T-80

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T-80
Soviet T-80BW

Soviet T-80BW
General properties
crew 3 (driver, gunner, commander)
length 7.01 m
width 3.60 m
height 2.20 m
Dimensions 46 t
Armor and armament
Armor Composite armor , reactive armor
Main armament 125 mm smoothbore cannon 2A46 M
Secondary armament 1 × 7.62 mm PKT (coaxial, 1250 rounds) and 1 × 12.7 mm NSWT (Fla-MG, 500 rounds)
agility
drive Gas turbine
930 kW (1250 PS)
suspension Torsion bar suspension
Top speed 70 km / h
Power / weight 20.2 kW / t (27.2 PS / t)
Range 335 km,
600 km with external tanks

The T-80 is the last main battle tank designed in the Soviet Union and built in large numbers before it fell apart .

history

The T-80 was a further development of the T-64 . The basis was a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union and the Central Committee of the CPSU on April 16, 1968. The development history was very complex: Because of the ongoing problems of the T-64, both Nizhny Tagil and the Kirov works in Leningrad were commissioned to make improvements to the T-64. 64 to perform. The Kirowwerke wanted to replace the unreliable 5-cylinder opposed piston engine of the T-64 with a gas turbine . The result was object 219sp2, which was practically a T-64 with a gas turbine. The tests revealed considerable defects, especially in the lightweight chassis, which was not able to cope with the powerful engine of the GTD-1000 with 1000 hp that was used. A new chassis was developed, and so practically a completely new vehicle was created - the T-80, which was approved for production around 1976. Around 1978 it was finally introduced as the third standard tank for the Soviet armored forces. As a result, there was strong competition between the three manufacturers in Nizhny Tagil ( T-72 ), Kharkov (T-64) and Leningrad (T-80), so that all three types were continuously improved. In the mid-1990s, production was discontinued in favor of the T-90 .

Technical specifications

drive

The T-80 is the world's first mass-produced tank with a gas turbine as the main engine . First, a GTD-1000 gas turbine with approx. 1000 hp was used, which was further developed into the GTD-1000F with 1100 hp and finally to the 3-shaft turbine of the type GTD-1250 with 1250 hp. This gives the T-80 a power to weight ratio of 27.2 HP / t, which makes it one of the most mobile tanks in the world even today. Disadvantages are the high maintenance costs and the extremely high fuel consumption of 225 g / PSh, since the gas turbine does not have a heat exchanger . Without additional tanks, the T-80 only has a range of 335 km, with the additional tanks (attached to the stern as usual with Soviet tanks) of around 600 km. The hot exhaust gases from the gas turbine can be located at a great distance with thermal imaging devices, as is the case with the M1 Abrams .

A GTA-18 gas turbine is installed as an auxiliary unit for operation with the main drive switched off.

A diesel engine variant called T-80UD is being built by KMDB in Kharkov . It is equipped with a two-stroke opposed piston engine 6TD with 1000 HP.

Power transmission

The power of the T-80 is transmitted from the gas turbine to the rear-mounted drive wheels via planetary gears. The circuit is servo-assisted.

landing gear

The running gear is a torsion bar sprung support roller drive with six running and five support rollers on each side. A larger space was left between the second and third and fourth and fifth rollers. The two-part rollers are made up of forged aluminum and steel parts and have a rubber bandage. The drive is equipped with hydro shock absorbers . The connector chains have been newly developed for the T-80 and can be equipped with rubber pads for noise insulation on asphalt roads.

Performance

The T-80 reaches a top speed of 70 km / h on the road and 42 km / h off-road. It is very suitable for all terrains, can negotiate gradients of up to 60%, climb over obstacles 0.9 m high and trenches up to 2.90 m wide. The wading depth of the tank is 1.80 m, underwater travel is possible with the snorkel attached to a depth of 5 m.

Armament

The T-80 is armed with a fully stabilized 125 mm smoothbore cannon of the 2A46 M (later also 2A46M-1). The 125 mm cannon is equipped with an automatic loading device. The hydromechanical 6ET-KORZINA loading machine rotates on the tower floor. There are 28 storeys with the point inwards. The propellant charges are behind it at an angle of 90 °. The machine lifts the projectile and the propellant charge behind the breech, whereupon the piecer pushes both into the barrel. With this mechanism, a rate of fire of seven to nine rounds per minute is possible. If the autoloader fails, manual reloading is possible, but this reduces the rate of fire to around one shot per minute.

