- NE Bou-Nacklie: Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt. In: Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 33, No. 2, January 1998, ISSN 0022-0094 , pp. 273-289, doi: 10.1177 / 002200949803300206 , accessed on May 7, 2013.
- Philip S. Khoury: Factionalism Among Syrian Nationalists During the French Mandate. In: International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 13, No. 4, November 1981, ISSN 0020-7438 , pp. 441-469, doi: 10.1017 / S0020743800055859 , accessed May 7, 2013.
- Philip S. Khoury: The tribal shaykh, French tribal policy, and the nationalist movement in Syria between two world wars. In: Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 18, No. 2, 1982, ISSN 0026-3206 , pp. 180-193, doi: 10.1080 / 00263208208700504 , accessed on May 7, 2013.
- Le Livre d'or des troupes du Levant. 1918-1936. Avant-propos du Général Huntziger . Imprimerie du Bureau typographique des troupes du Levant, sl 1937.
- Joyce Laverty Miller: The Syrian Revolt of 1925. In: International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 545-563, doi: 10.1017 / S0020743800026118 , accessed on May 7, 2013.
- Michael Provence: The great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism (= Modern Middle East Series. Vol. 22). University of Texas Press, Austin TX 2005, ISBN 0-292-70680-4 .