As with all Soviet tanks, the ammunition is housed in the tank's combat compartment. If the armor penetrates in the combat area, there is a risk that this ammunition will ignite and explode. This means the death of the crew as well as the total failure of the tank.

The 2A46M 125 mm cannon can fire the following types of ammunition:

  • Sub-caliber bullets (APFSDS): KE arrow bullet with sabot , v 0 = 1615–1800 m / s.
  • Shaped charge grenades (HEAT).
  • Fragmentation explosive grenades (FRAG-HE): By changing the detonator (detonation time after impact), the fragmentation or explosive effect can be set with a delay.

The combat unit of the T-80 consists of 39 projectiles and 6 tubular rockets , 28 of which are in the automatic loading device as ready-to-use ammunition. A normal combat set consists of:

  • 15 pieces of APFSDS bullets of type BM-42 . Penetration 590–630 mm armor steel equivalent at 2000 meters.
  • 6 pieces of HEAT grenades of the type BK-29M . Penetration 650–750 mm armor steel equivalent.
  • 18 pieces of FRAG-HE shells of the type OF-19 or OF-26 .
  • 6 pieces 9K119 Refleks guided missiles. Penetration 650–700 mm armor steel equivalent.

The following ammunition can optionally be fired:

  • HEAT grenade BK-21M with uranium inlay . Penetration 550–750 mm armor steel equivalent.
  • HEAT grenade BK-27 with triple hollow charge. Penetration 700–800 mm armor steel equivalent.
  • APFSDS bullet of the type BM-29 and BM-32 with a penetrator made of depleted uranium (DU).

In addition to the main weapon, the T-80 has a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT- MG with 1250 rounds and a 12.7-mm Fla-MG NSWT with 500 rounds. A smoke launch system is mounted on the tower. This consists of eight smoke cups, which are attached to the tower in two groups.

Fire control systems

T-80

The T-80 uses the primary stabilized fire control system of the T-64A with the rifle scope rangefinder TPD-2-49 with independently stabilized line of sight in the vertical. The commander has the unstabilized periscope TKN-3 with an active / passive night channel. At night, fire fighting with the TPN-1 IR rifle scope is limited to a maximum combat distance of 800 to 1000 m. The drive consists of the GTD-1000 turbine with 1000 hp and a total tank weight of approx. 42 t.

T-80B

The fire control system of the T-80B has been greatly improved compared to the T-64A / T-80. The 1A33 fire control system is equipped with the stabilization system 2Eh26 and the ballistic computer 1W517. The gunner has a periscopic rifle scope 1G42 with laser e-knife and the 9K112 guided missile system, which is stabilized in the field of view . The active / passive infrared rifle scope TPN-3 serves as a night rifle scope. The commander has the unstabilized periscope TKN-3 with active / passive night channel. Installation of the modified and more powerful GTD-1000F with 809 kW.

T-80U

The 1A45 fire control system is equipped with the stabilization system 2Eh42 and the ballistic computer 1W528. The gunner has a periscopic rifle scope 1G46 (Irtysch) with laser e-knife and the 9S515 steering unit for the 9M119 REFLEKS guided missile system (9M119 INVAR missile), which is stabilized in the field of view. A stabilized active / passive infrared riflescope of the type TPN-4 Buran-PA with a connection to the commander's monitor is also available. At night, the fire fight can be carried out at a maximum combat distance of up to 1300 m. The fire control system includes a digital ballistic computer unit and environmental sensors. Change to the GTD-1250 with 918 kW at approx. 46 t.

The commander has a rotatable dome and five corner mirrors as well as a vertically stabilized periscope TKN-4S with day and passive infrared night channel. The commander can hand over targets to the gunner and independently take control of the armament.

Armor

Passive protection

T-80

The armor of the T-80 consists of cast armored steel for the turret and welded armored steel plates for the hull. At the front of the turret there are cavities in the cast steel for the composite armor. This consists of two layers of armor steel and a middle layer made of plates of an extremely hard aluminum alloy , which is reinforced with fiberglass . The total material thickness on the tower front is around 400 mm. At the front of the hull, the composite armor consists of an inner 20 mm thick layer of steel, a 105 mm thick middle layer of Steltexolit - GRP and an outer layer of 100 mm high-strength steel.

The T-80 version has the following armor protection against HEAT and KE projectiles (in RHA ):

Component tower upper tower front Tub front above Tub front below
KE penetrator 280-450 mm 200 mm 335 mm 210 mm
HEAT 330-490 mm 220 mm 420 mm 210 mm
T-80B & T-80BW
Turret of a T-80B with a reinforced front.
Tower front of a T-80BW with "Kontakt 1" reactive armor.

The T-80B version has advanced composite armor on the turret front . This consists of two layers of armor steel and a cavity for the combination K composite armor . The combination K composite armor contains corundum balls ( aluminum oxide ceramic / Al 2 O 3 ) that are cast in Steltexolit (GRP). The material thickness on the tower front is around 600 mm. The composite armor on the hull front of the T-80B and T-80BW consists of an inner 40 mm thick layer of steel, a middle layer of 105 mm Steltexolit with a 60 mm thick ceramic plate and an outer layer of 40 mm high-strength steel. The front of the T-80BW was reinforced by an additional welded plate made of 30 mm armored steel. In the case of the T-80BW, additional reactive armor elements of the Kontakt-1 type are attached to the turret and hull . This additional armor increases armor protection against shaped charge projectiles by 25–30%.

The T-80B version has the following armor protection against HEAT and KE projectiles:

Component tower upper tower front Tub front above Tub front below
KE penetrator 280-500 mm 290-320 mm 415 mm 270-360 mm
HEAT 450-640 mm 340-370 mm 490 mm 320 mm

The T-80BW version (with Kontakt-1 reactive armor) has the following armor protection against HEAT and KE projectiles:

Component tower upper tower front Tub front above Tub front below
KE penetrator 280-530 mm 425-435 mm 500-600 mm 270-360 mm
HEAT 950-1040 mm 670-910 mm 750 mm 380 mm
T-80A & T-80AW

The T-80A is equipped with experimental laminate armor on the turret. This consists of an inner 30 mm thick layer of steel, a middle layer made of various hard metals , ceramic and plates made of glass fiber reinforced plastic and an outer layer made of 60 mm armored steel . The T-80AW variant is additionally equipped with reactive armor of the Kontakt-1 type.

T-80U
T-80U with "Kontakt-5" additional armor.

From the T-80U onwards, the turret received new composite armor. From the outside in, it consists of 100 mm cast armor steel, 340 mm cavity for the special armor and another 190 mm cast armored steel. The cavity is divided lengthwise into two 120 mm wide chambers by a 20 mm armor plate made of high-strength steel. Both chambers contain elements made of aluminum oxide ceramic (Al 2 O 3 ) and boron carbide in a row . The vertically arranged elements are embedded in a polymer filling. An 80 mm armor plate made of high-strength steel is attached to the inside of the cavity. The total thickness of the tower front is 630–815 mm.

In addition, the T-80U is equipped with further developed reactive armor of the Kontakt-5 type. In contrast to Kontakt-2 armor, this also increases protection against APFSDS projectiles.

This results in the following RHA- equivalent armor protection (T-80UD with Kontakt-5 reactive armor):

Component Tower front upper tower front Front panel Bow plate
KE penetrator 280-850 mm 290-390 mm 780 mm 310-430 mm
HEAT 960-1450 mm 700-730 mm 1080 mm 500 mm

The interior of the tank is lined with Kevlar protective mats (spall-liner) to protect the crew from splinters . The tank has an automatic NBC overpressure protection system for protection against chemical and biological warfare agents as well as for protection against the effects of a nuclear weapon detonation, such as immediate and residual nuclear radiation and radioactive dust. To detect ionizing radiation and chemical warfare agents, the T-80 has a radiation measuring and warfare agent detection device.

Active defense measures

Newer T-80Us are equipped with the Schtora -1 defense system. This includes an IR jamming device, a laser warning system with four laser receivers and a smoke thrower. The system is controlled by a computer and reacts automatically. The system detects the target lighting and control systems of common anti-tank guided weapons and disrupts these systems.

commitment

The T-80 was used in conflicts in the former Soviet republics . The T-80 was used on a larger scale in the First and Second Chechnya Wars.

During the fighting in Grozny , the T-80B units suffered heavy losses. In the narrow streets, the columns of the T-80B and T-72 were shot at from elevated positions from the buildings with RPG anti-tank rifles . The shaped charge warheads of these weapons by beating easily the roof armor. Such hits usually led to an immediate explosion of the tank and thus to the death of the crew. The frontal armor of the T-80BW, however, was only penetrated in a few cases. The T-80 proved to be superior to the Chechen T-72 and T-62 in combat .

The high losses in Chechnya also resulted from the poor level of training of the crews and the inadequate tactics. In particular, the lack of air support and poor reconnaissance had a devastating effect. In this conflict, the high fuel consumption and the high maintenance requirements of the T-80 also proved to be extremely disadvantageous.

User states

Current users

  • PakistanPakistan Pakistan - As of January 2018, there were 320 T-80UD in service.
  • RussiaRussia Russia - As of September 10, 2019, there were 49 T-80BW, 200 T-80U / M / 1 and 201 T-80BWM in service.
  • Korea SouthSouth Korea South Korea - As of January 2018, there were 80 T-80U in service.
  • UkraineUkraine Ukraine - As of January 2018, there were 53 T-80BW in service.
  • Cyprus RepublicRepublic of Cyprus Cyprus - As of January 2018, there were 82 T-80U in service.

Former user

Versions

T-80B
T-80BW of the Russian Army
T-80U
T-80UM-1
T-80UK
T-80UE-1
T-80UD
  • T-80 (Object 219 SP1) : 1st prototype . Modernized version of the T-64T with SD-1000 gas turbine with 1000 HP.
  • T-80 (Object 219 SP2) : Pre-production version. With SD-1000T gas turbine with 1000 HP. With analog fire control system with stereoscopic rangefinder and 125 mm smooth- barreled 2A46-2 cannon with automatic loading device and 38 rounds of ammunition.
  • T-80 (Object 219) : 1. Series version from 1976. Improved version of the Object 219SP2. With smoke throw system, modified optics and tub bow and reinforced chassis. Only a few hundred pieces produced.
  • T-80B (Object 219R) : 2nd serial version from 1978. With modified tower and various detail improvements, including a. improved composite armor and additional 30 mm thick armor plates on the hull bow. With modern 1A33 fire control system, 1W517 fire control computer and 1K112 guided missile system. With gas turbine SG-1000TF with 1100 HP. Combat weight 44.5 tons.
  • T-80B (Object 219RD) : Prototype with A-35-2 (2W-16-2) diesel engine with 985 hp.
  • T-80B (Object 219V-46) : Prototype with W-46 diesel engine of the T-72 with 840 hp.
  • T-80B1 : As T-80B, but without a guided weapon system.
  • T-80BK (Object 660) : Commander 's vehicle from 1978. With TNA navigation system and R-130 radio equipment, but without guided weapons. Reduced ammunition supply of 28 rounds of 125 mm ammunition.
  • T-80BW (Object 219RW) : Further development of the T-80B, which went into series production in 1985. Improved T-80B with 210 to 222 armor tiles made of reactive armor of the Kontakt-1 type .
  • T-80B1W : As T-80BW, but without a guided weapon system.
  • T-80BWK : Commander 's vehicle of the T-80BW, with additional navigation and radio equipment. Reduced ammunition supply of 28 rounds of 125 mm ammunition.
  • T-80BA (Object 219RB) : Retrofit program of the Russian armed forces for the T-80B. Older T-80B are upgraded to the standard of the T-80UM . Incl. fully stabilized riflescope 1G46-1 , 9M119 "Reflex" guided weapons, thermal imaging riflescope Agawa-M1 and reactive armor of the type Kontakt-5 or Relikt .
  • T-80BWM : Modernized T-80BW presented for the Russian forces in 2017. With relic -Reaktivpanzerung, 9K119 -Lenkwaffenanlage and modernized gas turbine GTD-1250TF . The fire control system was equipped with the new main telescopic sight Sosna-U , a third-generation thermal imaging device and a new panoramic viewing device for the commander.
  • T-80UE-1 (Object 219AS-1) : Retrofit program of the Russian armed forces for the T-80BW. Older T-80BW can be retrofitted with the turret of the T-80UD. Equipped with PLISA thermal imaging device, gas turbine GTD-1250G with 1250 HP and reactive armor of the type Kontakt-5 or Relikt .
  • T-80A (Object 219A) : Modified T-80B from 1982. New turret with experimental composite armor and GTD-1000M gas turbine with 1200 hp. With smooth barrel cannon 2A46-1 and 1A42 fire control system. More modern 9K119 Refleks guided missile system. Ammunition supply increased to 45 rounds. Combat weight 47.6 tons. Forerunner of the T-80U. Only a few dozen produced.
  • T-80AK : Commander vehicle of the T-80A. With additional navigation and radio equipment.
  • T-80AW : Version of the T-80A with reactive armor of the type Kontakt-1 .
  • T-80AKW : Commander vehicle of the T-80AW. With additional navigation and radio equipment and reactive armor of the Kontakt-1 type .
  • T-80AT : Modernized T-80U for the Russian armed forces. With relic -Reaktivpanzerung and new gas turbine GTD-1250g and improved gun 2A46M-4 and fully stabilized telescopic sight 1G46 and thermal imaging scope Agawa-M1 .
  • T-80U (Object 219AS) : 2nd generation of the T-80 series from 1985. With improved hull and turret armor as well as Kontakt-5 reactive armor. With additional armor on the tower roof and improved mine protection on the underside of the hull. With modern 9K119 reflex guided missile system. With fully stabilized digital 1A45 Irtysch fire control system and improved 2A42M-1 cannon . Originally a GTD-1000TF gas turbine with 1100 hp was used, which was later replaced by a GTD-1250 with 1250 hp and a GTD-18A auxiliary turbine. Combat weight 46.1 tons.
  • T-80UK : Commander 's version with R-163-50K and R-163-U radio equipment and TNA-4-3 land navigation system. The additional equipment means that only 30 rounds of 125 mm and 750 rounds of 12.7 mm ammunition can be carried.
  • T-80U-1 : Pre-production model of the T-80U, still with an older 9K112 guided missile system.
  • T-80M1 (Object 219AM-2) : Prototype of a T-80U equipped with the Arena anti- tank guided missile defense system.
  • T-80UA (Object 219AM-1) : Retrofit program of the Russian armed forces for the T-80U. With relic -Reaktivpanzerung and new gas turbine GTD-1250g and improved gun 2A46M-4 . Incl. fully stabilized rifle scope 1G46-1 , thermal imaging rifle scope Agawa-M1 and defense complex TShU-1 Schtora-1 .
  • T-80UD Bereza (Object 478B): Version of the T-80U developed in the Malyshev factory in Kharkov, Ukraine, series production from 1988, with 1000 HP two - stroke diesel engine 6TD , otherwise identical to T-80U. Made around 500, of which the Russian Army received 200.
  • T-80UDK (Object 484) : Commander's version with additional radio equipment and a land navigation system.
  • T-80UM : Improved T-80U, introduced in 1992. Equipped with fully stabilized rifle scope 1G46 , ballistic calculator and thermal imaging rifle scope Agawa-M1 for the gunner. With relic -Reaktivpanzerung and optional missile-defense system TSch1-7 shtora-1 . Series production stopped after a few models in favor of the T-90 .
  • T-80UM1 Bars : Prototype, presented in 1997. With Schtora and Arena anti -tank guided missile defense system . With modern relic -Reaktivpanzerung and a new gas turbine GTD-1250g and improved gun 2A46M-4 . The surface of the tank is covered with a radar repellent RPZ-86M layer.
  • T-80UM2 : Prototype of a T-80U with Drosd-2 defense system . With modern relic -Reaktivpanzerung and a new gas turbine GTD-1250-G and improved gun 2A46M-6 . T-80UM2 was originally the name for the Object 640 technology demonstrator .
  • T-80UME : Export version of the T-80UM1, introduced in 1995. Without arena anti- tank guided missile defense system. With new hydrostatic transmission and relic -Reaktivpanzerung.
  • T-84 (Object 478DU2) : Version made in Ukraine. With welded tower and French ALIS thermal imaging device. Can also be equipped with Arena and / or Schtora-1 defense systems.
  • Ladoga: NBC-protected command vehicle for the political leadership, equipped with additional air conditioning, oxygen tanks, communication systems and TV cameras. 5 pieces were built. One of them was used during the Chernobyl nuclear disaster .

literature

  • Andrew W. Hull, David R. Markov, Steven J. Zaloga : Soviet / Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices. 1945 to Present . Darlington, Darlington 1999, ISBN 1-892848-01-5 .
  • Michail Baryatinski: Main Battle Tank T-80 (=  Russian Armor . No. 3 ). Allan, Hersham 2007, ISBN 978-0-7110-3238-5 (English).

Web links

Commons : T-80  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ AW Karpenko: Soviet-Russian tanks. 1905-2003 . Elbe-Dnjepr, Klitzschen 2004, ISBN 3-933395-44-5 , p. 374 (Russian: Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905–1995 гг.) . Translated by R. Meier).
  2. ↑ Stefan Kotsch: From T-54 to T-90 - From the history of Soviet tank construction. Retrieved February 2, 2013 .
  3. ↑ Historical overview. Leningrad Kirovwerk, accessed on December 28, 2013 (manufacturer's website).
  4. ^ A b Rolf Hilmes: T 72, T 80, T90 and T14 - modernization of Russian main battle tanks. In: esut.de. European Security & Technology, August 9, 2019, accessed November 15, 2019 .
  5. ↑ a b T-80U Main Battle Tank, Russian Federation. Retrieved February 2, 2013 .
  6. ↑ T-80 Main Battle Tank. Retrieved February 2, 2013 .
  7. ↑ Stefan Kotsch: The Russian 125 mm Panzerkanone 2A46 (cannon D-81TM). Retrieved February 2, 2013 .
  8. ^ Federal Academy for Defense Administration and Technology, Academic Topics Issue 14, Lothar Mann
  9. ↑ a b T-80UD Main Battle Tank - A Pakistani Perspective. Retrieved on February 2, 2013 (English, with views of the 6-EZ loading machine).
  10. ↑ a b c Stefan Kotsch: The guided missile system 9K112 Kobra of the T-80B and T-64B main battle tanks. Retrieved February 2, 2013 .
  11. ↑ Stefan Kotsch: The fire control system 1A33 of the T-80B and T-64B main battle tanks. Retrieved February 2, 2013 .
  12. ↑ a b c d e The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 , pp. 370 (English, as of January 2018).
  13. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 , pp. 194 (English, January 2018, 450 T-80BW, T-80U / M / 1).
  14. ↑ Выстрелы Амура: новейшие танки Т-80 отправились на Дальний Восток. In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. iz.ru, June 13, 2019, accessed on June 14, 2019 (Russian, including 200 T-80Us are in service).
  15. ↑ Т-80БВМ. Старый танк с новыми возможностями. In: Военное обозрение. topwar.ru, March 22, 2018, accessed on April 3, 2019 (Russian, among others , will be modernized from the T-80, 31 already in service to the BWM version by the end of 2018).
  16. ↑ На Дальнем Востоке военные получили 120 модернизированных «реактивных» танков. In: Mil.Press Военное. военное.рф, April 2, 2019, accessed on April 5, 2019 (in Russian, among other things, other T-80, 120 already in service have been modernized into the BWM version).
  17. ↑ В Приамурье военные получили 40 модернизированных "реактивных" танков Т-80. In: Mil.Press Военное. военное.рф, May 23, 2019, accessed on May 24, 2019 (in Russian, among other things, another 40 T-80s in service were modernized to the BWM version and handed over to the army).
  18. ↑ Морпехи в Приморье получили десять обновленных танков Т-80. In: Mil.Press FLOT. flot.com, September 10, 2019, accessed on September 13, 2019 (Russian, including a further 10 T-80s in service, modernized into the BWM version and handed over to the marine infantry).
  19. ↑ Nikolai Novichkov: Russian MoD unveils T-90M, T-80BVM MBTs. In: janes.com. Jane's 360, September 15, 2017, accessed September 26, 2017 .
  20. ↑ T-80BVM. In: military-today.com. Military Today, accessed September 26, 2017 .
  21. ↑ "Atomic Apocalypse" tank found in Russia. Retrieved September 10, 2019 .